四级完形填空及翻译题详细解析

四级完形填空及翻译题详细解析
四级完形填空及翻译题详细解析

四级完形填空及翻译题详细解析

完形填空

要求通读全文,掌握文章大意,运用词汇,语法等知识,选择最佳答案,使文章意思通顺,结构完整。

命题趋势:

文章体裁和题材多样化:

皆为英美原版报刊书籍上的材料,体裁以说明文与议论文为主,要根据不同文章的体裁特点,用不同的方法快速阅读,正确理解。相当于熟悉各种体裁的outline。

词义辨析题目居多,语法题目淡化:

主要考察词义辨析,固定搭配和逻辑关系。改革后的四级考试取消了原来的词汇与结构题型,所以完形填空是融入原来词汇和结构部分最多的题型,和原来词汇和结构题目里语法题目逐渐淡化的趋势一样,完形填空题目里单纯的语法题少之又少。

注重文章整体理解:

对文章整体的理解,上下文的衔接以及逻辑推理等内容的考察。要求学生具有相当的阅读能力和通过长期大量阅读而形成的语感。

解题步骤;

通读全文,掌握大意:速读全文要一气呵成,要注意文章的首句。

结合语境,选择最佳:

从题目设置来看,完形填空主要分句内和句际的考核。可采取择优法和排除法进行答题。要果断。从语法结构,词汇搭配,上下文语境,习惯用法,词义辨析等方面,对选项进行逐一分析,排除干扰,确定答案。

前后联系,注意语法:

词汇考核,注意搭配:

通读全文,核实答案.注意如下三个方面:

1. 上下文的一致性,也就是时态,语态的一致以及代词,名词, 单复数的一致.

2. 从语法,习惯搭配甚至语感入手,看是否符合上下文的逻辑.

3.段与段,句与句之间的衔接是否连贯.这次复核至关重要,常能纠正一两处甚至多处错误.同时对难以确定的答案,也要凭语感任猜一个,决不可不选。

常见考点:

词汇辨析题目

词汇搭配题目

语法知识题目

逻辑关系题目

新东方提示:

利用以下四大原则:

中心主题原则:利用段首句提供的信息,去挖掘文章的思路,寻找文章的脉络线索

熟词僻义原则:一词多义,考察的不是熟悉的含义,而是另一个较为少见的含义

带入排除原则:分析备选答案之间的异同,将自己认识的选项带入到原文中,从而排除干扰项,得出正确答案。

重现改写原则: 行文中的词语重复替换现象不可避免,某一个空格对应的答案很可能是上下文中的某一个词或其同义改写

Astonishing animal behavior

四级完形填空

四级完型填空一般选用说明文和论述文为主,文章长度在300词左右,从中去掉20个词,每空给出四个选项,要求学生选出最佳答案。主要考察介词、动词的用法,固定搭配,词形词义辨析和逻辑关系。下面是例题,请在15分钟内完成题目:

Language is the most astonishing behavior in the animal kingdom. It is the

species-typical behavior that sets humans completely 1____ from all other animals. Language is a means of communication, 2____ it is much more than that. Many animals can 3____. The dance of the honeybee communicates the location of flowers 4____ other members of the hive(蜂群). But human language permits communication about anything, 5____ things like the unicorn (独角兽) that have never existed. The key 6____ in the fact that the units of meaning, words, can be 7____ together in different ways, according to 8____, to communicate different meanings.

Language is the most important learning we do. Nothing 9____ humans so much as our ability to communicate abstract thoughts, 10____ about the university, the mind, love, dreams, or ordering a drink, it is an immensely complex 11____ that we take for granted. Indeed, we are not aware of most 12____ of our speech and understanding. Consider what happens when one person is speaking to 13____. The speaker has to translate thoughts into 14____ language. Brain imaging studies suggest that the time from the thought to the 15____ of speech is extremely fast. Only 0.04 seconds! The listener must hear the sounds to 16____ out what the speaker means. He must use the sounds of speech to 17____ the words spoken, understand the pattern of 18 ____ of the words (sentences), and finally 19____ the meaning. This takes somewhat longer, a minimum of about 0.5 seconds. But 20____ started, it is of course a continuous process.

