简明语言学7-12章总结

Chapter7 LANGUAGE CHANGE I What’s Historical linguistics

II Changes

1 Phonological change vowel sound change

2 Morphological and syntactic change

Morphological

(1).Affix loss: loss of gender and case markings drop of causative verb format

ion rule

(2). Affix addition: -able, -ment (from French), -ize

Syntactic

(1).rule loss: (1) adj, agree with the head noun in case, number and gender; (2) do uble-negation rule

(2). rule addition: (1) particle movement rule; (2) distinction between auxiliary ver bs and main verbs

(3).rule change: (1) negation way; (2) sentence structure: SVO, VSO, SOV, OSV

3 Lexical and semantic change

Lexical----- most vigorous and on-going change

(1)lexical addition: borrowing and word-formation (refer to syntax)

(2)lexical loss: no longer in use

(3)Semantic change: 1) semantic broadening; 2) semantic narrowing; 3) sema

ntic shift

III Some recent trends

1 Moving towards greater informality

2 The influence of American English

3 The influence of science and technology

IV The cause of language change

Physiological, linguistic, or sociological factors

Chapter8 LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY

I.The scope of sociolinguistics

1.The relatedness between language and society

2. Speech community and speech variety

SC: speech community is a social group singled out for any special study

SV:language variety refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers.

II Variety of language

1 Dialectal varieties

(1)Regional dialects is a speech variation according to the particular area where

a speaker comes from, which is the most discernible and definabledialects)

(2)Sociolect linguistic differences associated with respective definable social

groups even within the same geographical location

(3)Language and gender

(4)Language and age

(5)Idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines aspects of

all the elements regarding regional, social, and stylistic variation, in one way or another

(6)Ethnic dialect

2 Registers

Field of discourse

Tenor of discourse’

Mode of discourse

III Standard dialect

The standard language is a superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language IV Pidgin and Creole

Pidgin: is a variety of language that is generally used by native of speakers of other languages as a medium of communication. Itmay contain significant grammatical features of two or more languages, but rule-governed.

Creole: is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in som e speech community. A pidgin becomes a Creole when it is adopted by a population as its primary language, and children learn it as their first language

V.Bilingualism and diglossia

Bilingualism: refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particul ar regions or a nation.