英文文献翻译
使用密度泛函理论利用振动光谱研究,分析5-氨基-2-甲基
苯酚的结构
文摘
通过傅立叶变换拉曼光谱和傅立叶变换红外光谱对5-氨基邻甲酚（5AOC）的记录，得到该平衡几何，谐振动频率，红外和拉曼散射强度的活动，计算了高频和密度B3LYP方法的功能与6-311G（d,p）基组。而按比例改变后的波数表现出非常良好的理论与实验值的吻合度。标题化合物的热力学函数也在HF/6-311G（d,p）和B3LYP/6-311G （d,p）的理论水平，同时详细的解释了5-氨基邻甲酚的红外光谱和拉曼光谱。
1．介绍
5-氨基邻甲酚是一个具有抗肿瘤性质的重要化合物。而一些如（酚，麝香草酚，甲酚，对叔丁基苯酚，间苯二酚）酚类化合物的染发剂中使用的某些成分可以引起过敏反应，如皮疹、皮肤炎症，刺激和皮炎或促进癌症[1,2]
蛋白质的拉曼光谱不仅是提供信息主链的结构,而且还提供侧链的微观环境信息[3]。把重要的氨基酸残基色氨酸和苯丙氨酸,应用于拉光谱研究蛋白质结构是因为这些芳香残基侧链的震动是强烈的可见光拉曼光谱。他们可以有选择地通过紫外线进一步激发增强[3-13]。从特征芳香侧链的知识,可以解释蛋白质的侧链拉的曼光谱
的振动模式. 原田和Takeuchi [11]，研究了色氨酸和酪氨酸侧链的振动模式。
雅各布森[14]戴维-多娃等人曾记录了部分该化合物及其衍生物三氘在液体状态，液体溶液中，蒸汽和固态氘化衍生物的红外光谱拉曼光谱[7]计算出非平面振动的频率与正常分配的红外和拉曼bands.Green等部分。[10]提出非氘对甲酚基频的报告。我们还报道采用经典分析方法对正常6-氨基间甲酚配位进行分析，支持威尔逊振动分析[15]。
迄今为止据调查显示，无论是拉曼光谱、红外光谱，还是5-氨基邻甲酚力场的都是不完整的。因此，本次的调查为了更精确的识别这种分子的光谱所以采用更大波数范围的波束来进行研究。由高频和密度泛函理论(DFT)计算已经支持了我们的波束分配。具体的比例因素已被Rastogi做出报道。由苯分子的环波数来预测5-氨基邻甲酚的环波数模式。
2.实验
复合5-氨基邻甲酚（5-氨基-2-甲基苯酚）是以固体形态从西格玛奥德里奇化学公司（美国）购买的，其纯度大于98%，不需要进一步净化。使用对5AOC的FT-Raman进行记录的钕1064钠米镭射光线作为激发100-4000cm-1的区域的波长上布鲁克模型IFS的66V与自由基的拉曼光谱分光光度计配备激光配件。基于IFS66V采用KBr压片分光光度计技术，录得该化合物的红外光谱在该区域为400-4000cm-1。此结果是在30cm-1 min-1的扫描速度和2.0cm-1的光谱
分辨率下得到的。实验观测红外和拉曼光谱图如图所示1和2。该光谱是在金奈的印度理工学院由精密的分析仪器所得。
3.计算细节
整个计算进行是在Hartree - Fock（高频）和B3LYP水平和在奔腾IV/1.6GHz个人计算机上利用高斯03W[17]程序包，调用梯度几何优化（18）。初始几何产生的几何参数在没有任何约束的Hartree - Fock 水平的势能面，采用标准的6 - 311G的（d,p）基组的情况下进行了最小化。这个几何在B3LYP水平，使用基组6-311G（d,p）进行了重新的优化，从而能更好的描述氨基，hydroxoal和甲基组的极性。优
化的结构参数用于在HF和DFT理论水平振动频率的计算，以极小的所有定性为固定点。振动频率，然后平均的5AOC核分别为谐振动频率的红外和拉曼造成的频率与强度和拉曼一起去极化率计算中使用的位置。我们利用梯度修正密度泛函理论（DFT）[19]用三参数混合功能（B3）的[20]交换的部分，李仰帕尔（LYP）相关函数[21],被承认为一个具成本效益的方法，为计算分子结构、振动频率和能量的优化结构。密度泛函水平计算的振动频率是比Moller-Plesset理论微扰方法所获得的更为可靠。密度泛函理论提供电子相关理论也可以媲美二阶Moller-Plesset理论（MP2）。最后，正常模式下计算出的振动频率不仅能通过热力学性质的考验，也能通过统计力学性质的考验。通过结合GAUSSVIEW计划的结果，对称的考虑，使得振动频率的指配达到一个很高的准确度。内部协调部分总是有些界定略显模糊。然而，这种协调形成的非常完整且与通过GAUSSVIEW方案所观察到的运动情况吻合的很好。
4.结果与讨论
4.1.几何结构
在图3中给出了目标分子的编号。在HF/6-311G（d,p）和B3LYP/6-311G水平下5-氨基邻甲酚优化的键长和键角连同现有的实验数据，即，邻甲酚[23].由表1中可见，为再现实验文献，一般采取的长度不存在使用HF和DFT-B3LYP方法的情况，但是，所得的键长和键角的密度泛函却与实验结果吻合的非常的好。相比较HF标准，B3LYP标准在键长减少上更为明显。C-CH3的键长比标准均略