1. A. apart B. off C. up D. down

2. A. so B. but C. or D. for

3. A. transfer B. transmit C. convey D. communicate

4. A. to B. from C. over D. on

5. A. only B. almost C. even D. just

6. A. stays B. situates C. hides D. lie

7. A. stuck B. strung C. rung D. consisted

8. A. rules B. scales C. laws D. standard

9. A. combines B. contain C. defines D. declare

10. A. what B. whether C. while D. if

11. A. prospect B. progress C. process D. produce

12. A. aspects B. abstract C. angles D. assumption

13. A. anybody B. another C. other D. everybody

14. A. body B. gesture C. written D. spoken

15. A. growing B. fixing C. beginning D. building

16. A. put B. take C. draw D. figure

17. A. identify B. locate . reveal D. discover

18. A. performance B. organization C. design D. layout

19. A. prescribe B. justify C. utter D. interpret

20. A since B. after C. once D. until

Keys: 1-20 ABDA CDBA CBCA BDDD ADDC

辨清典型题型,识破出题人意图,五招完胜完形填空

看似千变万化的完型填空题,其实是有固定套路和出题方向。经过对考题分析与出题经验总结,我们得出以下五条规律,它们有助于增加你的精准度:

1.近义词辨析题指的是辨别区分含义相近的四个单词,需读懂上下文并且认识选项才能作对。

2.对于形近词辨析题,出题者为了保证单词形状相近往往牺牲了含义的近似性,单词之间的含义差得特别远。所以读完原文中的句子就知道要选择哪个答案了。

3.有一种题目中,四个选项含义不相关,但属于相同的范畴,具有相同的词性。这个时候答案往往隐藏在同一段落中。四级完形填空线索跨段出现的情况几乎没有。

4.介词题一定要注意搭配,平时注意阅读当中的积累。

5.遇到连词题或副词题先跳过,读完文章最后再做。直接做题往往导致错误的理解,并在下面的题目中连环出错。

答案分析

1. apart,因为apart from是固定结构,表示“从…中分离出来”的意思。我们看到这类题之后要知道最重要的是空格之后紧邻的介词from。

2. but,在读懂句义的情况下表示“但是,语言不仅仅如此”。

3. communicate,因为后文中说的是很多动物交流方式的例子。

4. to,communicate和to搭配,表示对于某件事物的一个趋向。

5. even,在读懂句义的情况下我们知道作者要表达语言可以表达任意事物,甚至像独角兽这样没有存在过的想象中的事物。

6. lies,同样注意和in的搭配。

7. strung,它的原形是string,这里做动词是“串在一起”的意思。

8. rules,意思是“根据原则”。

11. process,表示一个复杂的“过程”。

12. aspects。

13. another。

14. spoken,因为上下文说的都是口头语言。

15. building,因为与“组织语言”最接近的就是这个。

16. figure,同样要注意与副词out的搭配。

17. identify,意为“确认”一个词的意思。

18. layout,很多同学都会错选organization,以为是语言组织,但显然这是用中文代入法去做,这样根本不能找到语言的感觉。

19. interpret,如果做错原因主要是不认识其它几个选项。

20. once,意为“一旦”。

Information super highway

来源:21世纪英文报第821期

六级完形填空

六级完形填空的文章来源非常广泛,曾有文章选自News week和Economist等刊物。文章长度约为500至600词,从中去掉20个词,每空给出四个选项,要求考生选出最佳答案。主要考察同义近义词汇辨析、习惯表达、固定用法等。纯粹考察语法的题目越来越少。

Some historian say that the most important contribution of Dwight Eisenhower's presidency (总统任期) in the 1950s was the US interstate highway system. It was a 1_____

project, easily surpassing the scale of previous such human 2_____ as the Panama Canal. Eisenhower's interstate highways 3_____ the nation together in new ways and 4_____ major economic growth by making commerce less 5_____. Today, an information superhighway has been built – an electronic network that 6_____ libraries, corporations, government agencies and 7_____. This electronic superhighway is called the Internet, 8_____ it is the backbone (主干) of the World Wide Web.

