高考英语语法知识点归纳与总结

高考英语语法知识点归纳与总结

§名词

一、名词分为:①可数名词(C)②不可数名词(U)

1.可数名词:单复数变化

2.不可数名词:无单复数变化,无论有多少修饰谓语动词,均为单数;当不可数名词有定语修饰时,前可用定冠词“the”

※名词作定语,修饰名词时中间不用属格

二、不可数名词:不可数名词的可数化

1.在一定情况下,不可数名词表示“一种”、“一次”前可加不定冠词“a”、“an”

【eg】Driving a car is an art,not a science

2.不可数名词作可数名词时表示“不同的意思”

【eg】cloth布料——a cloth桌布 light光——a light灯

3.有些抽象名词,具体化后直接指人或物

【eg】beauty——a beauty difficulty——difficulties pleasure——a pleasure

success——a success

4.不可数名词加“s”表示“不同种类”

【eg】tea——teas silk——silks food——foods

三、单复数

1.可数名词只有复数形式

【eg】trousers glasses compasses thanks clothes remains ashes contents goods

2.单复数同形

【eg】sheep fish deer cattle(two head of cattle)

3.

a.表示“人的单数变复数”

【eg】Chinese Japanese Swiss

b.在词尾加“s”

【eg】American Italian African German

c.man→men

【eg】Englishman Dutchman荷兰人

D.由名词组成的复合名词,变复数时在最后一个名词词尾直接加“s”;如果表示人的名词单后全变

【eg】letter box——letter boxes woman doctor——women doctors

四、名词复数表示特别意义

【eg】papers manners works looks times drinks irons forces greens sands

五、与“word”有关的词语

keep/break one`s word 守信/失信 leave word留言

※ a man of his word有信用的人 in a word 简言之

word for word逐字地 upon my word说实在话

eat one`s words收回前言※ in other words换句话说

have a word with与某人谈话 the last words最后的话

waste one`s word白费口舌 have a few words与某人吵架

§冠词

一、用定冠词的情况

a.特定的或上文提过的

b.宇宙上独一无二的

【eg】the sun the earth

c.在序数词和形容词最高级前

d.在方位名词前或表时间的词组中

【eg】on the left in the morning

e.后接形容词表示“一类人”

【eg】the rich the poor

f.特指人或物

g.后接姓氏+“s”表示一家人

【eg】the Greens

h.乐器

【eg】play the flute

二、不用定冠词

a.专有名词、人名、地名

b.季节、月份、星期

c.具体的运动

d.※复数名词,表泛指一类事物或人

【eg】they`re workers

e.by+交通工具,当交通工具前有修饰语时,在其前+“the”

【eg】by car by bus by the 10:30 bus

f.表示独一无二的官衔或职务名称

三、序数词前+“the”表示“第……”前加“a”表示“再一;又一”(相当于again);序数词前无任何冠词,表示获得名次

四、有“the”没“the”的词组

at table 吃饭 out of question 不成问题 A in charge of B A负责或管理B

at the table在桌旁 out of the question 根本不可能 A in the charge of B A被B负责或管理

五、★系动词表示“变”加单数名词,名词前无冠词

【eg】turn writer = become a writer

★Man表示“人类” word表示“信息”不用冠词

【eg】Word came that..... 有消息称

★季节前有修饰语的用定冠词“the”

【eg】in the spring of 1988

★表示星期几的词前。常加不定冠语“a”或“an”表示“某一个”

【eg】a Sunday in May

§数词与主谓一致

一、数词

1.小数的表示法:“整数+point+小数点后部分(即小数部分)”

【eg】 2.04 two point zero four

2.dozen(一打 12个) score(二十)

有数字无“s”、“of”;有“s”时无数字

※当名词前有“the”、“these”“those”时,则必须用“数词+~+of”表示“...中的...”

