96--2014专业八级历年英译汉真题解析
专业八级历年英译汉真题解析（1996-2014）
1996年专八英译汉试题原文
Four months before Election Day 1, five men gathered in a small conference room at the Reagan-Bush headquarters 2 and reviewed an oversize calendar that marked the remaining days of the 1984 presidential campaign. It was the last Saturday in June and at ten o'clock in the morning the rest of the office was practically deserted 3. Even so, the men kept the door slut and the drapes carefully drawn. The three principals and their two deputies had come from around the country for a critical meeting 4. Their aim was to devise a strategy 5 that would guarantee Ronald Reagan's resounding reelection to a second term in the White House.
It should have been easy. They were battle-tested veterans 6 with long ties to Reagan and even longer ties to the Republican Party, men who understood presidential politics 7 as well as any in the country. The backdrop 8 of the campaign was hospitable, with lots of good news to work with: America was at peace, and the nation's economy, a key factor in any election, was rebounding vigorously after recession. Furthermore, the campaign itself was lavishly financed 9 , with plenty of money for a top-flight staff 10 , travel, and television commercials. And, most important, their candidate was Ronald Reagan, a president of tremendous personal popularity and dazzling communication skills 11. Reagan has succeeded more than any president since John F. Kennedy in projecting a broad vision of America —a nation of renewed military strength, individual initiative, and smaller federal government 12.
【概述】
本文是一篇典型的关于美国政治的时事杂文，用词色彩强烈，修饰语具有极端性和渲染性的特点。翻译这类文章时，伸缩性较大，适宜文采的容忍度较大。翻译中涉及被动语态译法、转译法等。
【翻译要点评析】
1. Election Day ：美国的总统“选举日”。
2. Reagan-Bush headquarters ：里根—布什竞选总部。
3. the rest of the office was practically deserted ：“ desert ”意为离弃、放弃，此句为被动表达方式，翻译时如不特别强调施动者，一般译为主动句，即“其他办公室几乎没有人”。
4. critical meeting ：“ critical ”有“批评的、危机的、决定性的”意思，此处为“决定性的”，译为“重要会议”。
5. devise a strategy ：“ devise ”意为“想出、设计、发明”，此处根据“ strategy ”一词译为“制定策略”。
6. battle-tested veterans ：久经沙场的老将；在战场上受过考验的老将。
7. presidential politics ：总统竞选的套路。
8. backdrop ：意为背景、大环境，此处译为“条件”。
9. the campaign itself was lavishly financed ：该句为被动句，翻译时应该转为主动语态，即“这次竞选筹到了充裕的资金”。
10. a top-flight staff ：top-flight=best, first rate, staff 此处指“竞选班子”。
11. a president of tremendous personal popularity and dazzling communication skills ：此句为名词性短语，作Ronald Reagan 的同位语，若直译即“一位极具个人魅力和沟通技巧的总统。”但考虑到中文不易用修饰成份过长的表达方式，可将此同位语转译为一个单独的句子，即“ 他极具个人魅力，精通沟通技巧。”
12. a nation of renewed military strength, individual initiative, and smaller federal government ：译法同上，可转译“国家军事力量复兴，国人积极进取，政府机构精简。”
【参考译文】
离选举日还有四个月，五个人聚集在里根—布什竞选总部的一个小型会议室里，看着一张硕大的日历，1984 年总统竞选剩下的日子清晰地标了出来。这是
六月份的最后一个星期六，早晨10 点，其他办公室几乎无人。即使这样，他们仍紧闭大门，严拉窗帘。三个主要人物和两个副手从全国各地赶来，聚在这里召开一个重要会议，旨在制定出一套策略，以确保里根再次当选总统，入主白宫。
再次当选应该不是件难事。他们久经沙场，跟随里根多年，为共和党干的时间更长，没有谁比他们更熟悉总统竞选那一套儿。另外，竞选条件也十分有利，很多好消息可供炒作。例如，美国上下一片和平，经济这一永恒的竞选要素也在经过一段时间的衰退之后开始强劲反弹。此外，这次竞选本身得到了慷慨资助，足以支付一流竞选班子、巡回演讲以及电视广告的费用。最重要的是，他们的候选人是罗纳德·里根，他极具个人魅力，精通沟通技巧。自约翰· F ·肯尼迪总统以来，里根最成功地勾勒出美国蓝图：国家军事力量复兴，国人积极进取，政府机构精简。
1997年:English to Chinese
Opera is expensive: that much is inevitable. But expensive things are inevitably the province（范围）of the rich unless we abdicate（退位、放弃）society’s power of choice. We can choose to make opera and other expensive forms of culture, accessible（易接近的，可达到的）to those who cannot individually pay for it. The question is: why should we? No body denies the imperatives（必要的）of food, shelter, defence, health and education. But even in a prehistoric cave, man-kind stretched out a hand of not just to eat, drink or fight, but also to draw. The impulse（冲动）towards culture, the desire to express and explore the world through imagination and representation（表述、陈述）is fundamental. In Europe, this desire has found fulfillment（完成、成就）in the masterpieces of our music, art, literature and theatre. These masterpieces are the touchstones（标准、试金石）for all our efforts; they are the touchstones for the possibilities to which human thought and imagination may aspire（立志、追求目标、渴望）; they carry the most profound （深厚的、深刻的）messages that can be sent from one human to another.