有高估，而相反的C-O键的键长却存在在HF标准被低估在B3LYP 被高估的情况。
在苯胺中氮原子与环面的夹角约为2-3°（倾斜角度），环面与氨基酸之间的组合环面定义的平面夹角为38±4°[24]对非平面性的氨基酸度实验数据和对P-甲基苯胺的文献报道是有相似处的。在用HF 和DFT-B3LYP方法对5-氨基邻甲酚倾斜角度和氨基之间的环面和角度之间的计算方法与计算苯胺与P-甲基苯胺[25]的实验数据非常相似。
4.2 振动作业
根据理论计算，5-氨基邻甲酚拥有铯点群对称性的平面结构。这种分子有18个原子和48例正常模式，其中涵盖了不可约表示根本振动：第35A＇+15A〞。所有48个基本振动活跃在红外光谱和拉曼光
谱中。
谐波振于使用的B3LYP水平三重分裂价的基础上设置扩散和极化功能，同时5AOC频率计算，6个311G的（d,p）已收集于表3。所观察到的红外光谱和各种振动的拉曼光谱频率见表2。在B3LYP方法计算出的（见表2）实验值的频率比较揭示了由于实际系统中的非谐振动从而造成的高估。电子密度泛函理论的相关性纳入到一定程度，使得较小的频率值与频率的高频数据进行比较。减少谐波振动计算，虽然是采用6-311G（d,p）敏感的边际基组中的DFT观测值.为了能改善并与实验一致，使用不同的计算方法，这是缩减计算谐波频率的途径。在我们的研究中，我们遵循俩个不同的比例因子（i.e.）从0.9089到800cm-1和0.8992到超越800cm-1，这些值列在表3的A 列中。B列包含降低了不同截至表3的脚注指示值。在坚持B3LYP 水平使用6-311G（d,p）的5AOC谱如图4所示。
4.3 羟基振动
OH基团的振动对环境很是敏感，所以以他们表现出了明显的光谱变化的氢键种类。在未取代苯酚的情况下，他已经表明，OH伸缩振动的频率在气相中是3657cm-1[26]。在我们的例子中红外波段光谱强于3387cm-1，并在拉曼光谱3390cm-1弱带被分配到OH伸缩振动。可能是由于强有力的分子内氢键的存在，与文献数据相对比，这些数据有～270cm-1的负偏差。然而，有B3LYP/6311G计算值的（d,p）水平上显示在3682cm-1（没有模式。48）
苯酚的OH在平面内弯曲振动，一般来说，由于氢键不能够延伸和在平面外变形频率，位于该区域1150至1250cm-1还是没有在该区域并没有太大的影响。在3-氨基酚中这种振动被发现在1178cm-1 [27]。很强的红外频率1173cm-1和一个弱拉曼光谱是1180cm-1的分别归于这个振动频率。在1178cm-1在理论上计算出的B3LYP/6-311G
的（d,p）方法正好与实验结果相吻合。苯酚OH平面外的平面变形振动相关的区域为290-320cm，对于自由OH来说区域为517-710cm-1。在这俩种分子间和分子内部，频率要比自由的羟基更高，随着频率的增加OH键需要大量的能量从而使OH扭曲到平面外。在3-氨基酚[27]拉曼光谱中A带在350cm-1没有非平面变形。这种振动在360cm-1的值（见表3，无模式。8）与文献符合的很好。在360cm-1的计算值都缺少红外和拉曼光谱。
4.4.一氧化碳振动
在28号编号中用B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)预测的1212cm-1（表3）是5-氨基邻甲酚中的CO伸缩振动的一个主要贡献模式。这是非常强烈的红外光谱实验频率于12cm-1的良好的协议。CO的平面外的弯曲振动
与理论的频率237cm-1从拉曼光谱评估相差104cm-1。这可能是由于混合的CO振动与CCC平面外的弯曲振动，上述结论与文献值吻合[30]。
4.5.C-H键振动
由于5-氨基邻甲酚是一个三取代芳香体系，它有俩个相邻的和一个隔离的C-H基团。预期的三个C-H伸缩振动对应于43，44和45。缩放的振动“B”栏43，44和45（表3）对应的C3-H的和C4-H的和C6-H的单位伸缩模式。分配到的振动43-45芳香的C-H伸展区域3047-3077cm-1[31]与实验任务3012-3048cm-1[32]相符。即使发现有污染氨基摇摆和OH的面内弯曲的范围在文献中也能找到找到[33,34], 这个C-H的平面弯曲振动分配该区域为1081至1288cm-1（模式号。24-26）,而实验观测到的是1130至1259cm-1。计算出的频率755-912cm-1（模式号。18-20）的C-H键外的平面弯曲跌到在812-959cm-1FT-IR/FT-Raman值。
4.6 C-NH2的振动
