英美文学选读
Chapter One The Renaissance Period
文艺复兴时期
埃德蒙·斯宾塞Edmund Spenser 1552-1599
1、生平
出生在伦敦
受过良好的教育：泰勒商人学校、剑桥的潘布洛克学校
后来，在伊丽莎白女王一世的宠臣莱特伯爵的帮助下，渐渐走上高的地位，获得好的财富
在猖狂的爱尔兰民族起义后，被迫离开他的基尔格尔摩城堡
因饥饿与贫困，死于威斯敏特的一个酒馆中，被葬于乔叟（其导师）的墓旁
2、创作生涯
（1）抒情诗
（2）传奇史诗《仙后》的构思、情节、内容、主题
3、选读《仙后》The Faerie Queen
代表作, 传奇史诗
The masterpiece
①创作意图：
通过创作“历史诗”，描绘出一个完美的典型的绅士
To present through a “historical poem”, the example of a perfect gentleman,
塑造遵守道德规范的绅士或贵族
To fashion a gentleman for noble person in virtuous and gentle discipline.
②主题：残酷战争与忠贞爱情
The theme is Fierce wares and faithful loves(romantic)
③线索：亚瑟与仙后格劳安娜
Arthur and Gloriana, the Fairy Queen
④该诗充满了惊险情节，以及奇异之物：龙、女巫、施了魔法的树、巨人、城堡、以及角斗的骑士。
It?s full of adventures and marvels, dragons, witches, enchanted trees, giants, jousting Knights and castles.
⑤也是一篇寓言诗：红十字骑士——神圣的美德，自我节制的美德，英国国教圣公会
It?s also an allegory: the Red-Cross Knight represents Holiness, represents Temperance, and symbolizing the Anglican Church.
⑥其第一段在很大程度上是该诗的纲领缩影
It?s in a way an epitome of the whole poem.
4、斯宾塞诗节的构成及特点
The main qualities of his poetry
完美的韵律、罕见的美感、奇妙的想象、崇高的道德纯洁性与严肃性、一种献身的理想主义
Perfect melody, rare sense of beauty, lofty moral purity and seriousness, splendid imagination, dedicated idealism.
克里斯朵夫·马洛Christopher Marlowe
1、生平与创作生涯
出生在坎特伯雷鞋商之家
先后靠奖学金在王室学校和剑桥大学读书
在剑桥大学期间，创作了《帖木儿》
1584年后，深受文艺复兴思潮影响，体现在《浮士德博士的悲剧》
具备了放荡不羁的热情和初入知识王国的青年所拥有的自负
死于一次在酒店与别人发生口角而引发的械斗中
2、著名悲剧
（1）《铁木耳大帝》
讲述一个普通牧民铁木耳如何登上国王宝座，成为一个野心勃勃、残暴无情的鞑靼统治者的故事。
It?s a play about an ambitious and pitiless Tarta conqueror in the 14th century who rose from a shepherd to an overpowering king.
通过刻画一个百战百胜的枭雄，表达了文艺复兴时期人们渴望获得无穷力量与权势的心情。
By depicting a great hero with high ambitious an sheer brutal force in conquering one enemy after another, Marlowe voiced the supreme desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power and authority.
(2)《浮士德博士的悲剧》Dr. Faustus
马洛最伟大的代表作
The greatest of Marlowe?s plays
讲述了魔法师浮士德因为渴求知识而将自己的灵魂出卖给魔鬼的悲剧，It?s a play of a magician aspiring for knowledge and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil.
赞扬了人对知识、力量与欢乐的热爱，
It celebrates the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness.
揭示了人们在当时严酷的道德秩序中意识到这些渴求要付出的代价。
It also reveals man?s frustration in realizing the high aspirations in a hostile moral order.
选段是剧本的第一幕，是有关与魔鬼签协议的情节。
The selection is taken from Art I which is about the signing of the bond.
(3)《马耳他的犹太人》
3、马洛的田园诗的主题与意象
典型代表作《激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘》The Passionate Shepherd to His Love
英国文学诗中最优美的抒情诗
It?s considered to be one of the most beautiful lyrics in English literature
继承了田园诗的风格
It derives from the pastoral tradition
诗中牧人享受着乡村生活，酝酿着对爱人纯洁的感情
The shepherd enjoys an ideal country life, cheering a pastoral and pure affection for his love.
通过描写恋人在无世事尘嚣干挠的山野怀抱中，作者传达了一种不可言传的真情
Strong emotion is conveyed through the beauty of nature where lovers are not disturbed by worldly concern.
4、思想艺术成就great achievement
完善了无韵诗体，使之成为英国戏剧中的主要文体形式。
It perfects the blank verse and made it for the principle medium of English drama.
英雄任务形象的塑造——具有强烈个性和叛逆精神的主人公
His creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama: full of ambition, facing bravely the challenge from gods and men.
威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare 1564-1616
1、生平
出生于商人家庭
1586（1587？）为了生计，到伦敦
1591-1611，创作的黄金时代
In the prime of his dramatic career
其一生创作了38个剧本，154首十四行诗以及2首长诗。
2、创作生涯
（1）第一阶段：学徒期
浪漫喜剧Comedies
《错误的喜剧》The Comedy of Error
《驯悍记》The Taming of The Shrew
《维洛那二绅士》The Two Gentlemen of Verona
《爱的徒劳》Lover?s Labor?s Lost
历史剧History Plays
《亨利六世》（上、中、下）Henry VI
《泰托尔·安东尼》Titus Andronicus
《理查三世》Richard III
（2）第二阶段：其风格与手法都高度人文主义化了
His style and approach became highly individualized
通过勾画不同角色之间及现实与表演之间复杂的模式，
By constructing a complex pattern between different characters and between appearance
and reality
微妙地触及了各种各样的人性的弱点
He made subtle comments on a variety of human foibles
历史剧History Plays
其历史剧的主题大都是：在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家，统一是非常必要的
His history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is necessary.《理查二世》、《约翰王》、《亨利四世》（上、下）、《亨利五世》
喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》、《威尼斯商人》、《无事生非》、《皆大欢喜》、《第十二夜》、《翁莎的风流娘儿们》
悲剧Tragedies《罗密欧与朱丽叶》、《泰利斯·恺撒》
（3）第三阶段
悲剧Tragedies 四大悲剧《哈姆雷特》、《奥塞罗》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》
《安东尼奥与克利奥佩拉》、《科里奥那斯》、《特洛伊勒斯与克利西达》喜剧《终成眷属》、《一报还一报》
（4）最后一个阶段
浪漫悲喜剧Romantic Tragicomedies《伯里克利》、《辛白林》、《冬天的故事》、《暴风雨》
最后的2部剧《亨利八世》、《两位贵族亲戚》
4、部分作品赏析
（1）《威尼斯商人》The merchant of Venice
表现了莎翁追求此生此世的幸福的人文主义新思想
His youthful Renaissance spirit of jollity can be fully seen in contrast to the medieval emphasis on future life in the next world.
（2）《罗密欧与朱丽叶》Romeo and Juliet
颂扬了对爱的忠贞及对幸福的追求
He eulogizes the faithfulness of live and the spirit of pursuing happiness.
字里行间充满了乐观的精神
Permeated with optimistic spirits
体现了理智的现实主义精神（个人与社会邪恶力量之间的尖锐冲突）
It embodies the sharp conflicts between the individual and the evil force in the society, which shows that Shakespeare is a great realist in the true sense.
（3）《哈姆雷特》Hamlet
剧中充满了险恶环生的情节与对生与死的极富哲理的剖析
It?s fulfilled with the qualities of a blood-and-thunder thriller and a philosophical exploring of life and death.
剧作的魅力所在：融合了阴谋、情感冲突、及对哲理与忧郁的探求
The timeless appeal of this mighty drama lies in its combination of intrigue, emotional conflict and searching philosophic melancholy.
哈姆雷特独特的角色，大段的独白是他当然的抒情方式，也是他释放痛苦与感情必需的方式（揭示了角色内心的思想斗争。）
For such a figure, soliloquy is a natural medium, a necessary release of his anguish.
(Shakespeare states that literary works which have truly reflected nature and reality can reach immorality.)
剧中为我们揭露了一个腐败的宫廷，通过揭示无尽的权欲，篡位的恶行，暗藏的阴险动机，及掩盖罪恶欲望的面纱----表面上的谦恭客套，严厉地谴责了皇宫内的虚伪、背信弃义及腐败成风。
By revealing the power-seeking, the jostling for place, the hidden motives, the courteous, superficialities that the veil lust and guilt, Shakespeare condemns the hypocrisy and treachery and general corruption at the royal court.
（4）《暴风雨》
创作后期的代表，所塑照的角色极富寓言性，典型地反映了他晚年对人生、对社会持的悲观态度。
His final romance the characters are rather allegorical and the subject full of suggestion.
It?s a typical example of his pessimistic view towards human life and society in his late years.