【概述】
这是一篇典型的关于美国政治的时事杂文，用词色彩强烈，修饰语具有极端性和渲染性的特点。翻译这类文章时，伸缩性较大，适宜文采的容忍度较大。这篇文章理解起来不难，但翻译时却发现不好用贴切的汉语表达，因此在处理这样表面看起来比较容易但难翻译的文章时，注意一定不要拘泥于英文的表达形式。本文翻译中涉及长句译法、定语从句译法，以及增词法、转译法等。
【翻译要点评析】
1. Opera is expensive: that much is inevitable ：若直译即“歌剧很贵，那种贵不可避免。”但读者要问“是听歌剧很贵还是演歌剧很贵？”因此，在“歌剧”前要加具体动词，根据上下文，可以看出“听歌剧”比较恰当。
2. But expensive things are not inevitably the province of the rich unless we abdicate society's power of choice ：province 意为“领域、范围”；abdicate 意为“放弃”。society's power of choice 如果直译，即“社会的选择权”，但这样翻译有些抽象，可采用意译法，即“社会左右选择的力量”。
3. We can choose to make opera, and other expensive forms of culture, accessible to those who cannot individually pay for it ：to make something accessible to someone 使某人也能得到某事（物），因此全句可译为“使歌剧和其他形式的高消费文化也能让那些作为个体消费不起的人们所享受。”
4. Nobody denies the imperatives of food, shelter, defense, health and education ：the imperatives of food, shelter, defense, health and education 意思为“ 食物、居所、防护、健康与教育这些必需的事物”，翻译时可将imperatives 名词词性转为动词，即“ 食物、居所、防护、健康与教育缺一不可”。全句直译即“没有人否认食物、居所、防护、健康与教育的不可或缺性”。但这是英文表达，英译汉时必须将其用通顺的汉语表达方式，因此翻译时可采用正话反说，反话正说法，即“ 食物、居所、防护、健康与教育缺一不可，这一点人人认可。”
5. But even in a prehistoric cave, mankind stretched out a hand not just to eat, drink or fight, but also to draw ：此句用了“ not just … , but also …”固定表达，一般译为“不仅……，而且……”。
6. The impulse towards culture, the desire to express and explore the world through imagination and representation is fundamental ：此句为典型的英语主语部分过长的句子，为了避免头重脚轻，翻译时可将主语部分独立出来，即变成外位语的形式，同时运用转译法，将fundamental 形容词词性转为名词词性即“人性的根本”。
7. touchstones ：试金石。they are the touchstones for the possibilities to which human thought and imagination may aspire; they carry the most profound messages that can be sent from one human to another ：这两句都包含一个定语从句，第一句的定语从句可以按照原结构直译，即“人类思想和想象力可及程度的试金石”，但第二句的定语从句需要用分译法分译出来，即“它们承载着最深刻的信息，使之在人类成员之间传播。”
【参考译文】
译文1：
聆听歌剧，无疑昂贵至极。但是，昂贵的东西并不是非富人莫属，除非我们放弃社会的选择权。我们可以做出选择，使歌剧和其他形式的高消费文化也能让那些作为个体消费不起的人们所享受。但问题是，有必要这么做吗？食物、居所、防护、健康与教育缺一不可，这一点人人认可。即便史前，住在洞穴中的人类伸出手来，不仅为了吃饭、喝水或搏杀，也为了作画。对于文化的冲动，对于通过形象思维和再现手段来表达并探索世界的欲望，这是人的本性。在欧洲，这一欲望反映在音乐、绘画、文学和戏剧之类的艺术杰作之中。这些杰作是我们全部成果的试金石，是人类思想和想象力可及程度的试金石。它们承载着最深刻的信息，使之在人类成员之间传播。
译文2：
欣赏歌剧是一种奢侈：你必须为此支付昂贵的票价。然而，享用昂贵的东西并不完全是富人的特权，除非我们放弃社会选择的权利。我们有权利使歌剧和其他昂贵的文化形式面向大众，面向那些个人没有支付能力的人。然而，问题是我们为什么要这么做。没有人会否认食物、居所、防护、健康与教育是不可或缺的。但是，即使在史前的穴居时代，人们伸出手来，也不仅仅是为了吃喝，为了搏杀，
而且还有一个目的，那就是动手作画。人们对文化的冲动，即人们希望通过想象和再现来表现并探索这个世界的愿望，才是最根本的。在欧洲，人们通过音乐、美术、文学和戏剧等方面的不朽作品的创作，实现了这一愿望。这些杰作是衡量人类努力程度的试金石，是检验人类思维和想象潜能的标准，它们有着最深厚的寓意，并在人们彼此之间传播。
译文3：
欣赏歌剧是一种奢侈的享受，而且人们不可避免地要为此支付昂贵的费用。然而，只要你不放弃对社会权利的选择，高档享受不可避免地成为富人的特有的领域。我们可以让歌剧和其他费用昂贵的文化形式面向那些个人承受不起费用的大众。然而，问题是我们为什么要这么做。没有人会否认食物、居所、安全、健康与教育的必要性。但是，即使在史前的穴居时代，人们伸出手来，也不仅仅是为了吃喝，或者是单纯地为了搏杀，也可以是为了刻画。人们对文化的冲动，对表达的渴望，以及通过想象和表述对世界的探索等，才是最根本的。在欧洲，人们通过音乐、美术、文学和戏剧等杰作的成就形式实现了这一愿望。这些杰作是检验人类努力程度的标准，也是检验人类追求的思想和想象能力的标准，它们承载着丰富的信息，并得以在彼此之间相互传播。
1998年: English to Chinese：
I agree to some extent with my imaginary English reader. American literary historians are perhaps prone to view their own national scene too narrowly, mistaking prominence for uniqueness. They do over-phrase their own literature, or certainly its minor figures. And Americans do swing from aggressive over phrase of their literature to an equally unfortunate, imitative deference. But then, the English themselves are somewhat insular in their literary appraisals. Moreover, in fields where they are not pre-eminent — e. g. in painting and music —they too alternate between boasting of native products and copying those of the Continent. How many English paintings try to look as though they were done in Paris; how many times have we read in articles that they really represent an “English tradition” after all.
To speak of American literature, then, is not to assert（断言、声称）that it is completely unlike that of Europe. Broadly speaking, America and Europe have kept step（同步）. At any given moment（在任何时候）the traveler could find examples in both of the same architecture, the same styles in dress, the same books on the shelves. Ideas have crossed the Atlantic as freely as men and merchandise, though sometimes more slowly. When I refer to American habit, thoughts, etc., I intend some sort of qualification（限制、限定、资格）to precede（领先、超前）the word, for frequently the difference between America and Europe (especially England) will be one of degree（唯一只是在程度上）, sometimes only of a small degree. The amount of divergence（分歧、差异）is a subtle （微妙的）affair, liable（有可能的）to perplex the Englishman when he looks at America. He is looking at a country which in important senses （重要的感觉）grew out of his own, which in several ways（在有些方面）still resembles his own — and which is yet a foreign country. There are odd overlappings（重叠）and abrupt unfamiliarities; kinship(亲缘关系) yields to a sudden alienation（疏远关系）, as when we hail（打招呼）a person across the street, only to discover from his blank（没有表情的）response that we have mistaken a stranger for a friend.
