呼吸科常用英文
呼吸科常用英文
询问病史case history
You need to get a detailed history including the timing and acuity of onset, exacerbating and alleviating factors and environment triggers to help you confirm a diagnosis or discard other diseases /develop a differential diagnosis. Ask your patient whether there is a history of tobacco use, or other toxic and environmental exposures and his occupational history.
General/biographical data,marital status, nativity, occupation, informant, time of admission and record, chief complaint, history of present illness, previous health status(well, ordinary or bad), any infectious diseases, allergic history, history of trauma or surgery, smoking (about how many years, average how many pieces per day, ceased for how many years), alcohol intake(occasional or frequent),spouse’s health status, menorrhea (menarche age , cycle lasting for how many days, menstrual cycle, last menstruation period or age of menopause, any menstrual pain or irregular cycle), childbearing or pregnancy( times , natural labor, abortions ,premature delivery, stillbirths, difficult labor, family history (any congenital diseases, father and mother: still alive, illness ,or cause of death, siblings and children)
常用的症状symptoms
fever
Cough 咳嗽
Sputum (dry, purulent脓性的, copious green sputum大量绿色痰，tenacious yellow sputum 黄粘痰，frothy white sputum白色泡沫痰，rusty sputum 铁锈色痰
wheezing
Dyspnea during exertion or at rest 呼吸困难
Orthopnea 端坐呼吸
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea 夜间阵发性呼吸困难
Shortness of breath （SOB）
Chest tightness 胸部紧迫感
Exercise intolerance
pleuritic chest pain 胸膜型胸痛
Pharyngalgia ; pharyngodynia 咽痛
Hemoptysis 咯血
Bucking 呛咳
Sneeze喷嚏
snore 打鼾
malaise 不舒服
myalgia 肌痛
insomia 失眠
hoarseness声嘶
dysphonia 发声困难
常见的体征physical signs
clubbed fingers杵状指: increased longitudinal and transverse
curvature ,loss of concave nail fold angle, bogginess of nail bed and increased soft tissue bulk of distal phalanx, drumstick- like
nicotine staining
cyanosis:blue discolouration of mucosal membranes and skin ,caused when mean capillary concentration of deoxyhemoglobin more than 5g/dl, O2 saturation less than 85%,PaO2 less than 8KPa peripheral cyanosis: cold blue peripheries, e.g. nail beds due to cold exposures
central cyanosis: warm peripheries, blue tongue or lips
hand flap: due to CO2 retention
asterixis 扑翼样震颤
papilloedema 视乳头水肿
chemosis球结膜水肿
enlarged supraclavicular and axillary lymph nodes
increased respiratory rate
tachycardia 心动过速
pulsus paradoxus: >10 mmHg ↓on inspiration (seen in severe asthma)
barrel chest
hyperexpanded, decreased expansion
kyphosis 驼背，脊柱后凸
Inspection:
tachypnea 呼吸急促
accessory muscles of respiration: sternocleidomastoid muscle, arm support, alae flaring
wide or narrow intercostal space
tactile vocal fremitus 触觉语颤
subcutaneous crepitus 皮下捻发感
Percussion:
resonance
dullness
flatness
hyperresonance
tympany
lower borders: scapular line X left/right intercostal space
range of mobility
Auscultation:
vocal resonance 语音共振
ronchi: wheeze , stridor , crackles, Velcro-like soundes
moist rales : coarse, medium, fine, crepitus捻发音
pleural friction rubs
complete absence of breath sounds
ankle edema
weight loss，cachexia恶病质，cachectic恶病质的
decreased food appetite, loss of appetite, anorexia食欲减退
常做的检查examinations or laboratory findings
(to take ,undergo, perform ,receive or have)
temperature charts 体温图(take one’s body temperature)