(5)《李尔王》King Lear
不仅深刻剖析了罪恶比比皆是的社会危机，也批评了新兴资产阶级的利己主义。
Shakespeare has not only made a profound analysis of the social crisis in which the evils can be seen everywhere, but also criticized the bourgeois egoism.
5、戏剧的表现手法
讽刺----乔装改扮是创造讽刺意味的重要方法
莎翁的无韵诗----雄浑壮美
Irony is a good means of dramatic presentation
Disguise is also an important device to create dramatic irony, usually with woman beautiful and mighty.
6、对莎士比亚的整体评价
古往今来，没有一个作家能与他媲美，他对后世文学家的潜移默化的影响也上无法估量的。在他之后几乎所有英国文学家都在艺术观点文学形式及语言技巧方面都受到他的影响。
He is above all writers in the past and in the present time. His influence on later writers is immeasurable. Almost all English writers after him have been influenced by him either in artistic point of view, in literary form or in language.
弗兰西斯·培根Francis Bacon 1561-1626
1、生平
其父是伊丽莎白女王一世的内务总管，自小享受门第的高贵和良好的教育
事业巅峰期：詹姆士国王期间，他作为内务总管，后又当上英国法官
最后五年，因被指控涉嫌受贿而被迫退出政界
2、创作生涯
其作品分为三类：
第一类：《学术的进展》《新工具》哲学类文章
The advancement of Learning New Organum his philosophical works
第二类：文学作品literary works
代表性的：《散文集》Essays
另有《新旧格言集》Appophthagmes New and Old 1625、
《亨利七世的统治》The History of the Reign of Herry VII 1622
第三类：代表作品《法律原理》Maxims of Law
《法令使用读本》The learned Reading upon the State of Use
3、写作特点
一个实际而谨慎的人
Bacon is a practical and prudential man
为贵族青年们写作，教他们如何办事有效率并成功地进行社会生活
Writes for the ambitious Elizabethan and Jacobean youth of his class and tells them how to be efficient and lame their way in public life.
更重视自然界的公理与原则，认为人类的行为与思想都应该受它而不是人类的天性或人为制定的道德规范的约束。
He cares more about axioms under the guidance of which man thinks and acts than human nature or morality. 散文以简洁、紧凑、有力度而著名。
His essays are famous for their brevity, compactness and powerfulness.
4、部分作品赏析
(1)《学术的进展》The Advancement of Learning
一部有关教育的伟大作品
It?s a great tract on education
第一卷：盛赞知识的重要性
Highly praises knowledge
将神学与科学观察与实验区分开来，在科学领域方面是一大进步。
He separates theology from scientific observations and experiments, thus making a great step
forward in science.
第二卷：对学习的概述，阐明了在学术上学习的重要性。
A survey of learning, explaining its importance in scholarship
(2)《新工具》New Organum
是对培根智慧与知识的最好展示。
It?s the most impressive display of Bacon?s intellect.
主要讲述在科学研究中应该使用归纳的推理方法。
The argument is for the use of inductive method of researching in scientific study.
展示了对自然真理的实验主义态度，并向中世纪的经院哲学家们提出挑战。
He shows the new empirical attitudes toward truth about nature and bravely challenges the medieval scholastics.
(3)《论学习》Of Studies
分析了学习的主要目的，不同人采用能够不同的方法，以及学习是如何对人的性情品格产生潜移默化的影响。
It analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence over human character.
语言有气度并颇具说服力，结构简洁而紧凑，向读者揭示了对学习的自然客观态度。
Forceful and persuasive, compact and precise, reveal to us his mature attitude towards learning.
约翰·邓恩John Donne 1572-1631
1、生平
出生于富商家庭，早期教育方式：家庭教育
就读于牛津大学、剑桥大学
1591年，伦敦法学院学习法律、语言、文学、神学
1615年，由罗马天主教皈依英国国教
1617年，写大量宗教训诫与宗教诗歌
2、文学创作
(1)诗歌：①早期的爱情诗《歌与短歌》Early love lyrics: The songs and sonnets
爱情是诗集的主题
Love is the basic theme
对爱情的理想与讽刺挖苦
Coexists idealism and cynicism about love
其对爱情的理解是对中世纪精神之爱理论的叛逆
Contrary to the medieval love ideal which merely put stress on spiritual love
塑造女性形象的方式：
细腻地刻画了恋爱中的感觉与状态，而不去描写女性外在的美艳
On eulogizing a woman, he tells us very little about her physical beauty, his interests lies in
dramatizing and illustrating the state of being in love.
②晚期的宗教诗《圣歌集》Religious poems: Holy Sonnets
《圣父赞美诗》A Hymn to God the Father
表达其对上帝的笃信与忠诚
Shows he is an assured faith in God
（其他诗歌中则体现出他的疑虑与内心的斗争）
There is always an element of conflict or doubt on other poets
（2）散文著作，主要是布道文prose works
文采华美，富有想象力，具有同他的诗歌一样的生命力与学术深度
Rich and imaginative, exhibiting the same kind of physical vigor and scholastic complexity as his poetry.
布道文巧妙地表达了他个人对宗教经理的追求，而不只局限于上天注定的必然之事
They carefully contrived with a dramatic, irregular immediacy to express a concern with personal
quest for religious experience rather than settled certainties.
其成熟的宗教作品的特点之一：沉迷于对死亡的描述
It is the obsession with death that characterize his mature religious works
3、诗歌的笔法特点
戏剧性对比的暗喻
In his poetry, he frequently applies conceits, i.e. extended metaphors involving dramatic contrasts
其诗歌充满智慧与学识的灵光，但深奥难懂。
Fulfilled with learning and wit, which provide certain intellectual difficulties.
其诗歌具有强烈的现实主义气息，反映的不是诗意的画面而是现实的世界。
The most striking feature of his poetry is precisely its tang of reality, in the sense that, it seems to reflect life in real rather than a poetical world.
4、玄学诗派与邓恩metaphysical poets
此类诗人的特点：具有强烈的叛逆精神，试图从伊丽莎白时期传统的爱情诗歌中分离出去。
With a rebellious spirit, they tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the
Elizabethan love poetry.
采用简洁的措辞方法
Simple diction
反映了普通语言和强弱自然的节奏。
Echo the words and cadence of common speech.
诗歌的形式通常都是：以作者同爱人，同上帝，甚或同自己进行争论的方法存在的。
The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet?s beloved, with God, or with
himself.
玄学派诗人另有：赫伯特、沃恩、克拉肖、马韦尔、考利
Herbert, Vaughan, Crashow , Marvell, Cowley
约翰·弥尔顿John Milton 1608~1674
1、生平
生于伦敦，其父是一位学者型商人
就读于圣保罗学校和剑桥大学
1632年起，6年时间（在其父亲的乡村宅邸中）潜心研究语言、文学、科学、神学和音乐
1638年起，周游欧洲大陆（以完成他的文学事业所做的准备工作）
1649年，为新政府（资阶’）写文章捍卫共和国
查理二世复辟后，遭迫害
晚年双目失明，完成力作《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《历士参孙》
2、文学创作
(1)早期诗歌the early poetic works
《利西达斯》1637 Lycidas
献给剑桥大学同学爱德华·金的一组挽歌集
It is composed for a collection of elegies dedicated to Edward King, a fellow undergraduate of his at Cambridge.
从对死亡的伤感，通过悔恨，发展到激烈的疑问、怒火、直至接受现实
The poem moves from a sad apprehension of death, through regret, to passionate questioning, rage, sorrow and acceptance.
(2)中期散文the middle prose pamphlets
《论出版自由》Areopagitica
主张言论自由，反对当权的长老派的跋扈
It?s a great plea for freedom of the press
风格流畅平缓
Smooth and calm
(3)后期史诗the last great poems
《失乐园》1667 Paradise Lost
主题：人类的沉沦
The theme is the Fall of Man
贯穿了基督教人文主义的传统，意欲揭露撒旦的行为，并为上帝对人类的惩罚辩护。
It is intending to expose the expose the ways of Satan and to “justify the ways of God to men”.
在人类爱情与精神道德义务间的矛盾中，展示了对自由与抉择的关心：屈从于上帝禁吃智慧果的命令以及对因爱情而叛逆的选择。
At the center of the conflict between love and spiritual duty lies Milton?s fundermental concern with freedom and choice, the freedom to submit to “God?s prohibition on eating the apple and the choice of disobedience made for love.
其诗作是想让读者明白《圣经》中不变的真理，即掌握天机的上帝是公正的。
His poem attempts to convince us that the unquestionable truth of Bible.
意志上的自由是其诗作的主旨。
The freedom of the will is the keystone of his creed.
