高英(2)paraphrase复习资料

IV. paraphrase

1. And it is an activity only of humans.

And conversation is an activity which is found only among human beings. (Animals and birds are not capable of conversation.)

2. Conversation is not for making a point.

Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our idea or point of view. // In a conversation we should not try to establish the force of an idea or argument.

3. In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose.

In fact, a person who really enjoys and is skilled at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his point of view.

4. Bar friends are not deeply involved in each other’s lives.

People who meet each other for a drink in the bar of a pub are not close friends for they are not deeply absorbed or engrossed in each other’s lives.

5. it could still go ignorantly on

The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong

6. There are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef

These animals are called cattle when they are alive and feeding in the fields; but when we sit down at the table to eat. We call their meat beef．

7. The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their French against his own language.

The new ruling class by using French instead of English made it difficult for the English to accept or absorb the culture of the rulers. (新的统治阶级把法语用来对抗撒克逊农民自己的语言，从而在农民周围筑起一道文化障碍。)

8. …English had come royally into its own.

The English language received proper recognition and was used by the King once more.

9. The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes.

T he phrase, the King’s English, has always been used disrespectf ully and jokingly by the lower classes. // The working people very often make fun of the proper and formal language of the educated people. 下层阶级在用这一名词时总带着一点轻蔑或讥讽的味道。

10. The rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there.

There still exists in the working people, as in the early Saxon peasants, a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class.下层人民对文化上的专制仍是极为反感的。

11. There is always a great danger, as Carlyle put it, that “words will harden into things for us.”

There is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent. (For example, the word “dog” is a symbol representing a kind of animal.) 正如卡莱尔所说，始终存在着的一种危险是，“对我们来说。词语会变成具体的事物”。

IV.Paraphrase

1.The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelict building-lot.

The burying-ground is nothing more than a huge piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth looking like a deserted and abandoned piece of land on which a building was going to be put up.

2. All colonial empires are in reality founded upon that fact.

All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies like animals (by not treating the people in the colonies as human beings).

3. They rise out of the earth, they seat and starve for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds ofthe graveyard.

They are born. Then for a few years they work, toil and starve. Finally they die and are buried in graves without a name.

4. a carpenter sits cross-legged at a prehistoric lathe, turning chair-legs at lighting speed.

Sitting with his legs crossed and using a very old-fashioned lathe, a carpenter quickly gives a round shape to the chair-legs he is making.

5. Instantly, from the dark holes all round, there was a frenzied rush of Jew. Immediately from their dark hole-like cells everywhere a great number of Jews rushed out wildly excited.

6….every one of them looks on a cigarette as a more or less impossible luxury. Every one of these poor Jews treated the cigarette as a piece of luxury which they could not possibly afford.

7. Still, a white skin is always fairly conspicuous.

However, a white-skinned European is always quite noticeable.

8. I n a tropical landscape one’s eye takes in everything except the human being. If you take a look at the natural scenery in a tropical region, you see everything but the human beings.

9. No one would think of running cheap trips to the Distressed Areas.

No one would think of organizing cheap trips for the tourists to visit the poor slum areas although the trips are inexpensive.

10…for nine-tenths of the people the reality of life is an endless, backbreaking struggle to wring a little food out of an eroded soil.

Life is very hard for ninety percent of the people．With hard backbreaking working they can produce a little food on the poor soil．

11．She accepted her status as an old woman, that is to say, as a beast of burden. She took it for granted that as an old woman she was the lowest in the community，thatshe was only fit for doing heavy work like an animal．

12．People with brown skins are next door to invisible.

People with brown skins are almost invisible．

13．Their splendid bodies were hidden in reach-me-down khaki uniforms,…The Senegales soldiers were wearing ready—made khaki uniforms which hid their beautiful well—built bodies．

14．How long before they turn their guns in the other direction.

How much longer before they turn their guns around and attack us?

15．Every white man there had this thought stowed somewhere or other in his mind.

Every whiteman, the onlookers, the officers on their horses and the white N．C．Os, marching with the black soldiers, had this thought hidden somewhere or other in his mind．

第三课

Paraphrase

1.And yet the same revolutionary belief for which our forebears fought is still

at issue around the globe…

Our ancestors fought a revolutionary war to maintain that all men were created equal and God had given them certain unalienable rights which no state or ruler could take away from them. But today this issue has not yet been decided in many countries around the world.