【eg】two dozen of eggs 24个鸡蛋(2打鸡蛋)

two dozen of these eggs这些鸡蛋中的24个

3.在几十年代用“in+the+逢对的复数形式”

【eg】in the 1990s=in the 90`s=nineties

4.与基数词合成的定语,其中的名词用单数

【eg】a three-year-old girl 一个三岁大的女孩

5.分数表示

3

2

(1)2 in 3 (2)2 out of 3

(3)two thirds (分子基数 分母序数 分子>1,分母+s )

二、主谓一致 ①集体名词

【eg 】people police cattle public class 等 【eg 】the doctor`s is ~~~~ 医院 My uncle`s is ~~~~ 我叔叔的家

③复数或短语表时间价格、质量表单一概念谓语动词用单数 【eg 】four times is ~~~~四倍是

④从句或名词性词组作主语不管是否多项并列谓语动词都用单数,但由what 引导的主语从句,单复数形式由后名词而定

⑤不定代词作主语谓语动词用单数

⑥one of 注意其后定语从句中的单复数问题

【eg 】This is one of the most interesting questions that has been asked She was the only one of the girl who was late for the meeting 当one of 前有修饰词为单数,没有则为复数 ⑦公式 (一)

(二)

(三)

the+形容词 (四)

a number of =many 谓语动词用复数

the number of 强调…的数量 谓语动词用复数

(五)

no less than rather than like

more than with (together with ) but unlike except including besides as well as +B+谓语动词(与A 一致) A+ ... percent

(two thirds ) the rest all

part (of 前无冠词 前有形容词修饰时 有adj 前+a/an ) a part some most lots a lot plenty

+of+n+谓语动词(单复数有名词而

定) 表人 V 用复数 表物 V 用单数

(六)

A+or/but+B 就近原则

⑧population 谓语动词用单数,表整体中的某些部分谓语动词用复数

⑨means 表示方法手段、工具时被a 、such a 、this 、that 、every 等修饰时谓语动词用单数;用or 、such 、this 、those 修饰时谓语动词用复数

§代词 二、

1.this ①指下文 ②口语介绍中的我

2.some any 及与one body thing 构成的合成词

表一些时,some 用于肯定句 any 用于否定疑问句(any 用于肯定句表任何) Some 用于表请求的问句中强调礼貌 【eg 】Have you got any apples Would you like some tea

3.指示代词 one ;it ;these ;those ;that ①one 指上文提到的人,前无冠词

相当于上文提到的 a+单数可数名词 同类不同物

表属性特指前有the 【eg 】This is book the one you want so long ②it 指同类同物

③those 相当于 the ones 特指上文提及的复数名词

④that 即可指上文的可数名词复数又可指上文提到的不可数名词 4.each ;all ;every 的用法区别 ①each 强调个别可与of 连用

②every 只做定语,只三者或三者以上

③all 表不可数名词,谓语动词用单数 与是否连用时表是部分否定 5.none ;no one ;nothing

①none 即指人又指物,可与of 连用 ②no one 只指人

③nothing 什么都没有

6.few/a few little/a little

谓语动词 用单数 or nor but also either

neither not only

谓语动词 就近原则 +B +A+

可不可

半否定词句子表否定

放于句首句子倒装

7.another;one…another;some…others;other;one…the other

①another又一个;再一个不定中的再一个

②one…another一个又一个

③some…others一些另一些 some为具体数字时 others前+the

④other其他的后+可数名词(pl)

隔后+可数名词单数

【eg】Every other day 每隔一天

⑤one…the other一个另一个,强调其余部分

8.neither either

①neither 两者都不与nor连用与of连用

②either 或者或者与or连用表选择与of连用

三、it

1.指环境、时间、季节等

2.做形式主语

【eg】It`s not easy to finish the work in two days

3.做形式宾语

①to do adj ②连词从句

4.强调句型 it is/was +被动强调部分+that/who+其他

5.指baby

【eg】The baby is very lovely isn`t it?