3、选段《失乐园》欣赏
暗示英国资产阶级革命也由于道德堕落、骄奢淫逸而惨遭失败。
Chapter Two The Neoclassical Period
新古典主义时期
约翰·班扬John Bunyan 1638-1688
1、生平
出生贫寒，自小继承父业
1647年结婚后，开始宗教生活
1675年，在狱中完成《天路历程》
2、作品风格
语言具体生动，情节鲜明真实
3、主要作品
《罪人头目的赦免》1666 Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners
《拜得门先生生死录》1680 The Life and Death of Mr. Badman
《圣战》1682 The Holy War
《天路历程》第二部1684 The Pilgrim?s Process Part II
4、选读《天路历程》
作品的主旨：让人们遵循基督教教义，并通过不断战胜自己的弱点与身外的邪恶来获得拯救。
It?s the most successful religious allegory in the English language,
Its purpose is to urge people to abide Christian doctroies and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weakness and all kinds of socials evils.
“名利场”的象征意义：象征一个金钱万能的腐朽社会。
It sells all kinds of merchandise such as houses, lands, honors, titles, lusts and pleasures.
It symbolized the society where everything becomes goods, and, can be bought by money.s
亚历山大·蒲柏Alexander Pope 1688-1744
1、生平及创作生涯
生于一个富有的伦敦商人家庭，全家信仰罗马天主教
一生体弱多病
与同行保持广泛的联系，创立文学俱乐部，培养了“讽刺”笔调
2、时代观与文学观
启蒙时期的代表人物
The representative of the Enlightenment
强调秩序与理性，并将其深入到他的作品中
For him, the supreme value was order-cosmic order, political order, social order, aesthetic order, and this emphasis on order found expression in all of his works.
3、语言风格
讽刺、简练、通顺、优雅、平衡的风格，且用过英雄偶句诗体完美化
His worked painstaking on his poems, development a satiric concise, smooth, graceful and well-balanced style and finally brought its last perfection the heroic couplet in his works.
4、主要作品介绍
《群愚史诗》The Dunciad
最优秀的讽刺作品
The best satiric work
抨击了政府、社会道德、教育，甚至宗教领域的腐败及庸俗之风。
Dullness as reflected in the corruptness of government, social morals, education and even religion, is expertly exposed and satirized.
5、选读《论批评》第二部分
用英雄双韵体写成的说教诗
It?s a didactic poem written in heroic couplet
全诗风格简朴无华
It?s a written in a plain style
作者建议文学批评家不应该过分注重外表的文采及矫揉造作的高傲态度，而应发掘出平白朴素的文风里蕴涵的真理。
Pope advises the critics not to stress too much the artificial use of Conceit or the external beauty of language
but to pay more attention to True Wit which is best set in a plain style.
丹尼尔·迪福Daniel Defoe1660-1731
1、生平
出生于伦敦一个卖肉商人家庭，没上过大学，但受过良好的教育
经历坎坷，但从不消沉
2、社会观与创作特点
其四部小说《亨利顿船长》1720、《英尔·弗郎德斯》1722、《杰克上校》1722、《罗克萨那》1724，另有《灾难之年的日记》，文中都强调了物质环境与社会环境对主人公思想行为的巨大影响。
The all-powerful influence of material circumstances or social environment upon the thoughts and actions of the hero or the heroine is highlighted.
表达了他对穷苦不幸的百姓的关心。
They clearly manifest Defoe?s deep concern for the poor and the unfortunate in his society.
是最早研究下层人民问题的文学作品
They are the first literary works devoted to the study of problems of the lower-class people.
做为中阶一员，他为自己的阶级说话，其作品中表达了对勤劳、坚强的中产阶级的赞誉，以及对破落不幸的穷苦人的同情。
As a member of the middle class, Defoe spoke for and to the members of his class. In most of his works, he gave his praise to the hard-working, sturdy midlle class and showed his sympathy for the downtrodden unfortunate poor.
措辞简朴易懂，又口语化，大众英语。
His language is smooth, easy, colloquial ad mostly vernacular.
There is nothing artificial in his language
It?s common English at its best.
3、选读《鲁滨逊漂流记》第四章节选
作者的创作旨意：时代精神的写照
鲁滨逊是真正的英雄：一个典型的英国十八世纪中产阶级人士：
Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle class man.
极富劳作的能力、不竭的精力、还有勇气和持之以恒的毅力，这一切都在战胜困难，同自然环境作斗争中表现得淋漓尽致。
He is with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles in struggling against the hostile natural environment.
鲁滨逊是帝国缔造者的原型，是殖民主义者的先锋
He is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist.
迪福盛赞了人类的力量及清教徒的毅力。
Defoe glorifies human labor and the Puritans fortitude.
乔纳森·斯威夫特Jonathan Swift 1667-1745
1、生平
生于爱尔兰都柏林的一个英国家庭，家庭社交范围广，但没什么财富
1689-1699年期间，为一远亲做私人秘书，发掘了自己写讽刺散文的天赋
1699-1701年期间，担任爱尔兰牧师
化名为“德拉皮尔”，出版书信，号召爱尔兰人反对英国新发行的铜币，被敬为爱尔兰的民族英雄
2、人文观
（因自身生活的困苦与坎坷，他憎恨权贵，同情贫民和被压迫者）
认为人性永远有着严重的瑕疵
In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flavored.
在他的作品中，提倡采取行动改良人性与认为的机构，但也常常流露出绝望与愤怒
In his writings, he intends to reform and improve human nature and human institutions. There is often an under- or overtone of helplessness and indignation.
讽刺散文的语言风格
斯威夫特是讽刺作品大师，其讽刺笔触极具力度
Swift is a master satirist. His satire is usually masked by an outward gravity and an apparent earnestness which renders his satire all the more powerful.
典型作品《一个温和的建议》
A Modest Proposal is a perfect model.
通过建议穷苦的爱尔兰父母将自己一岁大的孩子卖给英国贵族当食物，强烈地抗议了英国统治阶级对爱尔兰人惨无人道的剥削与压迫。
By suggesting that poor Irish parents sell their one-year-old babies to the rich English lords and ladies as food, Swift is making the most devastating protest against the inhuman exploitation and oppression of the Irish people by the English ruling Class.
擅长写简炼而朴素的散文
He is almost unsurpassed in the writing of simple, direct prose.
没有复杂的句式是他永远的写作风格
Clear, simple concrete diction, uncomplicated sentence structure, economy and conciseness of language mark all his writings, essays, poems and works.
选读《格列佛游记》第一卷第三章节选
Gulliver’s Travels
本书对当时的英国乃至欧洲在社会、政治、宗教、哲学、科学以及道德等生活各方面作了最有效最辛辣的批评与讽刺。
The book is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satire of all aspects in the then English and European life-socially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically and morally.
具有重大的社会意义，同时对人性的探索与揭示也是深刻的。
Its social significance is great and its exploration into human nature profound.
选段描述了利立浦特小人国的社会生活，
It gives account of some aspects of Lilliputian life.
影射了英国政府中的荒唐行为与伎俩。
Obviously alludes to the similar ridiculous practices or tricks of the English government.
亨利·费尔丁Henry Fielding 1707-1754
1、生平
出生于一个旧贵族家庭
曾就读与伊顿公学
博览古典文学著作，培养了真正的鉴赏力与天才的理解力
因与父亲闹翻，早早地独立
2、戏剧、小说的创作活动
费尔丁一生穷困，对穷苦人极为同情，对社会不公及政治腐败也在其作品中大力抨击。
他坚信文学的教育功能（不仅供娱乐，且更具有教育意义）
Fielding was poor himself all his life. That is why he was very sympathetic toward the poor and unfortunate, and protested strongly against social injustice political corruption in his writings.
其小说的主旨是要真实地展示生活，使之成为“人类态度的完整拷贝”，并将说教巧妙地引入作品，教导人们认识自己，寻求适宜的人生态度。
The object of his novel was to present a faithful picture of life, “the just copies of human manners”, with sound teaching woven into their texture, so as to teach men to know themselves, their proper spheres and appropriate manners.
《约瑟夫·安德鲁与亚伯拉罕·亚当斯历险记》1742
The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and of his friend Mr. Abraham Adams
小说突出特点是出色的人物刻画、令人会心的幽默
The dominating qualities are its excellent character-portrayal, hearty humor.
《伟大的乔纳森怀尔德》1743
The History of Jonathan Wild the Great
讽刺传记
以现实生活中的一个臭名昭著的小偷作主线，表述了一个“伟大“的流氓与一名伟大的士兵或一位伟大的政治家之间极其细微的差别。
It takes the life of a notorious real-life thief as a theme for demonstrating the petty division between a great rogue and a great politician.
3、对英国小说的贡献：散文体史诗Comic epic in prose
英国小说之父
Father of the English novel
第一个在理论上与实践上创造了“散文体史诗”
He is the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.
以第三人称口吻的叙述方式
The third-person-narration was adopted by Fielding.
4、语言特色
自然流畅，通俗易懂，同时又栩栩如生并富有活力
His language is easy, unlabored and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous.
作品的出色之处：生动的戏剧性的对话、悬念、巧合、出人意料
His works are also noted for lively, dramatic dialogs and other theatrical devices such as suspense, coincidence and unexpectedness.