2.This much we pledge --- and more.

This much we promise to do and we promise to do more.

3.United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures.

United and working together we can accomplish a lot of things in a great number of joint undertakings.

4. …our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace

The United Nations is our last and best hope of survival in an age where the instruments of war have far surpassed the instruments of peace.

5 …to enlarge the area in which its writ may run

We pledge to help the United Nations enlarge the area in which its authority and mandate (授权，正式命令) would continue to be in effect or in force.

6. …before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction.

before the terrible forces of destruction, which science can now release, overwhelm mankind before this self-destruction, which may be planned or brought about by an accident, takes place

7. …yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind’s final war.

Yet both groups of nations are trying to change as quickly as possible this uncertain balance of terrible military power which restrains each group from launching mankind’s final war.

8. So let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness.

So let us start once again (to discuss and negotiate)and let us remember that being polite is not a sign of weakness.

9. Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors.

Let both sides try to call forth the wonderful things that science can do for mankind instead of the frightful things it can do.

10. …each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty.

Americans of every generation have been called upon to prove their loyalty to their country (by fighting and dying for their country’s cause).

11.With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love…

Let history finally judge whether we have done our task well or not, but our sure reward will be a good conscience for we will have worked sincerely and to the best of our ability.

第五课Paraphrase

1.The slightest mention of the decade brings nostalgic recollections to the middle-aged…

At the very mention of this post-war period, middle-aged people begin to think about it longingly (and young people become curious and start asking all kinds of questions).

2.The rejection of Victorian gentility was, in any case, inevitable.

In any case, an American could not avoid casting aside its middle-class respectability and affected refinement.

3. The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social structure

The war only helped to speed up the breakdown of the Victorian social structure. 4. …it was tempted, in America at least, to escape its responsibilities and retreat behind an air of naughty alcoholic sophistication…

In America at least, the young people were strongly inclined to escape their responsibilities. They pretended to be worldly-wise, drinking and behaving naughtily. [They pretended to live like unconventional artists or poets, breaking the moral code of the community.]

5. Prohibition afforded the young the additional opportunity of making their pleasures illicit.

The young people found greater pleasure in their drinking because Prohibition, by making drinking unlawful, added a sense of adventure. 禁酒法令使青年人有了更多的机会寻求违禁取乐的刺激。

6. …our young men began to enlist under foreign flags

Our young men joined the armies of foreign countries to fight in the war.

7. … they “wanted to get into the fun before the whole thing turned belly up”The young people wanted to take part in the glorious adventure before the whole war ended.

8. … they had outgrown towns and families…

These young people could no longer adapt themselves to lives in their home towns or their families.

9. …the returning veteran also had to face … the hypocritical do-goodism of Prohibition…

The returningveteran also had to face Prohibition which the lawmakers hypocritically assumed would do good to the people.

10. Something in the tension-ridden youth of America had to “give” …

(Under all this force and pressure) Something in the youth of America, who were already very tense, had to break down.

11. … it was only natural that hopeful young writers, their minds and pens inflamed against war, Babbittry, and “Puritanical” gentility, should flock to the traditional artistic center…

It was only natural that hopeful young writers whose minds and writings were filled with violent anger against war, Babbitt ry, and “Puritanical” gentility, should come in great numbers to live in Greenwich Village, the traditional artistic center.

12. Each town had its “fast” set which prided itself on its unconventional ity Each town was proud that it had a group of wild, reckless people, who lived unconventional lives.

第六课Paraphrase

1.Nowadays New York is out of phase with American taste …. (para.2) Nowadays New York cannot understand nor follow the taste of the American people (and is often in disagreement with American politics).

2.New York even prides itself on being a holdout from prevailing American trends … (para 2)

New York now boasts that it is a city that resists the prevailing trends (styles, fashion) of America (and that it is a place where people can escape from uniformity and commonness).

3.… sitcoms cloned and canned in Hollywood, and the Johnny Carson show l ive, pree mpt the airways from California … (Para. 3)

Situation comedies made in Hollywood and the live talk show by Johnny Carson are on all channels, filling the airwaves.