在规模较小的氨基对称和非对称延伸范围3417-3508 cm-1的（模式号。46和47）与实验值的FT - IR 3417-3508cm-1和拉曼光谱的3323cm-1。非对称振动计算3508cm-1在红外和拉曼光谱中都是失踪的。计算的-NH2的剪裁于1605cm-1的振动特征值，而预计的最好特征值是在1600cm-1[35,36]。这也是很好的记录下了这种中间体的拉曼光谱特征值为1624cm-1（模式38号。）。在1618cm-1的
体的拉曼特征值为1317cm-1对应的C-NH2部分的计算值为1304cm-1
（模式没有。30）。这个C-NH2的平面和平面弯曲振动在280和592cm-1
的分别，也与实验数据分配的很吻合。氨基摇摆的频率值641cm-1正
好与拉曼光谱值的635cm-1处相对应。氨基扭转振动的计算为
1081cm-1（模式没有。24）中的FT - IR和FT - Raman光谱失踪。
4.7.C-C键振动
这个C-C的芳香舒展，以半圆伸展而得名，而预计在能与红外光
谱实验观测值1560cm-1处相吻合。环呼吸模式在755cm-1（模式没有。17）与强的拉曼光谱带和弱的红外光谱带切合。理论上计算出的平面内和平面外的弯曲度被证明是过去的记录是一致的。
4.8.甲基振动
考虑到标题分子5-氨基邻甲酚拥有一个第二位的CH3基团。对于CH3基团的频率分配一个可以预期的结果是，有九个基本原理与之相关。CH3的对称伸缩和不对称伸缩（即在平面氢拉伸模式）（CH3的对称拉伸。）; 对称（CH3的对称变形）和不对称（甲基不对称变形。）变形模式;面内摇摆（甲基知识产权），外的平面摇摆（甲基操作员）和扭曲（吨甲基）弯曲模式。在比芳香环（3000cm-1处）的低频率的CH伸展。对于甲基化合物，vs模式出现在2860到2953cm-1，其中vas模式则出现在2925到2985cm-1。在2943/2948 和2903/2911 cm?1FT-IR/FT-Raman带被分配到CH3基团的不对称振动。对2949和2980cm-1理论与实验结果非常吻合。在红外2855cm-1和拉曼光谱2863cm-1的频率被分配到对称伸缩振动。在2906cm-1的计算值与实验数据相关。
不对称和对称折弯记录在1455到1410cm-1的区域，约1375cm-1，而摇摆出现在1050-990cm-1。在5-氨基邻甲酚案件中强带至1430cm-1处观察到的红外光谱对应CH3的不对称变形，并与相关的计算频率在1433cm-1。这种行为可以被发现，如对称变形和摇摆。扭转振动是没有观察到的红外光谱是导致这些出现非常低的频率的原因。顶标过程预测，这些振动可能出现在约127和154cm-1的5-氨基邻甲酚（模数。1-2）在94cm-1的拉曼光谱实验结果与理论结果显示出了很好的吻合性。这意味着，该甲基转动不显著，这些发现是辛格和普拉萨德工作的支持和Varsanyi给定的频率间隔。
5.其他分子性质
表4中给出了几个热力学参数。规模的因素已经建议在确定零点振动能（ZPVE）一个准确的预测[40]，熵和Svib(吨)。ZPVEs的变化似乎微不足道。总能量和在5AOC在不同的方法在室温温度总熵变化也被提出。
6.结论
有人试图做些工作能使频率的分配复合5AOC对红外光谱和FT拉曼光
谱。5AOC通过弥散函数提供的孤对电子的平衡几何构型和谐振频率分别在密度函数水平确定和利用6-311G理论（d,p）基组进行了分析。大部分观测到的基础和规模波束之间的差异很小。观测和计算的频率之间任何的不同都可以指出，，可能是由于计算方法已在实际中气态的相反，在单分子间相互作用的存在的实验记录进行的事实。因此，任务是在更高层次的理论与实验值唯一合理的偏差，似乎是正确的。
文献
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英文文献翻译
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
论文外文文献翻译3000字左右
南京航空航天大学金城学院 毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 系部经济系 专业国际经济与贸易 学生姓名陈雅琼学号2011051115 指导教师邓晶职称副教授 2015年5月