【概述】
本文是一篇典型的学术型语篇，属于半口语型的学术语言。用词正式，句法简单，同时又口语感很强，读起来朗朗上口。对于这类语篇的理解，一般需要一定的专业知识。
【翻译要点评析】
1. over-phrase ：过分渲染，言过其实；over 作为前缀意为“过分地”，如overestimate 过高估计，表示过低用under ，如underestimate 低估。
2. And Americans do swing from aggressive over-phrase of their literature to an equally unfortunate, imitative deference ：此句翻译的关键在于正确理解原句意思，因此需要对原文结构进行改写，即“ Americans do swing from aggressive over-phrase of their literature to imitative deference, which is an equally
unfortunate. ”其中swing from … to 意为摇摆不定，忽左忽右，可译为“要么… 要么… ”；根据改写后的原句结构，我们可以将原句译为“ 美国人确实也走极端，要么咄咄逼人，对本国文学大肆渲染，要么亦步亦趋，对别国文学顶礼膜拜。这两种做法同样的不幸。”
3. But then, the English themselves are somewhat insular in their literary appraisals ：But then 表示语气的转折，这类词语很难处理，翻译时要格外小心，如果没有非常大的把握，宁可不译。此处根据上下文译为“不过”或“话又说回来”。insular 意为超然物外的，孤立的，此处译为“孤陋寡闻”。
4. keet step ：指“步伐一致，协调一致” 。
5. At any given moment ：given 一词可以不翻，将此短语直接译为“任何时候”。
6. liable to perplex ：容易使… 困惑不解。
7. He is looking at a country which in important senses grew out of his own, which in several ways still resembles his own —and which is yet a foreign country ：此句带有 3 个定语从句，根据汉语表达习惯，应将country 作为句子的主语部分，句子的主语变为谓语部分，因此用句子成分转译法，即“ 他所看的那个国家，从某些重要的意义上来说，脱胎于他自己的国家，并在某些方面与他自己的国家相差无几——然而，它却实实在在是一个异邦。”。
8. There are odd overlappings and abrupt unfamiliarities; kinship yields to a sudden alienation, as when we hail a person across the street, only to discover from his blank response that we have mistaken a stranger for a friend ：此句若直译，即“ 两者间存在着某些古怪的交替重迭，以及令人甚感突兀的陌生感；亲缘关系已让位于一种突如其来的异化与疏远，这种情景仿佛就像我们隔着马路向另一个人打招呼，结果却从这个人漠无表情的反应中发现，我们原来竟将一个陌生人误认为我们的熟人。”读起来有些生硬、拗口，所以用意译能较好地表达作者的意图，即“两个国家，既有重叠，也有陌生，重叠使人颇感奇怪，陌生令人觉着突如其来：亲戚一下子变做陌生路人。犹如我们向马路对面的某个行人打招呼，结果出乎意料，那人表情默然，原来，我们误把陌路当友人。”
【参考译文1 】
在一定程度上，我赞同这位虚构的英国读者的观点。美国的文学史工作者也许惯于过分狭隘地看待本国文坛，误将显著当独特。他们的确过分渲染本国文学，至少对二流的作家肯定会吹捧。美国人确实也走极端，要么咄咄逼人，对本国文学大肆渲染，要么亦步亦趋，对别国文学顶礼膜拜。这两种做法同样的不幸。话又说回来，英国人自己在文学鉴赏方面也显得有些孤陋寡闻。而且，在诸如绘画音乐这些本国没有杰出成就的领域里，他们也走极端，要么吹嘘本国的作品，要么模仿大陆上的作品。试想，有多少幅英国画试图做得让人看上去像是在巴黎绘的；我们又有多少次读到他们的作品真正代表着一种“英国式的传统”呢？
说到美国文学，并非意欲断言，它与欧洲文学全然不同。广而言之，美国与欧洲一直步伐一致。任何时刻，旅行者在两地均能看到同样的建筑，款式相同的服饰，相同的书籍。思想如同人员与货物往来一样，自由地横跨大西洋，不过有时会稍微慢一些。当我说美国习惯、美国思想等时，我只想在这一词汇前加上某种修饰语，因为，欧美（尤其是英美）之间的差异往往只是程度上的差异，而且有时候微乎其微。差异的多少至精至细，很容易使英国人对美国迷惑不解。他所看的那个国家，从某些重要的意义上来说，脱胎于他自己的国家，并在某些方面与他自己的国家相差无几——然而，它却实实在在是一个异邦。两个国家，既有重叠，也有陌生，重叠使人颇感奇怪，陌生令人觉着突如其来：亲戚一下子变做陌生路人。犹如我们向马路对面的某个行人打招呼，结果出乎意料，那人表情漠然，原来，我们误把陌路当友人。
【参考译文2】谈到“美国”文学，并不是说它与欧洲文学完全不同。总体来说，美国和欧洲一直保持同步发展。旅游者在任何时候都能在两地看到（城市里矗立的是）同一样式的建筑，（人们穿着的是）同一款式的服饰，摆放在书架上的是同一风格的书籍。思想观念也象人和商品一样可以自由地跨越大西洋，只是有时在时间上要慢得多。谈到美国人的习惯和思想等概念时，我想在“美国式”的前面再加上某个限制性的词语，因为在欧美之间（尤其是美英之间）的差异往往只是程度上的差异而已，而且有的时候，差异的程度也很小，差异也几乎是微乎其微的。英国人看美国，很可能会让他们感到迷惑不解。感到他们看到的这个国家好象是从自己国家发展而来的，很多方面和他们自己的国家类似，然而却仍
然是“外国”。两个国家有着莫名的相似，却又给人一种突然的陌生感。疏远感突然间取代了亲缘关系，就仿佛我们隔着马路打招呼一样，从对方那茫然的神情中发现我们原来是认错了人。
【参考译文3】
因此，我们在说“美国”文学，并不表明我们认为美国文学与欧洲文学截然不同。一般来说，美国和欧洲一直在同步发展。无论何时，旅游者在两地都能看到同一式的建筑，见到同一款式的服饰，读到摆在书架上的同一风格的书籍。在大洋两岸，人们的思想观念，就容易同人员与货物一样，可以自由交流，尽管有时会略显迟缓。谈到美国人的习惯、美国人的思维等概念时，我想在“美国式的”这几个词前面再加上某种修饰，因为欧美之间（尤其是英美之间）的差异往往只是程度上的差异而已，而且在有的时候，是极低程度上的差异而已。差异的程度微乎其微，很可能会使审视美国的英国人感到迷惑不解。重要的是，英国人所审视的这个国家诞生于英国，并在不少方面仍与英国相差无几---然而，实实在在是个异邦。两地有着莫名的共同之处，以及令人深感突兀的陌生感。原先的亲戚已形同陌路，就仿佛隔着马路招呼，等看到对方一脸茫然时，我们才意识到认错人。
1999年：English to Chinese：
In some societies people want children for what might be called familial reasons: to extend the family line or the family name, to propitiate the ancestors; to enable the proper functioning of religious rituals involving the family. Such reasons may seem thin in the modern, secularized society but they have been and are powerful indeed in other places.
In addition, one class(一类) of family reasons shares a border（接壤、相近）with the following category, namely, having children in order to maintain or improve a marriage: to hold the husband or occupy（使…忙（有事干）the wife; to repair or rejuvenate the marriage; to increase the number of children on the assumption（设想、假设consumption 消费）that family happiness lies that way. The point is underlined（突出、显现）by its converse（反面、相反）: in some societies the failure
to bear children（养孩子）(or males) is a threat to the marriage and a ready cause for divorce.
Beyond all that（除了这些）is the profound（深刻的、深远的）significance of children to the very institution（结构）of the family itself. To many people, husband and wife alone do not seem a proper family（完整的）—they need children to enrich the circle（丰富家庭生活、拓宽生活圈子）, to validate（使…有效）its family character（家族的特征、风格）, to gather（增加、集合）the redemptive （赎回的, 用于补偿的）influence of offspring. Children need the family, but the family seems also to need children, as the social institution（社会结构）uniquely（唯一）available, at least in principle, for （获得）security, comfort, assurance, and direction in a changing, often hostile world. To most people, such a home base, in the literal sense, needs more than one person for sustenance（生计）and in generational extension（家族的繁衍）.