4.… it is making something of a comeback as a tourist attraction … (para. 4) New York is regaining somewhat its status as a city that attracts tourists.

5.To win in New York is to be uneasy … (para 6)

A person who wins in New York is constantly disturbed by fear and anxiety (because he is afraid of losing what he has won in the fierce competition.)

6.Nature’ pleasures are muc h qualified in New York. (para. 8)

Being a large and crowded city with many tall buildings, etc., the chance to enjoy the pleasures of nature is very limited in New York. (qualified: limited; modified) 7.… the city’s bright glow arrogantly obscures the heavens. (para. 8)

At night the city of New York is aglow with lights and seems haughtily to dim the light of the stars.

8.But the purity of a bohemian dedication can be exaggerated. (para. 10)

But a pure and wholehearted devotion to a Bohemian life style can be exaggerated.

9.In both these roles it ratifies more than it creates. (para. 11)

In both these roles of banking and communications headquarters, New York starts or originates very few things but gives its stamp of approval to many things created by people elsewhere. 【ratify: prove or confirm, esp. give official sanction to】

10.The television generation grew up in t he insistent presence of hype (13)

The television generation was constantly and strongly influenced by extravagant promotional advertising.

11.…those who are writing ambitious novels sustain themselves on the magazines... (para. 13)

Authors writing long serious novels earn their living in the meantime by also writing articles for popular magazines.

12.Broadway, which seemed to be succumbing to the tawdriness of its environment, is astir again. (para. 15)

Broadway, which seemed unable to resist the cheap, gaudy shows put on in the surrounding areas, is once again busy and active.

13.The defeated are not hidden away somewhere else on the wrong side of town. (para. 18)

Those who failed in the struggle of life, the down-and-outs, are not hiddenaway in slums or ghettoes where other people can’t see them.那些在竞争中吃了败仗的人并非躲在城里某个看不见的地方。

14.The place constantly exasperates, at times exhilarates. (para. 22)

New York constantly irritates and annoys very much but at times it also invigorates and stimulates. 这个地方经常使人恼怒，有时也让人振奋。

第八课Paraphrase

1.…below the noisy arguments, the abuse and the quarrels, there is a reservoir of instinctive fellow-feeling…

The English people may hotly argue and abuse and quarrel with each other but there still exists a lot of natural sympathetic feeling for each other.

2. … at heart th ey would like to take a whip to the whole idle troublesome mob of them.

What the wealthy employers would really like to do is to whip all the workers whom they consider to be lazy and troublesome people.

3. … there are not many of these men, either on the board or the shop floor…There are not many snarling shop stewards in the workshop, nor are there many cruel wealthy employers on the board of managers (or governing board of a factory).

4. It demands bigness, and they are suspicious of bigness.

The contemporary world demands that everything be done on a big scale and the English do not like or trust bigness. 现代世界事事求“大”，而英国人却对此不以为然。

5. Against this, at least superficially, Englishness seems a poor shadowy show…At least on the surface, when Englishness is put against the power and success of Admass, Englishness seems to put up a rather poor weak performance.

6. …while Englishness is not hostile to change, it is deeply suspicious of change for change’s sake…

Englishness is not against change, but it believes that changing just for changing and for no other useful purpose to be very wrong and harmful.

7. To put cars and motorways before houses seems to Englishness a communal imbecility.

To regard cars and motorways as more important than houses seems to Englishness a public stupidity.就英国人特性而言，把汽车和公路摆到住房之上的做法似乎是一种社会性的愚蠢之举。

8. I must add that while Englishness can still fight on, Admass could be winning.

I must further say that while Englishness can go on fighting, there is a great possibility of Admass winning.

9. It must have some moral capital to draw upon, and soon it may be asking for an overdraft.

Englishness draws its strength from a reservoir of strong moral and ethical principles, and soon it may be asking for strength which this reservoir of principles cannot supply.

10. They probably believe, as I do, that the Admass ‘Good Life’ is a fraud on all counts.

These people probably believe, as I do, that the ‘Good Life’ promised by Admass is false and dishonest in all respects.他们也许像我一样地相信，商业广告推销所宣传的“美好生活”是彻头彻尾的骗局

11. … he will not even find much satisfaction in this scrounging messy existence, which does nothing for a man’s self-respect

He will not even find much satisfaction in his untidy and disordered life where he manages to live as a parasite by sponging on people. This kind of life does not help a person to build up any self-respect.