5、选读《汤姆·琼斯——一个弃儿的故事》第四卷第八章
Tom Jones
小说描写了二十多个地方，刻画了四十多个人物，为读者提供了一幅英国18世纪乡村与城市的宏伟全景图。
The panoramic(全景的) view it provides of the 18th-century England country and city life with scores of different places and a whole gallery of about 40 characters is superb.
从某种意义上讲，汤姆代表着每个普通人。
Tom stands for a wayfaring Everyman in a way.
汤姆身上的许多美德，曾一度成为全国人民心中的英雄。
（人性的美德——诚实、善良、高尚、忠诚、勇敢
但也易冲动、鲁莽、野性难驯）
For a time, Tom became a national hero.
----honest, kind-hearted, high-spirited, loyal and brave
But he is also impulsive, wanting, prudence and full of animal spirits.
塞缪尔·约翰逊Samuel Johnson 1709-1784
1、生平
生于书商家庭，受过良好的正规教育，打下了扎实的拉丁文基础
1735，进牛津大学学习
1737-1755，生活艰辛
1762后享受政府津贴，倍受文学精英的敬仰
2、主要作品
诗歌《伦敦》1738，《人类欲望的虚幻》1749
骑士浪漫诗《拉塞拉斯的历史》、《阿比西尼亚王子》1759
一部悲剧《艾琳》1749
几百篇散文
英文词典编纂《英文大词典》1755
3、新古典主义的文学观及语言风格
是十八世纪下半叶最后一位新古典主义启蒙文学家
The last great neoclassicist enlightener in the later 18th-century
关注人类欲望的虚幻是他作品的主题
He was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes in almost all of his major writings bear this theme.
希望通过笔墨唤醒人们对虚幻欲望的认识，并医治人们的这种病态心理
He tried to awaken men to this folly and hoped to cure them of it through his writings.
其文风极具古典主义特色，语言极其笼统，但表达非常明确的思想
His style is typically neoclassical, his language is characteristically generally, and the thought is always clearly expressed.
4、选读《致切斯特菲尔德勋爵的信》
To the Right Honorable to Earl of Chesterfield
语言彬彬有礼，但却暗含了一种因怒气与抗议而产生的讽刺口吻
It?s written in a refined and very polite language, with a bitter undertone of defiance and anger.
看上去似乎很平静的回忆，说理及质疑都极富讽刺地表达了作者对爵士沽名钓誉的反感及他坚决不与虚伪的爵士和解的态度。
The seemingly peaceful retrospection, reasoning and questioning express, to the best satiric effect, the author?s
strong indignation at the lord?s fame-fishing and his firm resolution not to be reconciled to the hypocritical lord.
本文清楚地表明了作者要求独立的信念，并开创了文学发展史上的一个新的时代
It expresses explicitly the author?s assertion of his independence, signifying the opening of a new era in the development of literature.
理查德·布莱斯林·谢立丹Richard Brinsley Sheridan 1751-1816
1、生平
生于爱尔兰都柏林，其父是演员兼剧院老板
少年时代在哈罗立学受过良好的教育
21岁时开始戏剧创作
2、戏剧创作生涯与写作技巧
18世纪英国惟一的一位重要的戏剧家
The only important English dramatist of the 18th-century
其作品充满着灵气的对话及整洁幽雅的措辞
Witty dialogs and neat decent language also make a characteristic of his plays
3、其戏剧的主题：道德
Morality is the constant theme
4、主要作品
《圣帕特里克日》1775讽刺剧
St. Patrick?s Day, a two-act farce
《杜安纳》1775戏剧歌剧
The Duenna, a comic opera
《批评家》1779 讽刺伤感的滑稽剧
The Critic, a burlesque and a satire on sentimental drama
《皮扎罗》1799改编自德国话剧的悲剧
It?s a tragedy adopted from a German play
5、选读《造谣学校》第四章第三场
作品主题：对18世纪英国贵族资产阶级的道德败坏，对无聊的富人恶意地制造谣言，
It?s a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy of the aristocratic, bourgeois society, in the 18th-century England, on the vicious scandal-mongering among the idle rich.
对上层社会骄奢淫逸的生活及对在高贵生活方式和高尚道德准则的掩饰下的道德沦丧与虚伪假善的辛辣讽刺。
On the reckless life of extravagance and love intrigues in the high society and, above all, the immorality and hypocrisy behind the mask of honorable living and high-sounding moral principle.
该剧作代表了作者的最高成就。
In terms of theatrical art, it shows the playwright at his best.
被认为是莎士比亚以来最出色的喜剧。
It has been regarded as the best comedy since Shakespeare.
托马斯·格雷Thomas Gray 1716-1771
1、生平
生于伦敦一个股票商之家
就读于伊顿公学，后入剑桥大学
1738，未获学位便肄业
1739-1741，与沃尔波周游欧洲大陆
1742年之后回剑桥，次年获法学士学位
本性淡泊宁静，远避世事
2、其作品的伤感主义侵向
主题：对生活，不论是过去还是现在的伤感的哀悼及沉思
His poems, as a whole, are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life, past or present. 《春之歌》1742，《逆境的赞歌》1742，《伊顿公学展望》1747，《爱猫之死》1748
3、选读《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》
Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
格雷的代表作
It is regards as his best and most representation work
题：死亡——哀叹人生
揭示了生与死的愁苦与神秘，并略述了自己忧伤的心情
It reflects on death, the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy
抒发了对穷人与无名小卒的同情
He reveals his sympathy fir the poor and the unknown
嘲讽了那些轻视穷人并给穷人带来苦难的“伟人”
It mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring havoc on them
Chapter Three The Romantic Period
浪漫主义时期
威廉·布莱克William Blake 1757-1827
1、生平
生于伦敦一个爱尔兰裔小商人家庭
幼年时有着非凡的绘画才能
身兼诗人与雕刻家两重角色
过着贫穷且隐退的生活，死后被世人发掘并一举成名
2、政治宗教观与诗歌创作主张
第一位重要的浪漫主义诗人
Literarily he was the first important Romantic poet.
不愿与世合流，毕生都是一个叛逆型人物
He never tried to fit into the world, he was a rebel innocently.
支持左派，也激烈地批判资本主义的残酷剥削
He was politically of the permanent left, and strongly criticized the capitalistic cruel exploitation.
表现出对理性的轻视，对18世纪古典主义的叛逆及对个人幻想的珍重
He shows a contempt for the rule of reason, opposing the classical tradition of the 18th-century, and treasuring the individual?s imagination.
3、布莱克的诗歌
早期作品多以欢乐、爱情及和谐为主题
Joy, laughter, love and harmony are the prevailing notes in his early poems.
《天真之歌》The Songs of Innocence
表达一个愉快而纯洁的世界
It presents a happy and innocent world.
其中，基督徒的孩子们自己点燃生圣火，让人联想起失落的世界里宗教制度的残酷。
----“神圣的星期四”
Its vision of charity children lit with radiance all their own reminds us terribly of a world loss and institutional cruelty-Holy Thursday
“烟囱清扫者”中苦难儿童，父母双亡，被残酷剥削，却还心存幻想，把自己最后的一线信任放在他生活的社会制度上。
The wretched child described in “The Chimney Sweeper”, orphaned, exploited, yet touched by visionary rapture, evokes unbearable poignancy when he finally puts his trust in the order of the universe as he knows it. 表达了宗教成为一种安慰，一种幻想中的快乐世界的社会环境。
It indicates the conditions which make religion a consolation, a prospect of “illusory happiness”.
《经验之歌》The Songs of Experience
描绘了一个充满苦难、贫穷、疾病与战争的世界（笔调极为忧伤压抑）
It paints a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone.
愚昧、黑暗的英国变成了黑漆漆的森林，充满了预言家。
The benighted England becomes the world of the dark wood and of the weeping prophet.
揭示了宗教的本来面目，即为儿童带来灾难痛苦。
It reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children.
两首诗集中，童年是主要的描述中心，使作品富有社会与历史性的参考价值。
Childhood is central to Blake?s concern in the two. And this concern gives the two books a strong social and historical reference.
两首所描述的“烟囱清扫者”非常典型地揭示了经济上的剥削与意识上的剥削之间的一切关系。----通过宗教让人们顺服剥削制度
The two The Chimney Sweeper poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance----the role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitation.
《天堂与地狱的结合》1790
Marriage of Heaven and Hell
标志着他创作上的成熟
It marks his entry into maturity
创作于法国大革命高潮期间，并担负着讽喻与革命预言的两重角色
It was composed during the climax in the French Revolution and it plays the double roles both as a satire and a revolutionary prophecy.
探索了对立事物之间的关系（吸引与排斥、理智与精力、爱与恨等）对人类的生存有着举足轻重的作用。
Blake explores the relationship of the contraries-Attraction and repulsion, reason and energy, love and hate, are necessary to human existence.
婚姻对布莱克意味着矛盾的调和，而并非一方从属于另一方。
To Blake, marriage means the reconciliation of the contraries, not the subordination of the one to the other.