Economic policy,tourism trade and productive diversification （Excerpt） Iza Lejárraga,Peter Walkenhorst The broad lesson that can be inferred from the analysis is that promoting tourism linkages with the productive capabilities of a host country is a multi-faceted approach influenced by a variety of country conditions.Among these,fixed or semi-fixed factors of production,such as land,labor,or capital,seem to have a relatively minor influence.Within the domain of natural endowments,only agricultural capital emerged as significant.This is a result that corresponds to expectations,given that foods and beverages are the primary source of demand in the tourism economy.Hence,investments in agricultural technology may foment linkages with the tourism market.It is also worth mentioning that for significant backward linkages to emerge with local agriculture,a larger scale of tourism may be important. According to the regression results,a strong tourism–agriculture nexus will not necessarily develop at a small scale of tourism demand. It appears that variables related to the entrepreneurial capital of the host economy are of notable explanatory significance.The human development index(HDI), which is used to measure a country's general level of development,is significantly and positively associated with tourism linkages.One plausible explanation for this is that international tourists,who often originate in high-income countries,may feel more comfortable and thus be inclined to consume more in a host country that has a life-style to which they can relate easily.Moreover,it is important to remember that the HDI also captures the relative achievements of countries in the level of health and education of the population.Therefore,a higher HDI reflects a healthier and more educated workforce,and thus,the quality of local entrepreneurship.Related to this point,it is important to underscore that the level of participation of women in the host economy also has a significantly positive effect on linkages.In sum, enhancing local entrepreneurial capital may expand the linkages between tourism and other sectors of the host country.