【概述】
本文是一篇典型的议论型语篇，用词正式，句法复杂，逻辑严谨，读起来很不顺口。这类文章很难理解，一般需要较高的推理能力。翻译时，要特别注意整篇文章的逻辑关系，特别注意语篇的连贯和衔接。
【翻译要点评析】
1.familial reasons ：家族原因。
2.to extend the family line or the family name ：就是汉语的传宗接代，延续香火。
3.to enable the proper functioning of religious rituals involving the family ：字面意思为“ 使那些涉及到家庭的宗教仪式得以正常进行”，但这样的译文读起来很生硬，可以意译为“维系礼仪”。
4.to share a border with sth ：与…有联系。
5.occupy the wife ：occupy 此处意为使忙碌，即“使妻子忙碌，让妻子有事可做”，不可直译为“占有妻子”。
6.to increase the number of children on the assumption that family happiness lies that way ：英语善用名词或名词短语，但汉语喜用动词，因此翻译时用转译法将the assumption 译为“多生孩子，因为他们认为，多子才能多福”。
7.The point is underlined by its converse ：underline 显示（其重要性），整句译为“这一点从相反的方面更易显现。”
8.in some societies the failure to bear children (or males) is a threat to the marriage and a ready cause for divorce ：and 在此处表示递进的关系，译为“也，而且”，全句译为“ 不生孩子（或不生男孩）不仅是婚姻的一种威胁，还成为离婚的便当理由。”
9.Beyond all that is the profound significance of children to the very institution of the family itself. ：beyond all that 意为除此以外；institution 和family 是同位关系，其意义并不是“风俗习惯”或“制度”，而是人类社会长期以来就有的社会机构或部门。因此institution of the family itself. 这个短语译为“家庭自身这个机构或部门”。
10.redemptive influence ：赎救作用。该用法与基督教的教义有关，认为生孩子可以赎罪，可以了却罪孽，因为人类的共同祖先亚当和夏娃因吃禁果而有了罪孽。
【参考译文1】
在有些社会，要孩子只是为了所谓的家族原因：传宗接代，延续香火，安慰祖辈，维系礼仪。在现代世俗社会中，这类原因似显苍白，但在其他地方，这些原因确实强劲有力。
此外，有一类家族原因与下面一组原因共通，即生儿育女是为了维系或改善婚姻：能拴住丈夫或者让妻子有事可做；修复或重振婚姻；之所以多生孩子是因为他们认为多子多福。反过来说：在某些社会中，不生孩子（或不生男孩）不仅是婚姻的一种威胁，还成为离婚的便当理由。
此外，更为重要的是，孩子对于家庭这一机构自身尤为重要。对许多人来说，夫妻两人还不算一个真正意义上的家庭——他们需要孩子来丰富两人小天地，使它具有家庭特征，并使他们自己从中获得赎救。
孩子需要家庭，家庭似乎也需要孩子。在一个变幻莫测、常常是充满敌意的世界中，家庭作为一种社会机构，以其特有的方式，至少在原则上，需要在孩子身上获得某种安全感、慰藉、保障和指望。对于多数人来说，这种原本意义上的家的基地，需要不止一个人来维持，使其代代相传，生生不息。
【参考答案2】
另外，有一类家庭原因与下列类别不无共同之处，那就是：生儿育女要么是为了维系现有婚姻，提高婚姻质量，要么是为了拴住丈夫，使妻子有所事事，要么是为了修复婚姻，给婚姻注入新的活力，亦或是出于多子多福的观念而多生儿女。当然，我们也可以从问题的反面得到昭示：在某些社会，无法生育子嗣（或不能生育男孩）对婚姻而言是最大的威胁，也可作为夫妻分手的现成理由。
后代对家庭这一体制本身所具有的深远意义远非如此。在许多人看来，丁克家庭算不上真正的家庭。夫妻需要孩子来拓宽自己的生活圈子，实现家庭在传宗接代中的作用，并从子孙后代身上获取某种回报。在这个变幻莫测，常常不尽友善的世界上，家庭作为社会的基本单位，至少可在原则上，以其独特方式为家人提供安全保障，抚慰家人受伤的心灵，为家人指出生活方向，因此，孩子需要家庭，但与此同时，家庭也需要孩子。
2000年：
If people mean anything at all by the expression “untimely（不合时宜的，timely:适时的、及时的）death”, they must believe that some deaths run on（连续, 不分段, 流逝, 涉及）a better schedule than others. Death in old age is rarely called untimely—a long life is thought to be a full one. But with the passing（= passing away 死亡）of a young person, one assumes（假定、设想）that the best years lay ahead and the measure（尺度、评价）
History denies this, of course. Among prominent（卓越的、突出的）summer（壮年时期, 青春）deaths, one recalls those of Marilyn Monroe（马丽莲?梦露）and James Deans（詹姆士?迪恩斯）, whose lives seemed equally brief and complete. Writers cannot bear the fact that poet John Keats（约翰?济慈）died at 26, and only half playfully（开玩笑地）judge their own lives as failures when they pass that year. The idea that the life cut short is unfulfilled is illogical because lives are measured by the impressions they leave on the world and by their intensity（强度、亮度=achievements: 成就）and virtue（德行、品德）.
【概述】
本文是一篇典型的议论型语篇，用词正式，逻辑严谨，哲理性强。要很好理解这类文章，需要有一定的推理能力。翻译时，要特别注意整篇文章的逻辑关系，特别注意语篇上下文的衔接。
【翻译要点评析】
1. untimely death ：早逝；早死；过早的死去。
2. run on a better schedule than others ：更符合（死亡）时间表的安排。该时间表存在于人间习俗之中，与宿命论中的“天意”、“上天的安排”没有关系。
3. a full one ：圆满的一生。
4. the best years lay ahead ：根据上下文可以译为“才华尚未施展”。
5. the measure of that life was still to be taken ：意为生命价值有待估量，可翻译为“前途无可限量”。
6. summer deaths ：英年谢世者；在风华正茂时死去的人；在事业鼎盛时期而死的人。
7. whose lives seemed equally brief and complete ：此句为MariLyn Monroe and James Deans 的定语从句，翻译时可采用分译法，即“此二人生命虽短，却依然完美无缺。”
8. Writers cannot bear the fact that poet John Keats died at 26, and only half playfully judge their own lives as failures when they pass that year ：这又是一个关于同位语翻译的句子，可以在the fact 前面加上“这个”、“这座”等词语，即“ 约翰·济慈年方26 便溘然长逝这一事实”；另外，这个句子蕴涵的内容比较丰富，不可以用简单的一句话表达清楚，因此要用增词法，即调整句子结构，补充隐含的内容，可翻译为“诗人约翰·济慈26 岁与世长辞，众多作家难以接受，半开玩笑地说，他们自己的生命即便超过26 岁，也不过失败二字。”
9. The idea that the life cut short is unfulfilled is illogical because lives are measured by the impressions they leave on the world and by their intensity and virtue ：同上，翻译为“生命短暂即人生未成，这种想法逻辑欠通，因为，生命的价值尺度是它留在世间的痕迹，是它的质量和美德。”
【参考译文1 】
如果“早逝”另有所指的话，那一定是人们相信，有些人死得更合“时宜”，而另一些人则“死不逢时”。年迈去世很少被称作“早逝”，因为长寿就是圆满。反之，如果是年轻人谢世，人们会认为这位年轻人才华尚未施展，前途无可限量。
当然，历史否定这一点。在诸多杰出的“英年早逝者”当中，我们不会忘记玛丽莲·梦露与詹姆斯·迪恩斯。此二人生命虽短，却依然完美无缺。诗人约翰·济慈26 岁与世长辞，众多作家难以接受，半开玩笑地说，他们自己的生命即便超过26 岁，也不过失败二字。视英年早逝为不圆满，这一观念有悖于逻辑，因为衡量生命的尺度乃是留给世界的印记，是生命的力度及其美德。生命短暂即人生未成，这种想法逻辑欠通，因为，生命的价值尺度是它留在世间的痕迹，是它的质量和德行。
【参考译文2】
如果人们使用“死不逢时”的时候有所指的话，那肯定认为一些人的逝世是寿终正寝，而另外一些人的辞世则是英年早逝。很少有人会说因年老而死亡是“死不逢时”---人们总是把老年人的寿终正寝看作是一种圆满。但是对于一个英年早逝的人，人们常常认为他的好日子还在后头，对他短暂的一生作出评价还为时尚早。
然而，历史对此观点持否定态度。谈到英年早逝的人物，人们常常回想起马丽莲?梦露和詹姆士?迪恩斯。二人生命虽短，却功成名就。作家们难以接受英国诗人约翰?济慈26岁便匆匆辞世的残酷现实，然而，当他们26岁时，只有自嘲虚度年华碌碌无为的份了。那种认为生命短暂就不圆满的观点是不合逻辑的，因为评价一个人的一生应当看他给世人留下的印象，他所取得的成就，以及他的个人品质。
专业八级历年英译汉真题解析（2001-2008）
2001年：
Possession for its own sake or in competition with the rest of the neighborhood would have been Thoreau’s idea of the low levels. The active discipline of heightening one’s perception of what is enduring in nature would have been his idea of the high. What he saved from the low was time and effort he could spend on the high. Thoreau certainly disapproved of starvation, but he would put into feeding himself only as much effort as would keep him functioning for more important efforts.（要点，主旨）of it. There is no happiness except as we take on(接纳) life-engaging（有魅力的、迷人的）difficulties. Short of the impossible, as Yeats put it, the satisfaction we get from a lifetime depends on how high we choose our difficulties. Robert Frost was thinking in something like the same terms（相同的
表达、看法）when he spoke of “The pleasure of taking pains”. The mortal flaw （致命的缺陷）in the advertised version of happiness is in the fact that it purports（宣称、声称）to be effortless.