sputum pot 痰盂
Blood/urine/stool routine, occult blood test
Blood biochemistry
Sputum /blood culture and drug sensitivity test
sputum cytology
Pulse oximeter 脉氧计：continuous monitoring of blood oxygen saturation
Arterial blood gas analysis(ABG): arterial blood sampling , radial/ femoral artery puncture
PaCO2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood hypercarbia
PaO2: partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood hypoxemia
respiratory failure:
type 1: decreased O2 supply, PaO2＜60 mmHg(millimeters of mercury)
due to diffusion failure or V/Q dismatch (ventilation-perfusion(quotient)ratio)
pulmonary edema, pneumonia, infarction, fibrosis,or pulmonary embolism，pulmonary hypertension, shunt
type 2: decreased CO2 removal, PaCO2＞50 mmHg(millimeters of mercury)
due to alveolar ventilation failure
obstructive: COPD, asthma, bronchiectasis
restrictive: neuromuscular (sedatives, myasthenia), structural (ankylosing spondylitis), pleural diseases ,obesity
Chest X-ray/radiograph:
reticulo-nodular shadowing (reticular, linear, military nodules粟粒样结节)
coin lesions 硬币样
cavities空腔：amphoric 空翁音的(breathing like blowing over a bottle top)
opacification浑浊：consolidation (air space infiltrate):
confluent shadowing and air bronchogram
collapse: lobar(upper, middle/lingual, lower)
segmental atelactasis
pleural effusion
mediastinal mass: thyroid ,thymoma, teratoma, TB lymph nodes,
terrible diagnoses including lymphoma and aneurysm
Chest CT scan( computed tomography)
Head MRI(magnetic resonance imaging)
PET-CT of the whole body(positron-emission tomography)
Abdominal ultrasound
skin prick test 皮肤点刺试验（dust mites尘螨，pollen花粉，cockroach蟑螂）
tuberculin skin test (purified protein derivative(of tuberculin) test, PPD test)
Pulmonary function test : Spirometry 呼吸量测定法，肺量测定法obstructive lung diseases: airflow limitation
FEV1/FVC FVC RV and TLC KCO
< 0.7 ↓ ↑ ↓
restrictive lung diseases: decreased lung compliance and small lung volumes
intraparenchymal >0.75 ↓↓ ↓ ↓
extraparenchymal variable ↓↓ ↓ normal
FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 second
FVC: force vital capacity
TLC: total lung capacity
RV: residual volume
KCO: transfer factor ( diffusion rate)
PEFR: peak expiratory flow rate
flow-volume loop ( inspiration and expiration)
bronchoprovocation/challenge test 支气管激发试验：histamine or methacholine-inhalation
bronchodilatation支气管舒张试验: salbutamol沙丁胺醇
fiberoptic bronchoscopy: biopsies, bronchial brush samples for pathological examation, bronchial washings)
bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)
protected specimen brush (PS
transthoracic percutaneous needle aspiration
percutanous needle biopsy under CT guidance ( for peripheral tumours)
video-assisted thoracoscopic-guided lung biopsy
open lung biopsy
pleural biopsy
biopsy of enlarged lymph nodes
D-Dimers
electrocardiogram (ECG)
echocardiogram超声心动图
V/Q isotope scan ( ventilation/perfusion scanning)
spiral CT/MRA (Magnetic Resonance Angiography)
pulmonary angiography
Doppler USS thigh and pelvis (USS: ultrasound scanning)
cardiac monitor
PSG( polysommography)
常见的病名diseases
acute upper respiratory tract infection 急性上呼吸道感染
common cold 普通感冒
influenza 流感
pharynigitis 咽炎
acute broncho-bronchitis 急性气管-支气管炎
pneumonia 肺炎
community acquired pneumonia (CAP) 社区获得性肺炎
hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP) 医院获得性肺炎
nosocomical pneumonia (NP) 医院内肺炎