6.不知道是谁

【eg】Who is it?

§形容词和副词

一、形容词

1.排序(不考)

限定词the/a+描绘性形容词+尺寸/大小+形状+时间/年龄+颜色+国籍+来源+材料+目的+名词2.形容词修饰不定代词后置

【eg】Something new

3.系动词后加adj作表语

4.作宾补

【eg】Make our classroom clean =可用原级/比较级

※5.作状语表伴随状态原因/结果等

【eg】He went to bed cold and hungry -------必须用原级

6.以a开头的adj只可与系动词连用作表语

这样的词有:afraid alike alone asleep awake 这些词前可用much;very much修饰

7.以ly结尾的adj friendly lively lovely lonely likely deadly silly

8.plenty of ;a lot of一般不用于疑问,否定句中

9.复合adj构成

10.enough

“足够”名词作主语时谓语动词用单数

作adj修饰名词可前可后 food enough/enough food

作adv修饰adj 仅放adj后 a long enough hair

11.副词修饰名词,一般放在该名词后+介词时放该介词短语前

这样的词有:well;right;just;soon等+全句时放于句首

【eg】① The person there is looking for you

② There is the house right in front of you

③ Truly he will go to shanghai

hard 努力的late 迟most 大多数

hardly 几乎不lately 近来mostly 主要地

wide 广阔地high 高deep 深

widely 广泛的highly 高度地deeply 深深地

loud 大声地close 接近地free 免费地

loudly 喧闹地closely 仔细地freely 自由地

①ago指从现在起的过去常用于确切时间点后【eg】Two days ago

before泛指以前可用于句尾,局中用现在完成时

②very可修饰adj/adv原级或用做adj的现在分词或形容词化的动词ed型

这样的词有和much frightened;disappointed;satisfied(令人满意的);excited;interested;pleased;surprised;trouble;upset(不安的);worried(担心的)若用在有by的句中,表被动,用much修饰,very 不能修饰动词

③too;also;either

too肯定句句尾

also动词前,系动词后

either否定句句尾

④so…that such…that

二、比较级

1.有of the two词组时比较级前加the,表示两者之间最…其余情况前无the,无泛围比较用最高数

2.倍数(放于比较级前)

3.by far(十分)通常用于强调最高级,用于比较级时,一般放在比较级后

【eg】He is by far the taller of the two brothers

4.某些以or结尾的形容词+to构成比较级

superior(最等的) junior(初级的;年少的) senior(年长的) prior(低等的)

【eg】He is superior two Mr wang in Chinese

5.表示最高程度的形容词如:excellent;extreme;perfect 没有最高级也不能用最高级

表示绝对意义常用 just;quite;exactly;entirely;well等修饰

6.a+比较级强调最高的程度泛指

§动词时态和被动语态

一、动词时态

★将来完成进行时被动语态______________________________________________

(一)一般现在时

1.表示经常性习惯性的动作真理现在的状态特征

◇常用词:often;usually;every day;on Sunday(s)

2.在时间状语从句和条件状语从句,主将从现

◇常用词:when;if;as soon as;in case

3.表示状态和感觉的动词常用一般现在时

◇常用词:be;like;hate;think;remember;find;sound

【eg 】Sounds very interesting

4.图片说明、舞台旁白、现场解说,均用一般现在时 (二)一般过去时

表过去经常放生的动作,区别于used to ;would do 都表过去常常 used to 表过去常发生,而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态 would do 表现在还存在的状态 (三)一般将来时 ●be going to do

①表计划性的目的打算 ②将来可与will 互换

③根据第三者的为表情判断sth 将发生 ●will/shall

shall 用于1、3人称问句请求,用2、3人称的陈述句表示警告、命令、威胁、劝词 will 表意志、志愿、决心

●be to do 表正式有官方组织的将来时

●be (just )about to do 瞬间将来时不能与表将来的时间状语连用,可与when 搭配 译为“刚一…就…” ●be doing

①动作正在进行 ②表状态正在持续 ③表阶段性行为

④动词发生位置移动表将来有 come ;leave ;go ;fly (四)现在进行时

1.用代替一般现在时表示某种表示某种情绪、厌烦、不满等,常用副词:always ;often 等 【eg 】Don`t believe him he is always telling lies