We demand difficulty even in our games（体育比赛、游戏）. We demand it because without difficulty there can be no game. A game is a way of making something hard for the fun of it. The rules of the game are an arbitrary（武断的）imposition（强迫接受）of difficulty. When someone ruins the fun, he always does so by refusing to play by the rules. It is easier to win at chess if you are free, at your pleasure, to change the wholly arbitrary rules, but the fun is in winning within the rules. No difficulty, no fun.
【概述】
这是一篇说理性的议论文，文章评论美国19 世纪哲学家、思想家、作家亨利·大卫·梭罗对人生幸福的看法。用词正式，逻辑严谨，哲理性强。译好这类文章有一定难度，但在近年的8级考试中出现的概率较高，不可忽视。翻译时要注意整篇文章的逻辑关系，特别注意语篇的连贯和衔接。
【翻译要点评析】
1. Thoreau: Henry David Thoreau (1817 — 1862), 美国哲学家、作家、“一个人的乌托邦”的倡导者和实践者，年轻时代师从美国“先验论者”爱默生，其论著在美国有一定影响。idea of the low levels 和idea of the high, 是梭罗所理解的“低层次境界”和“高层次境界”。
2. active discipline: 主动律己；heightening one's perception: 提高自己的感悟能力；what is enduring in nature: 自然界永恒存在之物；在his idea of the high 短语中，后边省略了levels, 与上句idea of the low levels 相对应。
3. gist: 与essence 同义，意为“精要；精髓”。此句可译为“全力以赴，便是其精髓所在”。
4. short of: 除…… 之外。short of the impossible 可译为“除了不可能做的事情之外”。Yeats:William Butter Yeats, 叶芝（1865 — 1939 ）爱尔兰诗人及剧作家，曾获1923 年诺贝尔文学奖。as Yeats put it: 正像叶芝说得那样。
5. Robert Frost: 罗伯特·弗罗斯特（1874——1963），美国著名诗人，曾4次获得美国普利策诗歌奖。taking pains: 吃苦；努力。例如：It takes pains to learn
a foreign language well. 学好一门外语非吃苦不可。
6. mortal flaw: 致命的缺陷。advertised 应理解为popular, made known, 即“世人宣扬的”，“世俗的”。Purport: 意味着；大意是…… 。
7. arbitrary imposition of difficulty: 任意施加难度于；人为设定难度。
【参考译文1 】
梭罗所理解的“低层次境界”是，为了拥有而去拥有，或与所有的邻居明争暗斗而致拥有。他心目中的“高层次境界”，则是这样一种积极的人生戒律，即要使自己对自然界永恒之物的感悟臻于完美。对于从低层次上节省下来的时间和精力，他可以将其致力于对高层次的追求。勿庸置疑，梭罗不赞成忍饥挨饿，但在饮食方面所投入的精力仅裹腹而已，只要可确保他能去从事更为重要的事务，除此，别无他求。
努力才是其精髓。没有磨砺，何来幸福。叶芝说过，除了难以可为的事情，人生的幸福大小就在于所选择的难度高低。罗伯特? 弗罗斯特也有“以苦为乐”之类的说法，他与叶芝英雄所见略同。世人所宣扬的那种幸福观，其致命错误就在于它认为，幸福似乎可以唾手可得。
甚至于游戏也离不开难度。没有了难度也就没有了游戏。游戏之道恰恰在于难中作乐。游戏规则就是人为设定的难度。不依规则便叫人意兴阑珊。下棋时随心所欲、信马由缰会赢得很爽但没劲儿。唯有进退有尺有度方才趣味横生。不难便无趣儿。
【参考译文2】
努力是问题的关键。如果不经历艰难困苦，就没有幸福可言。正如爱尔兰诗人叶芝所言，除了极少数不大可能出现的情况外，我们一生中得到的满意程度取
决于我们愿意克服的困难有多大。美国诗人罗伯特费罗斯特谈到“苦中求乐”时，也表达了相同的看法。出现在广告中的幸福都有一个致命的错误，那就是，不费吹灰之力即可获得幸福。
即使在体育比赛中，我们也需要克服困难。我们需要克服困难，因为没有困难就没有比赛。比赛就是使某件事情变得更加困难，以便难中取乐。制定比赛规则就是故意制造困难。违反竞赛规则也就丧失了比赛乐趣。下棋时，如果不受规则的约束，高兴怎么走就怎么走，你很容易取胜。然而，乐趣源于胜利而又遵守规则。没有困难，也就没有乐趣。
2002年：ENGLISH TO CHINESE
The word “winner” and “loser” ha ve many meanings. When they refer to a person as a winner, we do not mean one who makes some else lose. To us, a winner is one who responds authentically by being credible, trustworthy, responsive, and genien, both as an individual and as a member of a society.
Winners do not decide their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be; rather, they are themselves and so much do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintaining pretence(伪装) and manipulating（操纵）others. They are aware that there is a difference between being loving and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask.
优胜者会有自己的生活理念，其生活不会局限于某种假想的理念；取而代之的是，他们坚持自我，并不会费力去装腔作势，刻意去维持虚伪，或者劳神去操纵他人。他们深知，真爱和虚情之差，愚蠢和糊涂之异，真才和伪学之别。优胜者无需掩藏自我。
Winners are not afraid of to do their own thinking and to use their own knowledge. They can separate facts from opinions and don’t pretend to have a ll the answers. They listen to others, evaluate what they say, but come to their own conclusions. Although winners can admire and respect other people, they are not totally defined, demolished（毁坏、推翻）, bound, or awed（敬畏）by them.
优胜者勇于独立思考，敢于展示才华。他们能辨别意念和事实，不会假装自己无所不晓，无所不能。他们善于倾听他人的见解，并权衡其利弊，但最终得出的是自己的结论。尽管他们会敬重他人，但不会受到局限和束缚，也不会被吓倒，更不会因此而自溃。
Winners do not play “helpless”, nor do they play the blaming game. Instead, they assume（假定、设想、采取）responsibility for their own lives.
