2014-陈庆云《公共政策分析》考研笔记
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（一）陈庆云《公共政策分析》笔记
——育明教育考研咨询师整理汇编·五年积淀
政策过程的一般框架就是我们所说的教科书式的过程模型，也叫阶段模型。把公共政策看作是由政策主体作用于政策客体的决策行为，公共政策分析正是设计并选择政策方案的过程。李永军说过他认为这种简单地建立主体客体的对立划分上的线性过程一般模型存在很大的缺陷，但是却毕竟还是主流的模型。与此相对应，我们看到诸如多源流模型，倡导者联盟框架、间歇性均衡框架，政策传播与创新框架都与此不同，一方面并不简单地把公共政策过程看作是主体对客体的作用，即并不对政策行为者作简单的主体和客体的划分，另一方面认为政策过程不是线性的先制定政策再执行政策的过程，而是复杂多变的。这几种框架是对传统的阶段模型框架的创新。
由于整个政策分析学科内在发展逻辑较为混乱，还未形成统一的模式，所以不用在学科发展上作太多的纠缠，只需要记住每一个模型内部具体说了什么就行了。
这本笔记有很多是用论述和讲述的口吻写的，非常利于理解。虽然内容很多，但并不难记忆。
虽然陈庆云时代和李永军时代考察的重点不一样，前者是利益政策，决策类型，政策过程，后者是政府市场关系及政策工具，但是二者要考察的内容极少超出书本上的内容，只是书上有的东西很容易被忽略罢了。所以最终还是要回归书本，把书本理解得滚瓜烂熟才是根本。
第一章导论：公共政策分析的基本理论与框架
公共政策（在形式上）是政府、非政府公共组织和民众在对社会公共事务共同管理过程中所制定的行为准则或行为规范。突出公共性，意味着公共政策以公共利益为出发点，政府应当是社会利益的代表者，维护者和增进者。
第一节：公共政策本质
公共政策的概念
政策：与辞海不同，国外学者认为政策主体不仅有政府也有社会团体和个人
公共政策：在本书中，陈庆云说将公共政策的主体限定为政府，不过多地研究其他主体的作用，尽管他同时也承认公共政策主体是“由政府，非政府公共组织和民众所组成的管理体系”。然而事实上本书后面的论述，如李永军写的内容却十分强调其他主体在解决社会问题中的作用，也就是说同一本书前后出现了不一致。陈庆云认为本书研究的是本质上还是政府管理，而不是公共管理。当然他这里是把公共管理和政府管理区分开来了，此处不再赘述。另外，根据公共政策在形式上的定义（上面），陈庆云强调了以下几点：公共政策制定主体是政府，非政府公共组织和民众；公共政策的需求是社会公共事务；公共政策就是对社会公共事务管理的规范，公共政策主体对社会公共事务实施管理时也要对自身管理制定规则；社会公共事务不见得是社会性公共事务，也可能是政治性的，经济性的等。不过令人费解的是，陈庆云在这里单独提到了治理理论，说公共政策研究十分需要引进治理理论的内容，并且他把治理理论的精髓归纳为“参与，合作，互动，服务”八个字。
中外学者对公共政策的界定：
虽然中外学者对公共政策概念的界定有很多种，但本书对公共政策概念的界定是建立在戴维·伊斯顿的界定基础上的。
戴维·伊斯顿从政治系统分析理论出发，认为公共政策是政治系统权威性决定的输出，它是对全社会的价值作权威的分配。陈庆云的定义就是把人家的“价值”替换成“利益”
公共政策的本质（育明教育注：本章是陈庆云的利益政策学的内容，11年真题考察过）
“利益”是公共政策的核心要素
按照陈庆云的说法，中外学者研究公共政策理论选择了制度，权力，价值，规范，技术等层面，而他所选取的是利益，并认为利益是公共政策核心要素。他还引用了马克思的一些语录来论证利益的重要性。
我说过，利益政策学本质上是属于马克思主义政治学的，马克思主义政治学从来都是把权力和利益研究作为政治研究的核心所在。从近年的考研题目看，他的利益政策学并没有作为过重点考察对象
对社会利益的权威性分配
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2 110 660 62480 62480 633333223223-==?==+-=+-+-=+-?+?+-=+++y ,x x x x x x )x (x )x (x x y x xy y 04914 190 141411202222222362222>=''=''=''+-''-''=''+'+'++''?+'?+'+'+''+')(y )(y )(y )(y )(y y x y x y x y y y x )y (x y y y y y y y )y ( 所以21-=)(y 为极小值。 （17）【答案】 y cos e )y cos e (f x E x x '=?? )y cos (e )y cos e (f y sin e )y cos e (f y E )y sin (e )y cos e (f y E y cos e )y cos e (f y cos e )y cos e (f x E x x x x x x x x x x -'+''=??-'=??'+''=??22222222 y cos e )y cos e (f )y cos e (f e )y cos e E (e )y cos e (f y E x E x x x x x x x +=''+=''=??+??44222 222 令u y cos e x =， 则u )u (f )u (f +=''4， 故)C ,C (,u e C e C )u (f u u 为任意常数2122214 -+=- 由,)(f ,)(f 0000='=得 4 161622u e e )u (f u u --=- （18）【答案】 补{}∑=1 1z )z ,y ,x (:的下侧，使之与∑围成闭合的区域Ω，
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2010年硕士研究生招生分学术型和全日制专业学位两个类型，全日制专业学位研究生招生全面开通，这是为适应我国经济社会发展对高层次应用型人才的迫切需要，进一步优化教育结构，提升研究生的就业能力而采取的重要举措。根据两类研究生的不同特点，今年分别确定学术型和专业学位研究生招生初试成绩基本要求。 学术型研究生招生初试成绩基本要求 报考学科门类(专业) A 类考生* B 类考生* C 类考生* 备 注 总分 单科 (满分 =100 分) 单科(满 分>100分) 总分 单科 (满分 =100 分) 单科(满 分>100分) 总分 单科 (满分 =100 分) 单科(满 分>100 分) 哲学[01] 270↓ 36↓ 54↓ 260↓ 33↓ 50↓ 250↓ 30↓ 45↓ *A 类考生：报考地处一区招 生单位的考生。 *B 类考生：报考地处二区招生单位的考生。 *C 类考生：报 考地处三区招生单位的考生。 一区系北京、天津、上海、 江苏、浙江、 经济学[02] 330↑ 46↓ 69↓ 320↑ 43↓ 65↓ 310↑ 40↓ 60↓ 法学[03] 310↓ 43↓ 65↓ 300↓ 40↓ 60↓ 290↓ 37↓ 56↓ 教育学[04](不含 体育学[0403]) 310↑ 41↓ 123↓ 300↑ 38↓ 114↓ 290↑ 35↓ 105↓ 文学[05](不含 艺术学[0504]) 345↑ 50↓ 75↓ 335↑ 47↓ 71↓ 325↑ 44↓ 66↓ 历史学[06] 275↓ 36↓ 108↓ 265↓ 33↓ 99↓ 255↓ 30↓ 90↓ 理学[07] 280 37↓ 56↓ 270 34↓ 51↓ 260 31↓ 47↓ 工学 [08](不含 275 36↓ 54↓ 265 33↓ 50↓ 255 30↓ 45↓