2.表示持续含义的词有:continue ;keep ;go on.表示希望要求心愿等动词wish ;need ;desire 不用进行时 (五)过去进行时

1.when ①be doing when did ②当尽管讲 相当于since

2.while ①在…过程中 后用进行时 ②当然而讲 表是转折和先后对比 (六) 现在完成时

表过去动作发生的结果对现在的影响或保持到现在常与for ;since 引导的时间状语连用 1.for 加时间段 since 加时间点

2.※常与包括现在在内的时间状态连用有:this morning ;this summer ;now 【eg 】Now I have finished the work

3.※※用现在时和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作

【eg 】If it has stopped snowing in the morning we`ll go to the park (七) 过去完成时 (八) 现在完成进行时

have been doing 表示过去发生的动作持续到现在还将持续下去 (九) 将来完成时

句型:1.It/this+is/was+the+序数词+从句+

3.so far ;up to now ;till now 用现在完成时(高一 必修一 P36 B1)

二、被动语态

①People say he can speak English

He is said to be able to speak English

②People say he must speak English

have done (is ) had done (was )

He is said to have to speak English

③People say he finished the work

He is said to have finished the work

1.使役动词及感官动词以及如think;believe等表示认为相信的动词变被动时,后要加上to

2.主动表被动情况

①sell、read、feel、write、wear、wash、open、clean、cook、keep、cut、fill、blow、measure(测量)、lock、run、record、begin、shut等

【eg】The book sells well

②表示状态特征的联系动词

look、small、taste、sound、prove(证明)、appear等

【eg】Good medicine tastes biter

③以物作主语进行时表被动,动词不定式主动表被动

【eg】The book is printint(印刷)

④在this/that is+n 句型中,修饰表语的不定式主动表被动

【eg】This is a hard question to answer

⑤不定式be to let出租 be to seek寻找 be to blame责备

【eg】The car is to let汽车出租

Nobody was to blame for the accident这起事故谁也不能责备

※⑥动名词主动表被动通常作 want、need、require等v,主语后+doing相当于to be done

【eg】The classroom needs cleaning/to be done

3.谓语动词是不可拆词组主动表被动

take place、lose heart(灰心)、belongs to、consist of、put up with(忍受)、look forward to、live up to(活到)、look down upon(轻视)、look out for(小心)

§非谓语动词

动名词doing,可充当n性成分,作主语时谓语动词用单数

动词不定式to do

分词现在分词doing 状态进行

过去分词ed 被动完成

一、不定式

1.不定式的逻辑主语有时用for+n+代宾格

2.不定式短语作主语/宾语时,常用it作形式主语形式宾语

①It right to give up smoking

②I find it interesting to work with him

3.在feel、heart、listen to、look at、notice、observe(观察)、see、watch、have、let、make等词后补主语中,不定式不带to,但变被动时必须加to

【eg】我经常听到他唱歌

I often hear him sing songs

?He often heard to sing songs by me

4.带do不带to

这样用法有but、except、besides

带to不带do

【eg】

I have no choice but to go

5.作定语的不定式,如果是不及物动词或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等时,不定式后需要有相应介词(【eg】time、place、way)不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去.