优胜者不会面对困难而显得无助（敢于只面困难），也不会怨天尤人。相反，他们会努力肩负起自己对待生活的责任。
【概述】
这是一篇议论文，议题讨论人生的核心问题——成功与失败。虽然涉及的题目人人皆知，但对其真实内涵却仁者见仁，智者见智。该文语言精炼，讲究修辞，采用对比、排比等手法加强语气。翻译时应注意上下文的逻辑关系，注意修辞格的翻译技巧。
【翻译要点评析】
1. “winner” 和“ loser” 这两个词是该文的关键词，一开头能否正确选择好词义将影响到整篇文章的翻译。一般情况下，译为“赢家”和“输家”，或“胜者”和“败者”。但本文第一句就说，这两个词have many meanings 。这就意味着本文所讨论的winner 并不是传统意义上的“赢家”或“胜者”，下文对winner 的定义就说明了本文的winner 与传统定义不同。鉴于此，我们可以将winner 译为“成功者”或“智者”。
2. authentically: 自然地；没有假装地；由衷地。此句的关键是译好4 个形容词，这是对成功者品质下的定义。credible: 有诚信的；trustworthy: 可依靠的；可信赖的；responsive: 反应敏捷的；敏感的；genuine: 诚实的；不虚伪的。此句可译为“成功者的一切反应均由衷而发，富有诚信，值得信赖，反应敏捷，从不虚伪”，句子读起来非常有节奏感。
3. they imagine 是插入成分。What they imagine they should be 直译过来就是“他们自己认为该成为的样子”，也可以说“他们的自我臆想”。rather: 相反。
课文翻译综合英语
The pearl 吉纳，一位穷渔夫，刚发现了一颗非常大而且非常珍贵的珍珠，准备去最近的城镇把它卖掉。他急切需要钱给刚给蝎子螫伤的孩子看病。吉纳发现珍珠前，他---一位可以看病的医生拒绝给孩子治病，因为吉纳付不起治疗费。 一个小镇就像个集群动物，有神经系统头肩膀和肢。它与其他城镇不想连。因此没有两座城镇是相似的。城镇里还有完整的感情。要知道消息是怎样传遍整个小镇的可是个难解之谜。消息传得似乎比小男孩冲出去告诉别人的速度还快，比女人隔着篱笆大声说消息的速度还要快。? 在吉纳胡安纳和其他渔夫回到吉纳的茅草屋前，小镇的神经正随着消息--吉纳发现了世界上最大的珍珠--传播而奔腾，跳动。跑得气喘吁吁的小男孩还没说出这个消息，母亲们早已知晓了。消息席卷而过茅草屋，激起波浪泡沫，然后冲进镇里的石头灰泥瓦房里。消息传到正在花园里散步的牧师，他的眼中露出若有所思的表情，他想起教堂的有些地方该维修了，他纳闷珍珠值多少钱。他想知道是否为吉纳的婴儿施过洗礼，或是否主持过他的结婚仪式。消息传到零售商那儿的时候，他们看着卖的不太好的男式衣服。?? 消息传到医生那儿的时候，他正在给一位妇人看病，这位夫人的疾病其实就是“年龄太老的问题”，尽管他们两人都不承认这点。弄清楚谁是吉纳后，医生变得严肃认真而又明智起来。医生说，“他是我的一个病人，我在给他的孩子治疗被蝎子螫伤的伤口。”眼珠在肿眼泡的眼眶内转来转去，医生想起巴黎，想起那他住过的既宽敞又豪华的房间。越过他的老年病人，医生仿佛看见自己坐在巴黎的一家餐馆，男侍者正在打开酒瓶。 消息早早地传到了教堂前乞讨者，他们咯咯地高兴地笑着，因为他们知道没有比突然
英译汉历年真题翻译
英译汉历年真题全文翻译 1994年真题参考译文 新学派科学家们认为，在扩大科学知识范围的过程中，技术是一股被忽视了的力量(71)他们认为，科学之所以向前发展，与其说是因为天才伟人的真知灼见，还不如说是因为像改进了的技术和工具之类更为普遍的东西。(72)一位新学派的领袖人物坚持说，简言之，所谓的科学革命主要是指一系列工具的改进、发明和使用；这一系列工具的改进、发明和使用在无数个方面拓展了科学的领域。(73)多年来，工具和技术本身作为根本性革新的源泉在很大程度上被历史学家和思想家们所忽视了。肯定技术的现代派认为，诸如伽利略、牛顿、麦克斯韦、爱因斯坦这样的著名科学大师以及像爱迪生这样的发明家都十分重视各种不同的、可用于科学实验的工艺信息和技术装置并从中获益匪浅，提倡肯定技术、否定天才的论点之核心是对伽利略在科学革命的初期所起作用的分析。当时人们对天体的认识源于公元二世纪时的天文学家托勒密。他认为，在复杂的天体系统中所有的天体都围绕着地球运动。(74)伽利略最伟大的成就在于，在l 609年他是第一个用新发明的望远镜来观察天空的人，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转的。但故事中真正的英雄，新学派科学家们认为，是改进制作眼镜的机器的漫长过程。 联邦政府的政策不可避免地卷入了这场“技术”对“天才”之争。(75)政府是应该以牺牲技术作为代价来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这常常取决于人们把哪一个看作驱动力量。
1995年真题参考译文 广泛用来帮助选拔、分类、委派或者提拔学生、雇员和军事人员的标准化教育或心理测试最近在图书、杂志、日报甚至国会中成了攻击的目标。(71)把标准化测试作为抨击的目标是错误的，因为在抨击这些测试的时候，批评家没有注意到错误在于那些不甚了解或者是不能胜任的使用者。测试本身只是工具，其特点是在具体条件下可以得到相当精确的测定。测试结果究竟是有价值、无意义或者有误导作用在部分程度上取决于工具本身，但在很大程度上取决于使用者。 所有对未来表现有根据的预测都取决于对相关的过去表现的一些了解：学习成绩、研究能力、销售纪录或者任何合适的信息。(72)这些测试将在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性，还取决于解释这些信息的技能和才智。任何认真记分的人都知道，能获得的信息往往不全面，而且预测很容易出现错误。应该根据这种情况看待标准化测试。对于一个人的学识，他所掌握的技能或者他是哪种类型的人，标准化测试提供了快捷，而客观的获取信息的办法、和其他种类的信息一样，按这种方法获得的信息从质量上来讲也有其自身的长处和短处。(73)因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试，(采用)其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，取决于与相对效度有关的来自经验的证据，还取决于诸如费用和可获取性之类的因素。(74)一般来说，当所要测定的特征能够最为精确地界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。如果使用得当，测试提供一种快速获取有关许多人的可比性信息的方法，有时还会鉴别出潜力大、过去却未被承认的学生，但测试无法做到的事情也很多。(75)例如，这些测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公平现
综合英语(一)课文及翻译
Lesson One: The Time Message Elwood N, Chapman 新的学习任务开始之际，千头万绪，最重要的是安排好时间，做时间的主人。本文作者提出了7点具体建议，或许对你有所启迪。 1 Time is tricky. It is difficult to control and easy to waste. When you look a head, you think you have more time than you need. For Example,at the beginning of a semester, you may feel that you have plenty of time on your hands, but toward the end of the term you may suddenly find that time is running out. You don't have enough time to cover all your duties (duty), so you get worried. What is the answer? Control! 译：时间真是不好对付，既难以控制好，又很容易浪费掉，当你向前看时，你觉得你的时间用不完。例如，在一个学期的开始，你或许觉得你有许多时间，但到学期快要结束时，你会突然发现时间快用光了，你甚至找不出时间把所有你必须干的事情干完，这样你就紧张了。答案是什么呢？控制。 2 Time is dangerous. If you don't control it, it will control you. I f you don't make it work fo r you, it will work against you. So you must become the master of time, not its servant. As a first-year college student, time management will be your number one Problem. 译：时间是危险的，如果你控制不了时间，时间就会控制你，如果你不能让时间为你服务，它就会起反作用。所以，你必须成为时间的主人，而不是它的奴仆，作为刚入学的大学生，妥善安排时间是你的头等大事。 3 Time is valuable. Wasting time is a bad habit. It is like a drug. The more time you waste,the easier it is to go on wasting time. If seriously wish to get the most out of college, you must put the time message into practice. 译：时间是珍贵的，浪费时间是个坏习惯，这就像毒品一样，你越浪费时间，就越容易继续浪费下去，如果你真的想充分利用上大学的机会，你就应该把利用时间的要旨付诸实践。 Message1. Control time from the beginning. 4 Time is today, not tomorrow or next week. Start your plan at the Beginning of the term. 译：抓紧时间就是抓紧当前的时间，不要把事情推到明天或是下周，在学期开始就开始计划。 Message2. Get the notebook habit. 5 Go and buy a notebook today, Use it to plan your study time each day. Once a weekly study plan is prepared, follow the same pattern every week with small changes. Sunday is a good day to make the Plan for the following week.