2014年考研英语二真题及答案(大师兄英语版)
2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二试题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark[A],[B],[C]or[D]on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points) Thinner isn’t always better.A number of studies have1that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight.And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually2.For example,heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women.3among the elderly,being somewhat overweight is often an4of good health. Of even greater5is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define.It is often defined 6body mass index,or BMI.BMI7body mass divided by the square of height.An adult with a BMI of 18to25is often considered to be normal weight.Between25and30is overweight.And over30is considered obese.Obesity,8,can be divided into moderately obese,severely obese,and very severely obese. While such numerical standards seem9,they are not.Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat.Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit,10others with a low BMI may be in poor 11.For example,many collegiate and professional football players12as obese,though their percentage body fat is low.Conversely,someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a13BMI. Today we have a(an)14to label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight are sometimes15in the media with their faces covered.Stereotypes16with obesity include laziness,lack of will power,and lower prospects for success.Teachers,employers,and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese.17very young children tend to look down on the overweight,and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools. Negative attitudes toward obesity,18in health concerns,have stimulated a number of anti-obesity 19.My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities.Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives.Michelle Obama launched a high-visibility campaign20childhood obesi-ty,even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat. 1.[A]denied[B]conduced[C]doubled[D]ensured 2.[A]protective[B]dangerous[C]sufficient[D]troublesome 3.[A]Instead[B]However[C]Likewise[D]Therefore 4.[A]indicator[B]objective[C]origin[D]example 5.[A]impact[B]relevance[C]assistance[D]concern 6.[A]in terms of[B]in case of[C]in favor of[D]in of 7.[A]measures[B]determines[C]equals[D]modifies 8.[A]in essence[B]in contrast[C]in turn[D]in part 9.[A]complicated[B]conservative[C]variable[D]straightforward 10.[A]so[B]while[C]since[D]unless 11.[A]shape[B]spirit[C]balance[D]taste 12.[A]start[B]qualify[C]retire[D]stay 13.[A]strange[B]changeable[C]normal[D]constant 14.[A]option[B]reason[C]opportunity[D]tendency 15.[A]employed[B]pictured[C]imitated[D]monitored 16.[A]compared[B]combined[C]settled[D]associated
全国硕士研究生历年国家复试分数线