The Internet had its 9_____ in a 1969 US Defense Department computer network called ARPAnet, which 10_____ Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. The Pentagon built the network for military contractors and universities doing military research to 11_____ information. In 1983 the National Science Foundation (NSF), 12_____ mission is to promote science, took over.

This new NSF network 13____ more institutional users, many of 14_____ had their own internal networks. For example, most universities that 15_____ the NSF network had intracampus computer networks. The NSF network 16_____ became a connector for thousands of other networks. 17_____ a backbone system that interconnects networks, Internet was a name that fit.

So we can see that the Internet is the wired infrastructure (基础设施) on which web 18_____ move. It began as a military communication system, which expanded into a government-funded 19_____ research network.

Today, the Internet is a user-financed system tying intuitions of many sorts together 20_____ an “information superhighway”.

1. A. concise B. radical C. massive D. trivial

2. A. behaviors B. endeavor C. inventions D. element

3. A.. packed B. stuck C. suppressed D. bound

4. A. facilitated B. modified C. mobilized D. terminated

5. A. competitive B. comparative C. exclusive D. expensive

6. A. merges B. connect C. relays D. unifie

7. A. figures B. personalitie C. individuals D. human

8. A. and B. yet C. or D. while

9. A. samples B. source C. origins D. precedent

10. A. stood by B. stood for C. stood against D. stood over

11. A. exchange B. bypass C. switch D. interact

12. A. their B. that C. when D. whose

13. A. expanded B. contracted C. attracted D. extended

14. A. what B. which C. these D. them

15. A. joined B. attached C. participated D. involved

16. A. moreover B. however C. likewise D. then

17. A. With B. By C. In D. A

18. A. contexts B. sign C. messages D. leaflet

19. A. citizen B. civilian C. amateur D. resident

20. A. into B. amid C. over D. toward

Keys:1-5 CBDAD 6-10 BCACB 11-15 ADCBA 16-20 DDCAA

翻译

题型介绍:

翻译须符合英语的语法结构和表达习惯,要求用词准确。

汉译英试题难度应该说是较低的,属于应该争取拿分的基础题目.较其他可能出现的主观题目而言,汉译英不像选词填空那样同时考察对上下文的理解,也不像复合式听写那样需要将相当大的经历分散到听的方面,无非就是五个难度中等的词组或从句的英语表达,这比写作一篇英文文章要容易很多。

命题趋势:

词汇语法为主要考点:

翻译主要是为了更好地考察对原文的理解能力,英文的表达能力和语言的组织能力这三方面的综合运用。考点主要集中在语法结构,重点词汇和固定搭配上。而语法考点大多数是以前词汇语法考题考点(改革前)的重现和转移,这一点要引起重视,因为考点是一致的。核心语法考点最重要的是虚拟语气,其次是倒装结构,从句知识,非谓语动词,动名词。固定搭配考点:名词与动词搭配,形容词与名词搭配,动词与副词的修饰关系,名词与介词搭配。最重要的是常见的固定词组和固定表达。

原文语言简练朴实:

翻译原文属于一般性简练和朴实无华的语言。此外,需要翻译的原文都受整个句子上下文的制约,这也提供了上下文的语言使用环境,从而降低了翻译的难度。

考点分析

1.语法结构:

英语属于印欧语系,而汉语属于汉藏语系。英语是形合性语言,而汉语是意合性语言。就是说英语有着严格的语法结构,句子必须依赖语法来连接;而汉语对语法的要求就没那么严格,句子主要是依靠意思连接。语法结构考点主要集中在虚拟语气,倒装结构,从句翻译,非谓语动词,动名词。

(1)倒装结构:

only+状语位于句首表示强调时用倒装,如果only不在句首或虽在句首但不修饰状语时,则用正常语序。

Never等具有否定意义的词或词组居于句首时用倒装。Never,seldom,rarely,little,hardly,scarcely,not until,by no means,under no circumstances,not a bit,nowhere,not only… but also(如果该句型并列的是句子的主语则不采用倒装Not only was Churchill a statesman, but also a poet.)。The more…,the more…结构中的倒装:The more you explain, the more confused I am.