英语专业8级英译汉。
1. Contrast Between English and Chinese Put the following into Chinese, pay special attention to the linguistic differences between English and Chinese. Sentence translation: 1.Now that you are in for it, you must carry on. 2.Cigarettes were the death of me. 3.If the man who was seen to take an umbrella from the City Church last Sunday evening does not wish to get into trouble, he will return the umbrella to No. 10 Broad Street. 4.If you confer a benefit, never remember it; if you receive one, remember it always. 5.Her sighs made it clear that she was unhappy. 6.They had no running water where they lived. Nor did they have any conveniences of life such as gas and electricity. 7.Theatre will be reinvented and become much freer and more imaginative. 8.Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may result in serious disease if certain important elements are missing. 9.By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives. 10.It should be noted that he and she were extremely close allies. Passage translation: It seemed a point scored for her side when Joanne, panicked that her father-in-law would bungle the turnoff for the Pulaski Skyway, shattered the tip of her cigarette against the back of the seat and a live ash fell on the baby?s belly. It went unnoticed for a second until Corinne screamed; then they all saw it, a little flea of fire glowing beside the perfect navel. Joanne jumped, and squealed with guilt, and flapped her hands and stamped her feet and hugged the baby against her, but the evidence could not be destroyed; a brown dot of char on the globe of immaculate skin. Corinne continued her screams, splicing them with shrill hard gasps of intake, while everyone rummaged through purses and pockets for Vaseline, butter, toothpaste – anything for an urgent. Mother had a tiny bottle of toilet water given her in a department store; Joanne dabbed some of this on, and in time Corinne, shaken by more and more widely spaced spasms of sobbing, mercifully dragged her injury with her into the burrow of sleep. 2. Cohesion 1.When Smith was drunk, he used to beat his wife and daughter; and the next morning, with a headache, he would rail at the world for its neglect of his genius, and abuse, with a good
英语专业八级翻译练习题英译汉
英语专业八级翻译练习题（一） The Rewards of Living a Solitary Life The other day an acquaintance of mine, a gregarious and charming man, told me he had found himself unexpectedly alone in New York for an hour or two between appointments. He went to the Whitney and spent the "empty" time looking at things in solitary bliss. For him it proved to be a shock nearly as great as falling in love to discover that he could enjoy himself so much alone. 参考译文： 独自生活的报偿 前些日子，我的一个熟人，一位热爱交际并很受欢迎的男士告诉我，他在纽约的两个约会之间偶然有一两个小时的空闲，他便去了惠特尼博物馆，四处浏览着展品，无比幸福的度过了那些时光。发现自已独自一人，也能如此的幸福，他感觉像坠入爱河那般震惊。 英语专业八级翻译练习题（二） What had he been afraid of, I asked myself? That, suddenly alone, he would discover that he bored himself, or that there was, quite simply, no self there to meet? But having taken the plunge, he is now on the brink of adventure; he is about to be launched into his own inner space to the astronaut. His every perception will come to him with a new freshness and, for a time, seem startlingly original. 参考译文： “他一直在害怕什么呢？”，我问自已。怕突然一个人呆着会发现自已厌烦自己，或者怕会失去自我？但是有了这次偿试，他便要开始探险了。他就要发射到自已心的宇宙之中。他的所见所感对他来说将会是全新的，一度会新颖的让人惊奇。 英语专业八级翻译练习题（三） For anyone who can see things for himself with a naked eye becomes, for a moment or two, something of a genius. With another human being present vision becomes double vision, inevitably. We are busy wondering, what does my companion see or think of this, and what do I think of it? The original impact gets lost, or diffused 参考译文： 因此每个能用肉眼观看事物的人，一时之间便成为天才。身边有别人存在，一个看法便不可避免地变成了双重看法。我们急于知道周边人的看法，以及我对它是怎么看的？” 最初的印像消失了，或者变得模糊不清。 英语专业八级翻译练习题（四）
历年六级真题翻译汇总
1、闻名于世的丝绸之路是一系列连接东西方的路线。丝绸之路延伸6,000 多公里。得名于古代中国的丝绸贸易。丝绸之路上的贸易在中国、南亚、欧洲和中东文明发展中发挥了重要作用。正是通过丝绸之路，中国的造纸、火药、指南针、印刷等四大发明才被引介到世界各地。同样，中国的丝绸、茶叶和瓷器( porcelain) 也传遍全球。物质文化的交流是双向的。欧洲也通过丝绸之路出口各种商品和植物，满足中国市场的需要。 The world-renowned Silk Road is a series of routes connecting the East and the West. It extended more than 6,000 kilometers. The Silk Road was named after ancient China 's ilk trade which played an important role in the civilization development of China, South Asia, Europe and the Middle East. It was through the Silk Road that papermaking, gunpowder, compass and printing of the four great inventions of ancient China were introduced around the world. Similarly, Chinese silk, tea and porcelain spread all over the world. Europe also exported various goods and plants through the Silk Road to meet the needs of the Chinese market. 2、中国园林是经过三千多年演变而成的独具一格的园林景观。它既包括为皇室成员享乐而建造的大型花园，也包括学者、商人和卸任的政府官员为摆脱嘈杂的外部世界而建造的私家花园。这些花园构成了一种意在表达人与自然之间应有的和谐关系的微缩景观。典型的中国园林四周有围墙，园内有池塘、假山、树木、花草以及各种各样由蜿蜒的小路和走廊连接的建筑。漫步在花园中，人们可以看到一系列精心设计的景观犹如山水画卷一般展现在面前。 After 3,000 years of evolvement, Chinese gardens have become a unique landscape. This includes both large gardens built as entertainment venues for royal family, and private gardens built as secluded retreats for scholars, merchants and retired government officials. These gardens have constituted a miniature that is designed in praise of the harmony between man and nature. A typical Chinese garden is surrounded by walls and consists of various buildings linked by winding trails and corridors, with ponds, rockeries, trees, and flowers scattered in it. Wandering in such a well-designed garden, people may feel that they are walking in a landscape painting. 3、中国人自古以来就在中秋时节庆祝丰收，这与北美地区庆祝感恩节的习俗十分相似，过中秋节的习俗与唐代早期在中国各地开始流行，中秋节在农历八月十五，是人们拜月的节日，这天夜晚皓月当空，人们合家团聚，共赏明月。2006 年，中秋节被列为中国的文化遗产，2008 年又被定为公共假日，月饼被视为中秋节不可或缺的美食，人们将月饼作为礼物馈赠亲友或在家庭聚会上享用。传统的月饼上带有“寿” (Iongevity)、“福”或“和”等字样。 Since ancient times, the Chinese people usually celebrate harvest in the Mid-Autumn, which is simiIar to the custom of ceIebrating Thanksgiving in the North America. The tradition of ceIebrating Mid-Autumn festivaI became popuIar throughout China in the earIy Tang dynasty. The Iunar August 15 is a day for peopIe worshiping the moon. On this day, under the dazzIing bright moon, famiIies reunite and enjoy the moon'sbeauty. In 2006, Mid-Autumn festivaI was Iisted as one of China's cuIturaI heritage, and in 2008, it was cIassified as a pubIic hoIiday. Moon