据悉，2009年全国硕士研究生招生入学考试初试合格资格线(见附表)已确定，各研究生招生单位将全面启动复试、录取工作。今年初试合格资格线确定的原则和方法保持相对稳定和政策连续。 为方便考生调剂，4月8日至5月15日，教育部继续在“中国研究生招生信息网”(公网网址：https://www.360docs.net/doc/a23309312.html,,教育网网址：https://www.360docs.net/doc/a23309312.html,)开通“全国硕士研究生招生调剂服务系统”，有调剂愿望的上线考生应及时上网了解调剂系统的使用方法，并按有关要求做好相关申请和确认工作。 另据介绍，北京大学等34所自划线高校已于3月下旬公布了其初试合格资格线，广大考生可通过相关高校网站和“中国研究生招生信息网”进行查询。 报考学科门类（专业） A类考生*B类考生*C类考生* 总分 单科（满 分=100 分） 单科（满 分>100 分） 总分 单科（满 分=100 分） 单科（满 分>100 分） 总分 单科（满 分=100 分） 单科（满 分>100 分） 哲学[01] 280 37 56 270 34 51 260 31 47 经济学[02] 315 47 71 305 44 66 295 41 62 法学[03]（不含法律硕士 专业[030180]） 315 46 69 305 43 65 295 40 60 教育学[04]（不含体育学 [0403]） 300 42 126 290 39 117 280 36 108 文学[05]（不含艺术学 [0504]） 340 51 77 330 48 72 320 45 68 历史学[06] 290 40 120 280 37 111 270 34 102 理学[07] 280 38 57 270 35 53 260 32 48 工学[08]（不含照顾专业）275 37 56 265 34 51 255 31 47 农学[09] 260 32 48 255 31 47 250 30 45 医学[10]（不含中医学 [1005]） 285 39 117 275 36 108 265 33 99 军事学[11] 300 48 72 290 45 68 280 42 63 管理学[12]（不含MBA 专业[120280]） 315 47 71 305 44 66 295 41 62 体育学[0403] 285 39 117 275 36 108 265 33 99 艺术学[0504] 320 42 63 310 39 59 300 36 54 中医学[1005] 275 37 111 265 34 102 255 31 93 法律硕士[030180] 315 47 71 305 44 66 295 41 62 工商管理硕士 [MBA][120280] 155 50 85 145 45 77 135 40 68 照顾专业（一级学科）* 260 37 56 250 34 51 240 31 47 享受少数民族政策的考 生* 240 31 47 240 31 47 240 31 47 备注： *A类考生：报考地处一区招生单位的考生。 *B类考生：报考地处二区招生单位的考生。 *C类考生：报考地处三区招生单位的考生。 一区系北京、天津、上海、江苏、浙江、福建、山东、河南、湖北、湖南、广东等11省（市）； 二区系河北、山西、辽宁、吉林、黑龙江、安徽、江西、重庆、四川、陕西等10省（市）； 三区系内蒙古、广西、海南、贵州、云南、西藏、甘肃、青海、宁夏、新疆等10省（区）。
2014年考研英语二大小作文真题及答案解析
2014年考研英语二大小作文真题及答案解析 英语二大作文 Directions: Write an essay based on the following chart.In your essay, you should 1) interpret the chart, and 2) give your comments。 You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15points) As the bargraph indicates, both city and rural area witnessed a distinguished phenomenonin population fluctuation. Indeed, population in city increased at a breakneckspeed and surpassed that of rural area during the period from 1990 to 2010while population in rural region slightly decreased down to a scale which wasclose to that of city。
Whataccounts for this disparity? The answer involves two factors. The firstcontributing factor is the substantially fast developing steps of cities inChina. No one can deny that since Chinese economic reform from 1980s whichmostly benefits people in city. The second reason is that Chinese farmers enjoythe harvest from new policies that are established to benefit farmers. Peoplein rural areas are allowed to migrate for work and residence by the law and anincreasing number of farmers choose to work in city and become migrant workersjust because they would make much more money than ever before in city. Allthese are the result of urbanization。 Basedon the analyses above, we can safely draw the conclusion that the process ofurbanization will continue in the years ahead, and every single Chinese benefitsfrom the fast development of China。 英语二小作文 Suppose you are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, a local student, write him an email to 1) tell him about your living habits, and 2) ask for advice about living there。 首先，注意试题要求，一定要在首段告知写信目的后，在第二段给出自己的生活习惯，尾段一定按着题目要求向对方请求一些建议，否则会被认为是没有涵盖所有信息点，会被扣分。 其次，第二段写自己的生活习惯时，不宜写的太过极端和个性，否则你的信件会让目标读者反感，因此起不到大纲要求的“对目标读者产生预期效果”，也会被无情扣掉很多分。