快速外文文献翻译
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外文文献及翻译
外文文献及翻译 题目：利用固定化过氧化氢酶 回收纺织品漂染的废水 专业食品科学与工程 学生姓名梁金龙 班级B食品072 学号0710308119 指导教师郑清
利用固定化过氧化氢酶回收纺织品漂染的废水 Silgia A. Costa1, Tzanko Tzanov1, Filipa Carneiro1, Georg M. Gübitz2 &Artur Cavaco-Paulo1,? 1纺织工程系, 米尼奥大学, 4810吉马尔, 葡萄牙 2环境生物技术系, 格拉茨技术大学, 8010格拉茨, 奥地利 ?作者联系方式(Fax: +351 253 510293; E-mail: artur@det.uminho.pt) 关键词：过氧化氢酶的固定化，酶稳定，过氧化氢，纺织印染 摘要 过氧化氢酶固定在氧化铝载体上并用戊二醛交联，在再循环塔反应器和CSTR反应器中研究贮存稳定性，温度和pH值对酶的活性。固定化酶的在的活性维持在44％，pH值11（30?C），对照组是活性为90％，pH值7（80?C），过氧化氢酶固定化的半衰期时间被提高到2小时（pH12，60?C）。用过氧化氢漂白织物后，洗涤过程中的残留水被固定化酶处理，可以用于再次印染时，记录实验数据。 1 序言 由于新的法规的出台，从生态经济的角度来看（Dickinson1984年），对于纺织行业中存在的成本和剩余水域的污染问题，必须给予更多的关注。过氧化氢是一种漂白剂，广泛应用于工业纺织工艺（Spiro & Griffith1997年）。在去除H2O2时，会消耗大量的水和能源（Weck 1991, St?hr & Petry 1995），以避免对氧气敏感的染料（Jensen 2000）产生后续问题。过氧化氢酶可用于降低过氧化氢的含量（Vasudevan & Thakur 1994, Emerson et al. 1996），从而减少水分消耗或方便回收印染洗涤液。过氧化氢酶的使用主要问题出在漂白时温度和清洗液碱度过高。以前，我们试图通过筛选新的嗜热嗜碱的微生物（Paar et al. 2001）或使用不同的酶稳定剂（Costa et al. 2001）来解决此问题。但是染料与蛋白质之间的潜在相互作用（Tzanov et al. 2001a, b）表明，可溶性过氧化氢酶的使用是不恰当的。固定化过氧化氢酶的使用还有一种选择(Costa et al. 2001, Amar et al. 2000)。在这项研究中，我们对氧化铝进行共价固定并使用戊二醛作为交联剂，这种方法在商业中得到验证。本项研究的目的就是探讨过氧化氢酶的固定化动力学，及其稳定性和工艺条件，这将使我们能够应用此系统，以处理可能被用于清洗染色的反复使用的酒。 2 材料和方法 2.1 酶 Terminox（EC1.11.1.6），50L以上，由AQUITEX- Maia提供，葡萄牙产。 2.2 过氧化氢酶的固定化 取Al2O3颗粒或薄片（Aldrich），直径分别为3和7毫米，在45摄氏度下，先经浓度4%的γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(Sigma)烷基化，再放入丙酮中浸泡24小时。用蒸馏水洗涤硅烷化载体后，放入浓度为2％戊二醛水溶液中室温下浸泡2小时（Aldrich），重复清洗一次并在60?C下干燥1小时。取五克的烷基化载体，室温24?C下浸泡在25毫升粗酶制剂中（Costa et al. 2001）。得出，每克Al2O3
java毕业论文外文文献翻译
Advantages of Managed Code Microsoft intermediate language shares with Java byte code the idea that it is a low-level language witha simple syntax , which can be very quickly translated intonative machine code. Having this well-defined universal syntax for code has significant advantages. Platform independence First, it means that the same file containing byte code instructions can be placed on any platform; atruntime the final stage of compilation can then be easily accomplished so that the code will run on thatparticular platform. In other words, by compiling to IL we obtain platform independence for .NET, inmuch the same way as compiling to Java byte code gives Java platform independence. Performance improvement IL is actually a bit more ambitious than Java bytecode. IL is always Just-In-Time compiled (known as JIT), whereas Java byte code was ofteninterpreted. One of the disadvantages of Java was that, on execution, the process of translating from Javabyte code to native executable resulted in a loss of performance. Instead of compiling the entire application in one go (which could lead to a slow start-up time), the JITcompiler simply compiles each portion of code as it is called (just-in-time). When code has been compiled.once, the resultant native executable is stored until the application exits, so that it does not need to berecompiled the next time that portion of code is run. Microsoft argues that this process is more efficientthan compiling the entire application code at the start, because of the likelihood that large portions of anyapplication code will not actually be executed in any given run. Using the JIT compiler, such code willnever be compiled.
计算机网络-外文文献-外文翻译-英文文献-新技术的计算机网络