4、写作语言风格
直白朴素
He writes in plain and direct language.
诗歌富有抒情诗的美丽及深渊的内涵
His poems often carry the lyric beauty with immense compression of meaning.
不喜欢抽象的词汇，常用实实在在的比喻及形象来体现他的视野
He distrusts the abstractness and tends to embody his views with visual images.
大范围地使用象征手法也是他早期作品的鲜明特征
Symbolism in wide range is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.
威廉·华兹华斯Wordworth 1700-1850
1、生平
出生于一个律师家庭，曾在剑桥大学的圣约翰学院就读
1790年，远游瑞士的阿尔卑斯山区，增强了对壮美的自然景观的迷恋
法国大革命期间，点燃了他的灵感与想象
无正式工作，后受友人资助，好转
与塞缪尔·泰勒·科勒律治合作完成了《抒情歌谣集》1798
2、诗歌与创作主张
《抒情歌谣集》的语言简练自然
Lyrical Ballads: the notably the uncompromising simplicity of much of the language
对穷苦人不仅有着笼统的，还有着特别的关心
The strong sympathy not merely with the poor in general but with particular, dramatized of
them, and the fusion of natural description with expressions of inward states of mind.
《序曲》是华’最伟大的作品
The Prelude, many critics rank it as Wordworth?s greatest work.
3、诗歌的主要特点与思想意义
被称为“大自然的膜拜者”
He is regarded as a “worshipper of nature”
描述了英格兰的怀河谷的一种栩栩如生及永恒不灭的自然规律
It described with a detail that conveys a sense of natural order at once vivid and eternal.
认为文学的主题：普通人的普通生活
He thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest, the joys and the sorrows of the common people are his theme.
其作品多数描写普通人的喜怒哀乐，诗人心中充满了对穷苦人民的同情。
His sympathy always goes to the suffering poor.
“露西”一诗以简明的抒情笔法及时时出现的节奏这种绝妙的艺术之美，描述了一个乡村姑娘远离尘寰，在偏远之地的幸福生活
The “Lucy Poems” describe with rare elusive beauty of simple lyricism and haunting rhythm a young
country girl living a simple life in a remote village far from the civilized world.
这些表述爱情与失落的诗歌在精美而简练的前提下，抒发了作者对时间与死亡的沉思，使作品具有一种普遍性的意义。
They are verses of love and loss which hold within their delicate simplicity a meditation on time and death which rises to universal stature.
“孤独的收割者”及“致高地的姑娘”运用乡间的各种事物暗示着人类生活不尽的忧伤与神秘，以及这种忧伤与神秘散发出的美。
“The Solitary Reaper”and “To Highland Girl”use rural figures to suggest the timeless mystery of sorrowful humanity and its radiant beauty.
华’是一个怀旧的人
He was a poet in memory of the past.
该特点体现在他的代表作《序曲》，用隐喻的手法表现了他内心的发展历程及对失落的自我与精神上的归宿的渴求。
It carries the metaphorical meaning of his interior journey and questing for his lost early self and his proper spiritual home.
华’对简洁朴素的风格的追求，对粉饰真实的厌恶是他的诗歌具有别人无法企及的纯净与深远之美。His deliberate simplicity and refused to decorate the truth of experience produced a kind of pure and profound poetry which no other poet has ever equaled.
其作品的理论核心便是普通人的生活经历。
He maintained that the scenes and events of everyday life and the speech of ordinary people were the raw material of which poetry could and should be made.
4、其诗歌对同时代人及后世英国文学的影响
是英国文学史上的精英，是浪漫主义时期的杰出代表
He is the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, the focal poetic of the period.
为读者展示了一个美丽的世界，召唤人们用清新、自然、关心的目光去看待周围的事物
He is a voice f searchingly comprehensive humanity and one that inspires his audience to see the world freshly, sympathetically and naturally.
开启了现代诗歌，开创了运用百姓生活语言写诗的新道路，应召唤人们回归自然。
The most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of the growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech f the language and by advocating a return to nature.
塞缪尔·泰勒·科勒律治Samuel Taylor Coleridge 1772-1834
1、生平
生于一个牧师家庭，幼年丧父
因厌倦在剑桥读大学的日子，变得游手好闲，负债累累
1797年，结识了华’并成为终生密友，合作出版《抒情歌谣集》
后吸食鸦片，与家人分居，入住伦敦的崇拜者的家中
2、文学创作主张（哲学思想与文学批评观）
反对18世纪那种局限的理性主义潮流
He opposed the limited rationalistic trends of the 18th century thought
认为艺术是惟一一种能永远揭示现实的形式
He believed that art is the only permanent revelation of the nature of reality.
3、其诗歌的主要特点及思想意义
神祗诗《古航海家之歌》
The demonic The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
讲述一位水手的历险故事
It told an adventurous story of a sailor
整个故事充满了神秘，神秘的开篇及必然的结局
The story moves on through a world of wonders, from mysterious preface to inevitable close.
在诗中，科’认为宇宙大观不是人们理性信仰的反映，而是人们非理性的恐惧与内疚的反映。
It can be inferred that Coleridge believed the universe as the projecting not of reasoned beliefs but of irrational fears and guilty feelings
其在诗中缔造的世界显示了他自身难以言传的罪恶性心理及其后果。
He had created the kind of universe which his own inexplicable sins and their consequences might have suggested to him.
《克丽斯特贝尔》Cristobel
抒情方式更为自由，创造出一种微妙而又邪恶的哥特式恐怖氛围
It uses a free version of the balled form to create an atmosphere of the Gothic horror at once delicate and sinister
讲述一条邪恶的蛇扮成一位美貌少女去陷害无辜的姑娘
It is an old one of a serpent disguised as a beautiful lady to victimize an innocent maiden.
猫头鹰的哀号，公鸡的啼鸣，犬吠之声及钟表滴嗒声都营造了一中死亡之夜的神秘与恐怖。
The moaning of the owl and the crowing of the cock, together with the response of the dog, the regular strokes of the clock, produce the effect of mystery and horror in the death night.
与这些噩梦想对应的是诗人心中流淌的神圣之美与真挚爱情
Opposed to the nightmarish are images of religious grace and the spring of love that had gushed from the poem?s heart.
《忽必烈汗》是科’吸食鸦片之后的梦中之作
It was composed in a dream after Coleridge took the opium
对话诗the conversational
代表作《子夜寒霜》Frost at Midnight
忠实地记录了他独自一人在午夜思念他小儿子哈特的情景
It is an intimate record of his personal thoughts in a midnight solitude on his infant son Hartley.
更直接地表现了相关的主题：归家的渴望，不是单纯地怀旧，而是向往一种“进步了的童年”Generally, the conversational group speaks more directly of an allied theme: the desire to go home, not to the past, but to what Hart Grane beautifully called “an improved infancy”
4、《文学传记》
科’是一位精于推敲文字、对语言要求严格的文学评论家
Coleridge is one of the first critics to give close critical attention to language.
主张诗歌最终要通过美给人以愉悦
He maintained that the true end of poetry is to give pleasure “through the medium of beauty”
5、其文学创作及文艺批评思想对同时代及后世英国文学的影响
被同时期的诗界所崇敬，直至今日也被奉为第一流的抒情诗人与文学评论家
He was esteemed by some of his contemporaries and is generally recognized today as a lyrical poet and literary critic of the first rank.
是19世纪浪漫主义文学与哲学的代表
His treaties, lectures, and compelling conversational powers made him one of the most influential English literary critics and philosophers of the 19th century.
乔治·戈登·拜仑George Gordon Byron 1788-1824
1、生平
生于一个古老的贵族家庭，继承父母的情感上的共同特点（父野蛮荒淫，母情感丰富）
天生跛足，一生在恼火中度过
幼年丧父，与母亲相依为命
在哈罗公学与剑桥大学就读
2、革命生涯
1811年，在议院谋得一席位，常发表演说，抨击英政府的反动统治，同情广大被压迫的人民
因绯闻缠身，于1816年走出英国，再也没回过英国
在意大利，与烧碳党的爱国者们亲密接触，支持他们起义反对奥地利统治
史诗《唐·璜》完成后，希腊反对土耳其统治争取独立的斗争开始，拜仑不仅在经济上资助希腊人，还亲自投身到战役中去
3、诗歌创作
多数写他自己的经历
On the whole, Byron?s poetry is one of experience.
《哈罗德游记》childe Harold?s Pilgrimage
描述了一位厌倦英国社会的感情丰富的青年遍游欧洲，寻求自由
It?s about a gloomy, passionate young wanderer who escaped from the society he disliked and traveled around the continent, questioning for freedom.
诗中包含了各种各样的浪漫注主义特点——中世纪、流浪者、对自然的热爱、对暴君的憎恨、对偏远与野蛮的专注等
It seems with all kinds of recognizable features of Romantic poetry-the medieval, the outcast figure, love of nature, hatred of tyranny, preoccupation with the remote and savage, and so on.