【eg】He had no money and no place to live

6.as/that too+adj/adv

enough to do

仅管、像......一样

【eg】He is too old to do that

The room is big enough to hold us

7.与疑问词who、which、when、where、how、what等连用在句中起连词性作用

【eg】How to solve the problem is very important

在与why连用时只用于why/why not开头的简短疑问句中,后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to

【eg】Why not have a rest

二、分词

1.being表示和谓语动词所表示的动作时发生的行为having done 表示在谓语动词,所表示的动作之间发生的动作

【eg】Being a student he was interested in books

Having studied in the university for three years he knows the way very well

2.过去分词即表被动又表完成形式为v-ed形,论意动词的特殊变法

3.表人的心里感受的v-ing形式,表示使人感到……,觉得……,而v-ed表示sb因……而觉得……

move、touch、frighten、surprise、astonish、puzzle、disappoint、discourage、trouble、worry、tire等

【eg】The frightened girl sat in the corner crying

当修辞人的表情眼神、眼泪、声音时用ed

【eg】Her frightened face showed us what had happened to her family

三、动名词

1.动名词和不定式都可以作主语,动名词表一般或抽象多次性习惯行为,不定性式表具体的或一次性动作【eg】Playing with fire is dangerous

?To play with fire will be dangerous

★only to do(意料之外) only doing(自然的意料之外的结果)区别都叫“结果式”

2.It`s no use/good 做.....无用/无好处

=It`s not only any use /good useless

3.只加v-ing的词有:admit、appreciate、avoid、consider、delay、dislike、enjoy、escape、excuse for、face、feel like、finish、forgive、give up、imagine、include、keep、mention、mind、miss、practise、put of、resist、risk、suggest、can`t help、cant` stand

4.加to do和to doing意思不同

forget、go on、mean、regret、remember、stop、try

5.allow、advise、forbid、permid

① +doing sth

② +sb to do

6.need、require、want 当需要讲+doing=to be done

7.必须+v-ing的词组有:devote to 、look forward to、stick to、be used to、object to反对、thanks for、excuse me for、be(kept)busy、be worse、have difficulty/trouble/problem/feel/look/seem like/get down to

§倒装句、省略句

一、倒装句

(一)全部倒装、部分倒装

1.here/there/now/then加不及物动词+主语,或以out/in/up/down/away等副词开头的句子

【eg】Now comes your turn现在轮到你了

Here comes the bus车来了

注:代词做主语,主谓语序不变

【eg】Here it is

2.表地点的介词词组在句首

South of the city lies a big steel factory 在城市的南部坐落一个大型钢厂

※(常见)表语+连(v)+主语

① adj+连(v)+主语

【eg】Present at the meeting were Tom,Kitty and many other students

② v-ed+连(v)+主语

【eg】Gone are the days,when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people

③介词短语+be+主语

【eg】Among the goods are toys and flowers

4.公式:

So/否定词/Only/little半否定词+

①be/助动词/情态动词+主语+动词原形+其他

②have/has/had+主语+done+其他

5.as 尽管... 引导让步状语从句

公式:v/n/adj+as+主语(+谓语)

【eg】① Girl as she is,~~~

② Try as he would,he might fail again

③ Much as I like it,I`ll not buy it

6.虚拟语气省略if后

【eg】Had he been here yesterday,he would come to watch the football match

7.so…that…

【eg】So carelessly did he drive that he almost killed himself

8.no sooner… than…

hardly… when…

not…until句型:直到才

【eg】Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework

二、省略句

1.如果不定式所表示的内容在上文中已经出现,为避免重复常把不定式里的v及其后续部分省略,只保留to

【eg】—Will you go with me?

—Well I`d like to

2.若前省略不定式内容为be或用于助动词的have to后保留be或have

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—No,I used to be

② Tom didn`t come but he ought to have

3.在并列句中,如果后面分句中有与前面相同部分常省略

【rg】She was poor,but honest

4.由which、when、where、how、why引导宾语从句可全部或部分省略只保留引导词

【eg】He will come back,but he doesn`t know when

She wants to learn English well,yet

She doesn`t know how

5.以as/than引导的比较状语从句,可全部或部分省略

【eg】I can only do the way as told to do

After half an hour she became qulcker

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