New technique of the computer network Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application. keywords Internet Network System Digital Certificates Grid Storage 1. Foreword Internet turns 36, still a work in progress Thirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress. University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce Spam (junk mail) and security troubles. All the while threats loom: Critics warn that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today. Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Klein rock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network.
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
英文文献及中文翻译
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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毕业论文5000字英文文献翻译
英文翻译 英语原文： . Introducing Classes The only remaining feature we need to understand before solving our bookstore problem is how to write a data structure to represent our transaction data. In C++ we define our own data structure by defining a class. The class mechanism is one of the most important features in C++. In fact, a primary focus of the design of C++ is to make it possible to define class types that behave as naturally as the built-in types themselves. The library types that we've seen already, such as istream and ostream, are all defined as classesthat is,they are not strictly speaking part of the language. Complete understanding of the class mechanism requires mastering a lot of information. Fortunately, it is possible to use a class that someone else has written without knowing how to define a class ourselves. In this section, we'll describe a simple class that we canuse in solving our bookstore problem. We'll implement this class in the subsequent chapters as we learn more about types,expressions, statements, and functionsall of which are used in defining classes. To use a class we need to know three things: What is its name? Where is it defined? What operations does it support? For our bookstore problem, we'll assume that the class is named Sales_item and that it is defined in a header named Sales_item.h. The Sales_item Class The purpose of the Sales_item class is to store an ISBN and keep track of the number of copies sold, the revenue, and average sales price for that book. How these data are stored or computed is not our concern. To use a class, we need not know anything about how it is implemented. Instead, what we need to know is what operations the class provides. As we've seen, when we use library facilities such as IO, we must include the associated headers. Similarly, for our own classes, we must make the definitions associated with the class available to the compiler. We do so in much the same way. Typically, we put the class definition into a file. Any program that wants to use our class must include that file. Conventionally, class types are stored in a file with a name that, like the name of a program source file, has two parts: a file name and a file suffix. Usually the file name is the same as the class defined in the header. The suffix usually is .h, but some programmers use .H, .hpp, or .hxx. Compilers usually aren't picky about header file names, but IDEs sometimes are. We'll assume that our class is defined in a file named Sales_item.h. Operations on Sales_item Objects
变电站_外文翻译_外文文献_英文文献_变电站的综合概述
英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,