4、《唐·璜》
19世纪初期的著名讽刺史诗
It?s Byron?s masterpiece, a great comic epic of the early 19th century.
诗人的创作制艺在于通过唐·璜的游历来体现不同的社会情形
The poet?s true intention is, by making use of Juan?s adventures, to present a panoramic view of different types of society.
讽刺主题：事物表面与本质的关系——看上去是什么与其实是什么
The unifying principle in Don Juan is the basic
5、拜仑诗歌的主要特点及社会意义
创造了“拜仑式英雄”：高傲、神秘、反叛却带有贵族血统；以自己超凡的情感与能力，能担负起整肃腐败社会的重担，却只身反抗一切暴君，不论是政府里的还是宗教及道德里的
Byron?s chief contribution is his creation of the “Byronic Hero”, a proud mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of
自考英美文学选读 第一章 文艺复兴时期(英国)(课文翻译)
英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考） 第一部分：英国文学 第一章文艺复兴时期 文艺复兴标志着一个过渡时期,即中世纪的结束和现代社会的开始。一般来说,文艺复兴时期是从十四世纪到十七世纪中叶。它从意大利兴起,伴随着绘画、雕塑和文学领域的百花齐放,而后文艺复兴浪潮席卷了整个欧洲。文艺复兴,顾名思义即重生、复苏,是由一系列历史事件激发推动的,其中包括对古希腊罗马文化的重新发现。地理天文领域的新发现,宗教改革及经济发展。因此,文艺复兴从本质上是欧洲人文主义者竭力摒弃中世纪欧洲的封建主义,推行代表新兴城市资产阶级利益的新思想,并恢复早期宗教的纯洁性,远离腐败的罗马天主教廷的一场运动。 文艺复兴浪潮影响到英国的速度比较慢,不仅因为英国远离欧洲大陆,而且还因为其国内的动荡不安。乔叟去世后的一个半世纪是英国历史上最动荡不安的时期。好战的贵族篡取了王位,使英国走上自我毁灭之路。著名的玫瑰之战就是极好的例子。后来理查三世的恐怖统治标志着内战的结束,在都铎王朝的统治下英国的民族情感又成长起来。然而直到亨利八世统治期间(1509-1547),文艺复兴的春风才吹入英国。在亨利八世的鼓励下,牛津的改革派学者和人文主义者们将古典文学引入英国。基于古典文学作品及《圣经》的教育重获生机,而十五世纪就被广泛传阅的文学作品则更加流行了。自此,英国的文艺复兴开始了。英国,尤其是英国文学进入了黄金时代。这个时期涌现出莎士比亚、斯宾塞、约翰逊、锡德尼、马洛、培根及邓恩等一大批文学巨匠。但英国的文艺复兴并未使新文学与旧时代彻底决裂,带有十四、十五世纪特点的创作态度与情感依然贯穿在人文主义与改革时代。 人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。它源于努力恢复中世纪产生的对古希腊罗马文化的尊崇。人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以"人"为中心,人是万物之灵。通过这些对古代文化崭新的研究,人文主义者不仅看到了光彩夺目的艺术启明星,还在那古典作品中寻求到了人的价值。在中世纪的社会中,个人完全隶属于封建统治,没有独立和自由可言;在中世纪的神学理论中,人与周围世界的关系仅仅是人消极适应或消极遁世,不允许追求快乐,以备死后灵魂得以超脱。然而人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到了充足的论据,来赞美人性,并开始注意到人类是光荣的生命,人自己可以不断发展,至善至美,而且人们生存的世界是属于他们的,供他们怀疑、探索以及享受。由此,人文主义者通过强调人类的尊严、强调今生今世的重要性,喊出了他们的信仰,即人类不仅有权利在今生今世美好生活,而且还有能力完善自我,创造奇迹。人文主义遍布英国思想领域的。标志是荷兰学者伊拉斯谟先后到牛津大学与剑桥大学讲授古典文化研究。托马斯·漠尔、克利斯朵夫·马洛和威廉·莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
英美文学选读 傲慢与偏见
英 美 文 学 选 读 论 文 《傲慢与偏见》的女性 叙事视角解读 姓名： 班级： 学号：
《傲慢与偏见》的女性叙事视角解读 摘要: 奥斯丁在《傲慢与偏见》中，通过在全知视角下具有限制性的叙述模式向我们展示了灰姑娘的浪漫爱情故事，描绘出作者所处时代的社会道德风貌，表达了作者的女性抗争意识及对当时社会婚姻观的批判。 关键词: 全知视角;有限视角 在奥斯丁的著作中，《傲慢与偏见》一直深受读者的喜爱，并经受住了时间的考验，成为文学史上不休的名著。剖析其原因，发现这与奥斯丁高超的叙事技巧是分不开的。自小说发表以来，其叙述技巧引起了广泛的评论，纵观其评论，发现对其独特的女性视角分析还是不够。在这部小说中，奥斯丁颠覆了以往男权统治下的话语权，采用了全知视角下，从女性的有限视角展示故事，从女性的角度来描写生活，并首次让小说中的女性形象第一次成为真正意义上的主角，让女性有了话语权。因而，从女性视角这一角度对小说进行解读，对于理解和把握作品具有重要的意义。申丹曾指出：叙事者的性别不同，往往会对叙事模式及其意义产生影响。把性别和视角结合在一起的女性视角是指从性别入手来审视人类的文化遗产和文化创造的一种批评观念和批评角度。本文将从女性叙事视角对小说进行解读，发掘其对于展现女性意识的意义。 叙事视角，在文学作品中是指作品叙述者或者人物从什么角度观
察故事。从小说的整体来说，奥斯丁在《傲慢与偏见》中选择了全知视角，如在交代故事背景，人物首次出场以及在每章节中奥斯丁看似无意的评述。例如：小说的第一章第一句话就是通过贝内特太太总括式的议论“有钱的单身汉总是要娶位太太，这是一条公认的真理。”使读者顷刻间就能识别人物形象。贝内特太太在全知叙述视角下，是作为被叙述对象而存在，她的那句总括式议论，与作者的价值信念是完全不同的，因而造成了读者与她的距离，读者高高在上地评判着贝内特太太，笑她的迂腐和无知。但是正是这一人物形象，却揭露了当时社会上普遍流行的婚姻价值观，正是因为当时流行的婚恋观所以贝内特太太才把嫁女儿当作自己的人生大事，读者在嘲讽贝内特太太的同时也了解了整个社会背景，实际上读者对贝内特太太的疏离也拉近了读者和隐含作者的距离，从而拉近了读者和女主人公的距离。在全知视角的应用方面还可以从小说的第二十二章中，作者那一段心酸讽刺的话语评价了夏绿蒂的婚姻看出。“大凡家境不好而又受过相当教育的青年女子，总是把结婚当作仅有的一条体面的退路。尽管结婚并不一定会叫人幸福，但总算给自己安排了一条最可靠的储藏室，日后可以不致挨冻受饥。”这句话揭示出了当时女子在婚姻方面的被动局面，在男权社会里，女性一直处于附属地位，婚姻是两个门当户对家庭的结合，爱情的有无处于次要地位。对于女性来说，她在婚姻市场的卖点取决于她能够带来的嫁妆，像夏绿蒂这样没有嫁妆的女性，在当时只有两条路可走，一条是做家庭教师，另一条就是抓住婚姻，所以当迂腐的柯林斯向她求婚时她爽快地答应了，这在夏绿蒂看来似乎
自考英美文学选读要点总结第一章
Chapter I The Renaissance Period Definitions of the Literary Terms: 文艺复兴时期的界定 1. The Renaissance: The Renaissance marks a transition from the medie val to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the period between the 14 th & 17th centuries. 历史文化背景It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture & literature. From Italy the movement went to emb race the rest of Europe. The Renaissance, which means "rebirth" or "reviva l," is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the re-discovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture, the new discoverie s in geography & astrology, the religious reformation & the economic expa nsion. The Renaissance, therefore, in essence is a historical period in whic h the European humanist thinkers & scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that e xpressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, & to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church. 2. 文艺复兴到英国比较晚的原因The Renaissance was slow in reaching Englan d not only becaus e o f England?s separation from the Continent but also be cause of its domestic unrest. It was not until the reign of Henry VIII that the Renaissance really began to show its effect in England. With Henry VII I?s encouragement the Oxford reformers, scholars and humanists introduc ed classical literature to England. 15th century, began the English Renaissa nce, which was perhaps England?s Golden Age, especially in literature. 人文主义H umanism: Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the ancient author s and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its consci ous, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on s uch a conception that man is the measure of all things. Through the new l earning, humanists not only saw the arts of splendor and enlightenment, b ut the human values represented in the works. Renaissance humanists fou nd in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see th at human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfections, and that the world they inhabited was thei rs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy. Thus, by emphasizin g the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the bea uty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wond ers. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the b est representatives of the English humanists. The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimi lation.