(2)强调结构:

It is /was+被强调部分+that/who

这个句型应注意三方面:is,was之外没其他形式的变化;被强调部分如果是人,用who或that,其他情况用that;强调的是until 引导的时间壮语结构时,It is not until…that结构。

(3)虚拟语气:

Should+动词原形的情形(suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, desire, insist, require, decide, promise, resolve, argue, maintain, determine, recommend, advise, advocate, persuade 后的并与从句;important, necessary, imperative, natural, urgent, essential, appropriate, desirable, vital,

advisable, preferable, incredible,no wonder, a pity 等可以构成it is +形容词/名词+that的句型)

If或but for等引导的条件句。

Wish,if only,it is time…等的用法。

(4)从句翻译:

名词性从句,定语从句,状语从句

(5)非谓语动词:

不定式,动名词,现在分词

2.重点词汇:

有相当一部分词汇在历年考题中重复出现的比例很高,只是一般学习者没有注意到。对单词出现频率进行统计,有利于英语学习者了解每个单词的重要程度,从而做到心中有数,可以有步骤,分先后地逐个记忆重点词汇。英语学习者能驾轻就熟,事半功倍。翻译考题就很好地体现了这种精神。在进行翻译练习时,尽量力求翻译答案多样化,以便扩展思维,开阔思路,掌握重点核心表达。1

3.固定搭配:

注意以介词,副词为主线,将动词,名词,形容词等几大英语实词穿起来,目的在于方便学习者联想思维,使得语言知识以点带面,点线贯通,举一反三。

名词词组和固定搭配

At all costs ,at all events, at intervals, at length, at the cost of, hand down, hand n hand , in addition to , in addition, in any case, in any event, in case of , in case , in charge (of), in contrast with /to, in conclusion, in consequence of , in demand, in debt, in detail, in difficulties, in favor of , in force, in hand, in honor of , in(the)light of , in the event of , in the air, in the course of , in the distance, in the face of , in no case, round the lock, on (one’s )guard, off duty, on account of , on (the/an) average, on condition (that), on (the) one hand, in/ upon one’s honor, on earth , on the basis of , on the contrary , out of control , out of breath, out of danger, out of date , under control, up to date

动词词组和固定搭配

Account for, allow for , ask after, ask for, attach to , break in , break into , break off , break out , break through , break up , bring about , bring forth , bring forward, bring out , bring to , bring up , build up , burn out, burn up , call for , call off, call on/up, call up, call for , carry off, carry on , carry out, catch at catch on, check in, check out, check up(on), cheer up, clear away , clear up, come off, come on, come out , come round (around), come through , come to come up , count on/upon, count up , cover up , cross off/out, cut across, cut back, cut down , cut in, cut off, cut out , cut short, deal with, deep down , die down, die out……

高分技巧

翻译技巧

必须首先尽量找出翻译的一般性原则及规律,同时了解自己在翻译方面的问题:是词汇量小,语法结构知识掌握不牢固,还是英语基础太差。汉译英的基本标准可归纳为忠实和通顺两个方面,即忠实于原作的内容及风格;译文必须通顺易懂,符合英语表达习惯。

翻译有直译和意译之分,直译要求将译文与原文在词语,语法结构及表达方式上保持一致,而意译则要求摆脱原文形式的束缚而传达原文的内容。但是实际翻译中,没有绝对的直译和绝对的意译。相反,直译基础上的意译更接近原文而又符合习惯。

还要熟悉英汉两种语言在句法结构及表达方式上的不同,利于迅速提高翻译水平。如:英语多后置定语,而汉语多前置定语;英语状语语序为方式状语+地点状语+时间状语,而汉语则是时间状语+地点状语+方式状语;英语多长句,松散句(句子中心在句首)而汉语多短句,圆周句(句子中心在句末);英语多以非人称代词做主语,而汉语多以人称代词做主语;英语多被动结

构,汉语多主动结构;英语多倒装句,而汉语多正常语序句;英语中用于修饰名词的几个形容词常由主观性形容词到客观性形容词的顺序排列,而汉语却相反,离名词最近的常是主观性最强的形容词,最远的是客观性最强的形容词。