12. To them the House of Commons is a remote squabbling-shop.

These people think of the House of Commons as a place rather far away where some people are always quarreling and arguing over some small matter.

13. …heavy hands can fall on the shoulders that have been shrugging away politics

If a dictator comes to power, these people then will soon learn in the worst way that they were very wrong to ignore politics for they can now suddenly and for no reason be arrested and thrown into prison.

第十四课

一.Paraphrase

1.This belief was always indefensible —the real names of global warming are Waste and Greed — and by now it is manifestly foolish. (para. 2)

This belief reflecting waste and greed are too bad to be excused: the real causes of global warming are not natural phenomenon but human factors such as waste and greed, which are embodies in this belief. And by now it is easy to see how foolish this belief is.

2.This fantasy of limitlessness perhaps arose from the coincidence of the Industrial Revolution with the suddenly exploitable resources of the New World — though how the supposed limitlessness of resources can be reconciled with their exhaustion is not clear.(para. 6)

It is assumed that the supposed possibility of limitlessness came about from the fact that the industrial revolution coincided with the discovery of natural resources in the

New World that became suddenly exploitable. However, it is not clear how to relate the ideas of the supposed limitlessness of resources with their eventual exhaustion. The implied meaning is that people only supposed that resources were limitless but they forgot that eventually these resources would be exhausted.

3. The normalization of the doctrine of limitlessness has produced a sort of moral minimalism: the desire to be efficient at any cost, to be unencumbered by complexity.(Para. 8)

Making the doctrine of limitlessness a normal standard of belief and behavior has produced a sort of moral reduction, namely, the strong wish to be efficient regardless of any cost, and not to be hindered by complexity.

4. The minimization of neighborliness, respect, reverence, responsibility, accountability, and self-subordination — this is the culture of which our present leaders and heroes are the spoiled children.(para. 8)

Connectedness with others, respect, reverence, responsibility, accountability, and self-subordination are all reduced to the minimum. Our present leaders and heroes are especially favored by and are bad examples of this culture.

5. Thus an X marked on a paper ballot no longer fulfills our idea of voting. (para.

9)

Thus putting an X mark on a paper voting ballot no longer converts our idea of voting into reality. The result of voting no longer reflects our idea of voting. We don’t believe we are voting properly if some high technology is not involved.

6. We are not likely to be granted another world to plunder in compensation for our pillage of this one. (para. 10)

We are not likely to get another planet to use up in a careless way to offset our error in damaging this one.

7. The hope that we can cure the ills of industrialism by the homeopathy of more technology seems at last to be losing status. (para. 10)

The hope that we can solve the problems of industrialism by using small amounts of more technology seems at last to be losing position.

8. If we go back into our tradition, we are going to find a concern with religion, which at a minimum shatters the selfish context of the individual life, and thus forces a consideration of what human beings are and ought to be. (para. 16)

If we dig into our cultural tradition / heritage, we are going to find a concern with religion, which, at least, completely destroys the belief that the individual life exists in a selfish way, and the destruction of this belief forces people to consider and examine seriously what human beings are and what human beings ought to be.

9. This is as far as possible from the economy in which the young veterinarians were ca ught, in which the powerful are limitlessly “free” to trade, to the disadvantage, and ultimately the ruin, of the powerless. (para. 20)

This community economics is entirely different from the predatory economy of bringing large profits to the powerful and disadvantages and even ruin to the powerless.它[掠夺性经济]是年轻兽医最可能陷入的一种经济。在这种经济下，掌权者可以无限“自由”地进行交易，牺牲并且最终摧毁无权者。

10. In our age of the world it is not rare to find writers, critics, and teachers of

literature, as well as scientists and technicians, who regard Satan’s and Faustus’s defiance as salutary and heroic. (para. 24)

At the present time, quite a few writers, critics, and teachers of literature, as well as scientists and technicia ns, regard Satan’s and Faustus’defiance (蔑视) as positive and heroic. 【saluta ry: beneficial to one’s health】