如何学习《英美文学选读》
要通过《英美文学选读》这门课考试，不是考前“冲刺”一类的短训能奏效的。这门课难就难在它的阅读量很大，它包括英国和美国的诸多作家的诸多作品，而每一部作品就是一部书。现行统一教材在作家和作品的选取方面尽管已经是精而又精了，但还是不得不采用节选的办法来压缩篇幅。即便如此，为了更好地理解作品，考生还不得不在对整部作品了解的基础上，在教师指导下反复阅读节选，才能对节选部分的内容以及思想有较好的理解。不过文学阅读也有规律可循。下面的文字就“选读”课的性质、阅读时读取什么信息、现行试题各个部分的考查点是什么、如何回答简单论述题等问题，给考生一点提示，希望能对考生学习、复习《英美文学选读》课提供一些帮助。 第一部分《英美文学选读》课的性质 一、《英美文学选读》课的重点是作品顾名思义，“英美文学选读”是有选择地阅读英美文学史上有影响作家的重要作品，熟知作品内容，了解大多数批评家和读者已经接受的对这些作品主题的表述，并能从作品中找到、列举出证明这些表述的细节。这样的定义里有三个要注意的问题。一是作品内容，二是作品里的细节，三是节作品主题。三个同等重要，学习者不能只取其一。以小说为例，所谓作品内容，是指情节(plot)、场景(setting)、人物(characters)、语气(tone)、以及语言(style)。情节是指故事里所展示的事件和这些事件按作家意愿有序的安排，如事件发生的背景、事件中涉及的人物、事件本身(即冲突)、以及解决冲突的办法和结果。情节就是故事；没有情节就没有故事；熟知情节是理解文学作品，特别是小说和戏剧的第一、也是不可缺少的一步。不掌握故事情节，对作品进行深入分析就无从谈起。有故事当然就有人，对人物的分析是对作品分析的核心。语气是指作者在他／她刻画人物、安排情节、描写场景时所持的态度，而作者的态度直接影响我们对作品思想的理解。作者要表达自己对人物、事件的态度，只有通过文字才能与读者交流，而不同的作家使用语言的风格(style)是不一样的。如果掌握了以上内容，就掌握了细节，之所以把细节单列出来，是因为多数考生只记得大概情节，考试中不能用具体的细节进行人物或思想分析、评述，空话太多。劳伦斯小说《儿子与情人》(Sons and Lovers)里，成年的保罗是如何仍然生活在他母亲的掌控之下的细节，是分析这部作品里的人物和主题的关键，不能引用相关细节作为根据，分析就失去了基础。阅读文学作品一定要在一般性的了解情节的基础上，尽量记一些细节，细节显示考生对作品的熟悉程度。主题是对作品思想的高度概括。教材里作家作品概述和作品简介(斜体部分)，对作品主题已有简明准确的表述，考生不可不读。对这些表述的理解，又是以考生对作品内容、细节的掌握为基础的。作品内容、细节、主题是考生学习的重点。 两点说明： (一)这里我们姑且不讨论新批评对作者和作品关系的观点，也不去讨论接受美学和读者反映理论，本科阶段没有开设文学批评理论课，没有必要进行那样的讨论，教师也不要引入类似的话题，以免造成不必要的困惑。 (二)从历年考题来看，作家的生卒年月、家庭背景、接受教育情况、作品发表年代等都不在考察范围，考生不必在这些方面浪费时间。目前市场上有一些英美文学教材和辅导材料在作家生平上花费了相当的篇幅，有的甚至远远超过了对文学作品本身的介绍和分析，这类书籍对考生复习没有多大帮助。教育部组织专家编写的现行教材尽管可以再修改、完善，但它的最大好处是它给考生提供了学生最需要的作品概要和精确而恰当的分析(教材里作品前的斜体部分)，对考生从作品全貌理解文学作品很有帮助。 二、文学作品与文学史的关系关于文学作品和文学史哪个在先、以及哪个更重要的问题，我们还是留给专门的学者去争论，我们要搞清楚的是考生学习过程中应该以哪一个为重点的问题。前面讲选读课的性质时已经讲过，《英美文学选读》课的重点是作品，以往考试所包括的内容也充分说明了这一点，似乎没有争论的必要。但我们不得不考虑另一个无法回避的问题：如何对待教材中每个文学阶段前对该时期影响文学作品的经济、文化、社会、思想思
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理3
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理3 I). Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文 11. He is regarded as Father of the American short stories.他是美国浪漫主义文学代表作家之一,美国短篇小说之父。 12. With the publication of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Irving won a measure of international fame on both sides of the Atlantic.1819年至1820年，欧文出版了《见闻札记》，该书为欧文获得了欧美两大洲的文学荣誉。 13. A History of New York---He parodies or imitates Homer.《纽约史》在多方面模仿了荷马。 14. Like the two famous personae he created, Diedrich Knickerbocker and Geoffrey Crayon, Irving remained a conservative and always exalted a disappearing past.他所创造的两个人物Diedrich Knickerbocker和Geoffrey Crayon和他一样，都停留在对过去的事情的津津乐道上。 15. We hear rather than read, for there is musicality in almost every line of his prose. We seldom learn a moral lesson because he wants us amused and relaxed.他的作品行文优美流畅，犹如音乐。他的作品寓教于乐，给人以轻松安逸之感，如入梦境。 16. He is worth the honor of being“the American Goldsmith”for his literary craftsmanship.在创作艺术方面他堪称是“美国的近匠”。 17. “rip van winkle”—Here, Irving’s pervasive theme of nostalgia for the unrecoverable past is at on ce made unforgettable.“瑞普.凡.温克尔”---欧文在此表达了对一去不复返的东西十分依恋，笔触生动，令人难忘。 (II). Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫.华尔多.爱默生 18. New England Transcendentalism, which is unanimously agreed to be the summit of the Romantic period in the history of American literature.在美国浪漫主义时期的文学中，新英格兰的超验主义是不可或缺的。 19. Emersonian Transcendentalism is actually a philosophical school which absorbed some ideological concerns of American Puritanism and European Romanticism, with its focus on the intuitive knowledge of human beings to grasp the absolute in the universe and the divinity of man.爱默生的超验主义实际上是在吸收美国清教思想，强调人类具有本能的掌握宇宙绝对真理和人的神性而形成的一个哲学流派。 20. In his essays, Emerson put forward his philosophy of the over-soul, the importance of the individual, and Nature.爱默生的文章提出了超灵哲学,个人及自然的重要性。 21. Emerson id a ffirmative about man’s intuitive knowledge, with which a man can trust himself to decide what is right and to act accordingly.爱默生相信人的直觉知识。人类可以利用自己的直觉决定是非并采取相应得行动。 22. The ideal individual should be a self-reliant man.一个理想的个人应是自助自立的人。 23. “Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.”“回到自然中去吧，沉浸在自然的影响中吧，你将重新获得精神的完整。” 24. In 1845, a great transcendentalist work Walden was born.1845年，写成了超验主义的伟大作品《沃尔登》。
英美文学选读(自考)Chapter1
自学考试 英美文学选读 Selected Readings In English And American Literatures Part one: English literature An Introduction to Old and Medieval English Literature 1. The Old English poetry that has survived can be divided into two group: the religious group and the secular one. The poetry of the religious group is mainly on biblical themes………In addition to these religious compositions, Old English poets produced the national epic poem, Beowulf, a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. 2. Romance which uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period. R omantic love is an important part of the plot in romance. 3. I t is Chaucer alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life in his masterpiece The Canterbury Tales. Geoffrey Chaucer is the greatest writer of this period. I n short, Chaucer develops his characterization to a higher artistic level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions. Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the Old English alliterative verse. Chaucer dominated the works of his15th-centtruy English followers and the so-called Scottish Chaucerians. For the Renaissance, he was the English Homer. Chapter 1 The Renaissance Period
英美文学选读试题详解3
英美文学选读-阶段测评3 成绩：87.5分 一、Multiple Choice 共40 题 题号: 1 本题分数:2.5 分 https://www.360docs.net/doc/a2710884.html,wrence’s novels( )are generally regarded as his masterpieces. A、The Rainbow，Women in Love B、The Rainbow，Sons and Lovers C、Sons and Lovers，Lady Chatterley’s Lover D、Women in Love，Lady Chatterley’s Lover （P370.para2）劳伦斯的成名作是《儿子和情人》，而其代表作是《虹》和《恋爱中的女人》 标准答案：A 考生答案：A 本题得分：2.5 分 题号: 2 本题分数:2.5 分 T.S.Eliot’s poem( )is heavily indebted to James Joyce in terms of the stream - of -consciousness technique,also a prelude to The Waste Land. A、―Prufrock‖ B、―Gerontion‖ C、The Hollow Men D、Lyrical Ballads （P358.para3）―Gerontion‖是一部用戏剧式独白写成的诗歌，是《荒原》的前奏曲，也采用了意识流派的文风。 标准答案：B 考生答案：B
本题得分：2.5 分 题号: 3 本题分数:2.5 分 https://www.360docs.net/doc/a2710884.html,wrence’s autobiographical novel is( ). A、The Rainbow B、Women in Love C、Sons and Lovers D、Lady Chatterley’s Lover （P369.para1）劳伦斯的作品大多都是从心理上去探求让人的本能的，同时也反映人性中最内在的东西。其作品《儿子和情人》真实地反映了自己在童年时期的家庭状况，被视为其半自传体小说。 标准答案：C 考生答案：C 本题得分：2.5 分 题号: 4 本题分数:2.5 分 The typical representatives of G.B.Shaw’ s early plays are( ). A、Man and Superman，The Apple Cart B、Widowers’ House，Mrs. Warren’ s Profession C、Candida，Mrs. Warren’ s Profession D、The Apple Cart，Widowers’ House （P321-322）。萧伯纳的第一步剧作是Widowers’ House，写于1892年；第二部剧作是Mrs. Warren’ s Profession，写于1893年。 标准答案：B 考生答案：B 本题得分：2.5 分 题号: 5 本题分数:2.5 分 It was only after the publication of( )that https://www.360docs.net/doc/a2710884.html,wrence was recognized as a prominent novelist.