翻译虽有技巧可言,但实践练习却更为关键。在做翻译练习时,就不妨自己先翻译一下,然后与正确答案对照,分析不足,弄清译文不正确的原因。

1.词语选择法;由于汉语和英语的表达习惯和词语搭配的不同,同一个汉语词语与不同的词语搭配时,英文译文会用不同的词语来表达。因此,必须根据词汇的搭配关系和在句子中充当的成分来确定译文所选词语。

Example original

We had a very good evening on Friday. After a meal at a very good Italian restaurant we went to a good movie. I like it because the actors were all so good and the plot was a good one as well. Afterwards we were in such a good mood that we decided to visit some good friends of ours and tell them all about our evening. They were very good about our calling round so late and I was glad that I was able to do them a good turn by mending their block while we were there.

Revised (Varied diction)

We had a very enjoyable evening on Friday. After a meal at a very romantic Italian restaurant we went to a powerful(有感染力的)movie. I like it because the actors were all so sensitive (表演细腻的, 表现力强的)and the plot was an original one as well. Afterwards we so exhilarated that we decided to visit some close friends of ours and tell them all about our evening. They were very understanding about our calling round so late and I was glad that I was able to do them a favor by mending their block while we were there.

2.词义引申法:

3.词义褒贬法:

4.正反译法:

5.词类转换法:

6.增译法:

7.省译法

综合来看,以前四级词汇与结构部分的重要词组,重点语法(改革前的考题)可能会成为汉译英部分的考察重点。

评分标准:

1.整体内容和语言均正确,得1分。

2. 结构正确,但是整体意思不确切,信息不全或用词不当,得半分。

3. 整体意思正确,但语言有错误,得半分。

4. 整体意思完全错误,即使结构正确也不得分。

5.大小写错误及标点符号忽略不计。

Write for success in the test

来源:21世纪英文报第831期

四级翻译部分为汉译英,共5个句子,一句一题,句长为15-30词,句中的一部分已用英文给出,考试时间5分钟。重点考察考生对语法结构及常用表达的掌握情况。

从近几年的翻译真题来看,针对某项语法重复考察率比较高。北京新东方的李艳华老师为大家归纳梳理了四级翻译中的重点语法项目。

(1)倒装句

例1(2008年6月)

__________________________________(直到他完成使命) did he realize that he was seriously ill.

(Key: Not until he accomplished / finished the mission )

提醒:请掌握这些常用的倒装结构:Not only…but also…; so (such)…that…; not until…; neither…nor…; hardly…when…; no sooner…than…; only by /through /in

(2)从句

a. 定语从句

例2 (2008年12月)

Medical researchers are painfully aware that there are many problems _________________(他们至今还没有答案)

(Key: which/that they haven’t found answers to.)

提醒:关于定语从句,到目前为止所考察的均由关系代词 which/ that 等所引导,所以考生需额外留意关系副词 where/ when/ how 所引导的定语从句。

b. 状语从句

状语从句也是四级翻译中考查频率较高的句型,如真题中出现过if引导的条件状语从句(2007年6月第91题),no matter 引导的让步状语从句(2007年12月第89题和2008年6月第89题)。

(3)非谓语动词

a. 分词做伴随状语

例3(2008年6月)

______________(与我成长的地方相比) this town is more prosperous and exciting. (key: Compared with the place where I grew up)

注意,答案中除过去分词(compared with…)做伴随外,还含有where引导的定语从句。

b. 动词不定式做目的状语

例4 (2006年6月)

_____________(为了挣钱供我上学), mother often takes on more work than is good for her. (Key: In order to finance my education)

(4)其他重要语法:虚拟语气,比较级,情态动词。

(5)常用词组

adapt to, have trouble doing, be likely to do, attribute to 等。

翻译评分知多少?

每题1分,整体意思和语言均准确得满分;

直译或间译都可,翻出大意即可;

整体意思正确但有语言错误扣半分,语言错误包括单复数错误、时态错误、人称错误、拼写错误等;

大小写错误可忽略不计;

标点错误不扣分。

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