综合英语 1 课后翻译答案精编版
Unit 1 1.他对这次面试中可能提到的问题作好了准备。（confront） He has prepared answers to the questions that he may confront during the interview. 2.他悲惨的遭遇深深打动了我们，使我们几乎哭出声来。（touch） His sad experience touched us so deeply that we nearly cried. 3.他们俩手挽着手沿着河边散步，有说有笑。(hand in hand) The two of them are walking hand in hand along the riverbank, chatting and laughing. 4.听到这令人激动的消息之后，他眼睛里涌出欢乐的泪水。(well up) When he heard the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes. 5.上海人容易听懂苏州话，因为上海话和苏州话有许多共同之处。(in common) People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect have much in common. 6.亨利和妻子正在考虑能不能在3年内买一幢新房子。(look into) Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years. 7.女儿再三请求到国外去深造，他最终让步了。（give in to） He finally gave in to his daughter’s repeated requests to further her education abroad. 8.我们在动身去度假之前把所有的贵重物品都锁好了。（lock away） We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday. 9.虽然咱们分手了，但我希望咱们依然是好朋友，像以前一样互相关心，互相帮助。(part) Although we have parted from each other, I hope that we will remain good friends and that we will care for and help each other just as we used to. 10.在紧急关头，军长召集全体军官开会，制定新的克敌战略战术。（summon） At the critical moment, the army commander summoned all the officers to work out new strategies and tactics to conquer the enemy. Unit 2 1.一个由外交部长率领的政府代表团昨天抵达南非，开始对该国进行为期3天的友好访问。（head） A government delegation headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs arrived in South Africa yesterday, starting a three-day friendly visit to the country. 2.看看这些讽刺社会弊端的漫画实在好笑。（awfully funny） It is awfully funny to look at these caricatures which satirize social ills. 3.计算机是最有用的教学工具之一，所有的功课以及所有的问题和答案都可在屏幕上显示出来。（show on a screen） Computers are one of the most useful teaching tools, for all your lessons as well as all the questions and all the answers can be shown on a screen. 4.张利的母亲前天突然病倒，他赶紧派人请来医生。（send for） Zhang Li’s mother fell ill the day before yesterday, so he sent for a doctor immediately.
英语专业英汉互译考研真题(英汉互译考研真题分析)【圣才出品】
第1章英汉互译考研真题分析 一般来说，英汉互译是全国各院校英语专业研究生入学考试常考的科目或者是考试科目中的常考内容，从“试题来源详细目录”中68所院校的考试科目就可以看出，除了“翻译理论与实践”、“翻译与写作”、“英语翻译基础”等考试科目必考英译汉或者汉译英，基础英语、英语综合水平测试、综合英语等必考科目的试题中都考英译汉或者汉译英的内容，也就是说，大多数的英语专业（包括英美文学、外国语言学及应用语言学等专业）都要考英语翻译的内容，因此，英汉互译对于报考英语专业的考生来说就显得非常重要！ 英汉互译是许多学生得分不理想的考试内容，特别是一些著名院校（如北京外国语大学、上海外国语大学等）英语专业研究生入学考试的英汉互译试题就充分体现了名校的高水平，其难度超出专业八级的翻译标准，甚至高于全国外语翻译证书一级笔译考试的要求。但对于各个院校来说，英语专业历年考研翻译试题的选材特点、考试侧重点和难度都存在差异，下面对全国68所院校英语专业研究生入学考试的英汉互译试题进行分析，以便读者更好地选择院校和考试科目。需要说明的一点就是：由于院校自主命题，院校的考试科目和翻译题型不是一成不变，一些院校年份较早的考试科目现在已不再考查，但其翻译试题依然有很好的参考价值，因此，本书也会对这些考试科目进行分析。 1.1 全国68所院校英汉互译试题分析 北京地区 1．北京大学
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历年专八翻译真题
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历年上海英语翻译中级口译汉译英真题及答案
历年上海英语翻译中级口译汉译英真题及答案 原文： 越来越多受英文教育的海外华人父母，已经认识到孩子在掌握不可或缺的英文的同时，也通晓中文的重要性。中国的崛起，让他们充分认识到孩子掌握双语的好处——既能增加他们的就业机会，也能让他们接触和熟悉东西方两种不同的文化。 这些人对中文的态度几乎没有完全改变。曾几何时，他们还非常骄傲地宣称自己只懂英文。现在，他们已开始积极支持孩子学习中文和中国文化，而且还不时走访中国，欣赏壮观的自然风光，认识丰富的文化遗产。 译文： An increasing number of English-educated Chinese parents overseas have come to the realization that while English learning is indispensable to their children, it is essential that their kids have a good command of Chinese. China’s rise has fully awakened their awareness of the fact that their kids can benefit from their bilingual ability which can not only enhance their competitiveness in the job market, but also facilitate their exposure to and familiarity with the two different cultures between the East and the West. They have hardly changed their attitudes towards Chinese. At one time they proudly declared that they knew English only. Now, they have begun to give full support to their kids learning Chinese and its culture, and they also make occasional visits to China, where they can enjoy its magnificent natural landscape and get to know its rich cultural heritage. 解析： 本段是一篇文化类介绍文章。总体难度一般，以句号结束的句子即可作为一
专八英译汉段落翻译完整版 中英文对照
My First Job When I reached the age of twelve I left the school for ever and got my first fulltime job, as a grocer’s boy. I spent my days carrying heavy loads, but I enjoyed it. It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal, for I could never stomach speaking to my “betters” with the deference my employer thought I should assume. But the limit was reached one Tuesday — my half holiday. On my way home on that day I used to carry a large basket of provisions to the home of my emplo yer’s sister-in-law. As her house was on my way home I never objected to this. On this particular Tuesday, however, just as we were putting the shutters up, a load of smoked hams was delivered at the shop. “Wait a minute,” said the boss, and he opened the load and took out a ham, which he started to bone and string up. I waited in growing impatience to get on my way, not for one minute but for a quite a considerable time. It was nearly half-past two when the boss finished. He then came to me with the ham, put it in the basket beside me, and instructed me to deliver it to a customer who had it on order. This meant going a long way out of my road home, so I looked up and said to the boss: “Do you know I finish at two on Tuesday?” I have never seen a man look m ore astonished than he did then. “What do you mean?” he gasped. I told him I meant that I would deliver the groceries as usual, but not the ham. He looked at me as if I were some unusual kind f insect and burst into a storm of abuse. But I stood firm. He gave me up as hopeless and tried new tactics. “Go out and get another boy,” he yelled at a shop-assistant. “Are you going to deliver them or not?” the boss turned to me and asked in a threatening tone. I repeated what I had said before. “Then, out of here,” he shouted. So I got out. This was the first time I had serious trouble with an employer.