《英美文学选读》模拟试题(1)答案
《英美文学选读》模拟试题（一） 一、单项选择题 1.The excerpt from Chapter 10 of Sons and Lovers ends with the conflict between Paul and his mother. The conflict is possibly caused by Paul and his mother’s different views towards _____. A. Paul’s father B. art C. life D. Paul’s brother 2.The _____ can be regarded as one of the themes of Joyce’s story “Araby”. A. loss of innocence 在所有有關童年故事中，孩子都是同叔叔同姨媽同住，父母則不在身邊—這便是一種象征，象征父母與孩子之間骨肉親情的隔絕和一種正常關系的缺 失. B. childish love C. awareness of harsh life D. false sentimentality 錯誤的多愁善感 3.After reading “Araby”, one more feel the story has a _____ tone. A. joyous B. harsh C. solemn D. painful 4.In “Araby”, Joyce’s diction evokes a sort of _____ quality that characterizes the boy on this otherwise altogether ordinary shopping trip. A. religious B. moral C. sentimental D. vulgar 5.The major concern of _____ fiction lies in the tracing of the psychological development of his characters and in his energetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human nature. A. D. H. Lawrence’s B. J. Galsworthy’s C. W. Thackeray’s D. T. Hardy’s 6.The mission of _____ drama was to reveal the moral, political and economic truth
自考英美文学选读要点总结整理出考点26位作家完整教学内容
英美文学选读要点总结精心整理(只考26位作家) [英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴 1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。 2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。 3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。 4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。 5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。 6. The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习模仿与同化的阶段。 7. The goals of humanistic poetry are: skillful handling of conventions, force of language, and, above all, the development of a rhetorical plan in which meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should all be combined to frame the emotional theme and throw it into high relief.人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习俗的熟练运用，语言的力度与气概，而最重要的是发展了修辞模式，即将格律，韵脚（式），组织结构，意象（比喻，描述）与议论都结合起来勾画出情感主题，并将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。 8. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson.文艺复兴时期英国最著名的戏剧家有克利斯朵夫.马洛，威廉.莎士比亚与本.约翰逊。 9. Francis Bacon (1561-1626), the first important English essayist.费兰西斯.培根是英国历史上最重要的散文家。(III)William Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚 17. The first period of his dramatic career, he wrote five history plays: Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III, Richard III, and Titus Andronicus; and four comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew, and Love’s Labour’s Lost.在他戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段，他创作了五部历史剧：《亨利六世》，《理查三世》，《泰托斯.安东尼》以及四部喜剧：《错误的戏剧》，《维洛那二绅士》，《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。 18. In the second period, he wrote five histories: Richard II, King John, Henry IV, Parts I and II, and Henry V; six comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor; and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar.在第二阶段，他写了五部历史剧：《理查三世》，《约翰王》，《亨利四世》，《亨利五世》以及六部喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》，《威尼斯商人》，《无事生非》，《皆大欢喜》，《第十二夜》，《温莎的风流娘儿们》，还有两部悲剧：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《裘利斯.凯撒》。 19. Shakespeare’s third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies. The tragedies of this period are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus. The two comedies are All’s Well That Ends and Measure for Measure.第三阶段诞生了莎翁最伟大的悲剧和他自称的黑色喜剧（或悲喜剧），悲剧有：《哈姆雷特》，《奥赛罗》，《李尔王》《麦克白》《安东尼与克利奥佩特拉》《特罗伊勒斯与克利西达》及《克里奥拉那斯》。两部喜剧是《终成眷属》和《一报还一报》。 20. The last period of Shakespeare’s work includes his principle romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest; and his two plays: Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen.最后一个时期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜剧：《伯里克利》《辛白林》《冬天的故事》与《暴风雨》。他最后两部剧是《亨利八世》与《鲁克里斯受辱记》。21. Shakespeare’s sonnets are the only direct expression of the poet’s own feelings.这些十四行诗都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成果。 22. Shakespeare’s history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.莎翁的历史剧都有这样一个主题：在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家，统一是非常必要的。 23. In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are
自考英美文学选读课文翻译 莎士比亚
威廉-莎士比亚 威廉-莎士比亚（1564-1616）是世界有史以来最著名的作剧家和诗人之一。凭着38部作品，154首十四行诗和2首长诗，他建立了他在世界文学史中的赫赫威名。他也被全世界各式各样的学者和评论家给予了最高的赞誉。在过去4百年间，关于莎士比亚的书籍和文章还不断大量出版。 莎士比亚可能出生于1564年4月23日埃文河畔斯特拉特福城的一户商人家庭。他的父亲的职业被传为是卖手套的、羊毛商人、农夫或者是屠夫，是一个镇上有点地位的人，并多次当选为镇委员会的成员。莎士比亚在哪个美丽的贸易小镇度过了他的童年并上了斯特拉特福语文小学。他真正的老师是大自然和周围的百姓。1587年，莎士比亚娶了大他几岁的安妮-哈撒韦为妻。妻子为他生了3个孩子，苏珊娜和双胞胎朱迪斯和哈姆尼特。也许由于要养活不断壮大的家庭，莎士比亚在1586或1587年离开斯特拉特福去了伦敦。 莎士比亚去了伦敦一处为戏剧发展提供了优越环境的地方。他既当演员又做作剧家，为张伯伦家族做事，张伯伦家族后来又成为了王族。莎士比亚的事业发展得如此的好以致被誉为‘大学才子’之一的罗伯特-格林气极败坏地地称呼他是只‘向上扑腾的乌鸦’。 大约从1591到1611年间，莎士比亚到达了他戏剧生涯的顶峰，他的作品一部又一部地不断问世。莎士比亚没有把他的天赋局限于戏院里，在1593和1954年，他发表了2篇叙事诗，《维纳斯与阿多尼斯》和《路易斯受辱记》，都是写给南安普顿伯爵的。1609年他也写了短诗并出版了。到1597年时莎士比亚已经很有钱了，他在斯特拉特福买套大宅子作为新居。大约于1610年莎士比亚从伦敦退隐回了斯特拉特福，即便如此他还是坚持写作了一段时间。他卒于1616年4月23日。 由于对莎士比亚的许多作品的创作准确时间仍然存有争议，评论家们对把莎士比亚戏生涯的戏剧作品划分阶段方面存有不同的观点。但总体来说他的戏剧生涯可以分为4个时期。 莎士比亚戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段是创作早期。他写了5部历史剧：《亨利六世》的第一、二、三部，和《泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯》；4部戏剧：《错误的戏剧》，《维罗纳的2位绅士》，《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。 第二个阶段，莎士比亚的创作风格和方式变得极具个性。在不同的人物之间、现象和现实之间，莎士比亚构造了复杂的典范，他对人类各种缺点进行了精妙的诠释。在这个时期他写了5部历史剧：《理查二世》，《约翰国王》，《亨利四世》第一、二部和《亨利五世》;6部戏剧：《仲夏夜之梦》，《威尼斯的商人》，《无事生非》，《皆大欢喜》，《第12夜》和《温莎的风流妇人》；2部悲剧：《罗密欧和朱丽叶》和《裘里斯凯撒》 莎士比亚的第三时期作品包括他最杰出的悲剧和所谓的黑色喜剧。这个时期的悲剧有：《哈姆雷特》，《奥赛罗》，《李尔王》，《麦克白》，《安东尼与克利奥帕特拉》，《特洛伊罗斯与克雷西达》和《科里奥兰纳斯》。2部喜剧是：《终成眷属》和《争锋相对》。 莎士比亚最后时期的作品包括他主要的烂漫悲喜剧：《伯利克里》，《辛白林》，《冬天的故事》和《暴风雨》；和他最后两部作品：《亨利八世》和《两个贵亲戚》。 莎士比亚真正的跟戏剧五官的是个主要是两首叙述长诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》和《路易斯受辱记》，和他的154首系列短诗。莎士比亚的十四行诗都单是