bronchiectasis 支气管扩张
chornic bronchitis 慢性支气管炎
pulmonary emphysema 肺气肿
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (acute exacerbating) AECOPD COPD急性发作
bronchial asthma 支气管哮喘
allergic rhinitis过敏性鼻炎
respiratory failure 呼吸衰竭
lung abscess 肺脓肿
pulmonary tuberculosis 肺结核病
lung cancer: 肺癌
primary bronchogenic carcinoma 原发性支气管肺癌
squamous cell carcinoma 鳞癌
adenocarcinoma 腺癌
bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma 支气管肺泡细胞癌
small cell lung carcinoma （SCLC）小细胞肺癌
pulmonary metastasis 肺转移瘤
pulmonary embolism （PE）肺栓塞
pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) 肺血栓栓塞症
pulmonary infarction 肺梗死
deep venous thrombosis ,DVT 深静脉血栓形成
empyema 脓胸
pneumothorax气胸
pyopneumothorax 脓气胸
chronic suppurative disease 慢性化脓性疾病
congenital cyanotic disease 先天性紫绀性心脏病
cor pulmonale 肺源性心脏病
pulmonary hypertension 肺动脉高压
pulmonary encephalopathy 肺性脑病
right heart failure; right-sided heart failure 右心衰竭
pulmonary vascular diseases 肺血管疾病
interstitial lung disease, ILD 弥漫性间质性肺疾病
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, IPF 特发性肺纤维化
cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, CFA 隐源性纤维化性肺泡炎
connective tissue related lung diseases 结缔组织相关性肺疾病
systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE 系统性红斑狼疮
rheumatoid arthritis, RA 类风湿性关节炎
systemic sclerosis, SSc 系统性硬化
scleroderma 硬皮病
sjoren’s syndrome 感知综合征
polymyositis 多发性肌炎
dermatomyositis 皮肌炎
sarcoidosis 结节病
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, PAP 肺泡蛋白沉积症
Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis 特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着病Langerhans cell granulomatosis 朗格汉斯细胞肉芽肿病
Eosinophilic granuloma 嗜酸性肉芽肿
Histiocytosis X 组织细胞增多症X
Wegener granulomatosis Wegener肉芽肿
extrinsic allergic alveolitis 外源性过敏性肺泡炎
pneumoconiosis 尘肺
drug-induced lung disease 药物性肺病
aspergillosis 曲菌病：allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)
pleural disease 胸膜疾病
broncho-pleural fistula 支气管胸膜瘘
oral candidiasis 口腔念珠菌病，鹅口疮
osteoporotic bone change 骨质疏松样改变
glaucoma 青光眼
cataract白内障
acute lung injury ，ALI 急性肺损伤
acute respiratory distress syndrome , ARDS 急性呼吸窘迫综合征
urticaria 荨麻疹
eczema 湿疹
hypertension 高血压
diabetes 糖尿病
常用的药物drugs or agents
be administered, treat sb. with
empirical 经验性的, prophylactic预防性, remedial治疗性
Expectorant 祛痰药
Mucolytics 粘液溶解剂
bronchodilator
B2-agonists: short-acting :salbutamol沙丁胺醇
long-acting: salmeterol 沙美特罗
muscarinic antagonists: ipratropium bromide 异丙托溴胺
aminophylline 氨茶碱
steroids inhaled: budesonide 布地奈德，beclomethasone倍氯米松，fluticasone氟替卡松
systemic: prednisolone po., hydrocortisone iv.
mast cell stabilizers: cromoglycate sodium色甘酸钠
leukotriene receptor antagonists: montelukast孟鲁司特
respiratory stimulants:
lobeline
nikethamide
cardiac tonic 强心剂
diuretics 利尿剂
albumin 白蛋白
antitussive agents 镇咳药
ammonium chloride 氯化铵
ambroxol 氨溴索（mucosolvan 沐舒坦）
常用的治疗措施
low or high flow oxygen: nasal cannulae鼻导管，Venturi face-mask nebulizer喷雾器: finer particle size (3 to 20um) allows tracheobronchial deposition
metered dose inhaler (MDI)
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)-tight-fitting mask (non-invasive)
intermittent positive-pressure ventilation ( IPPV)
non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV)
mechanical ventilation: non-invasive or invasive
(via intubation插管，tracheostomy 气管造口术，tracheotomy 气管切开术)
synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation, SIMV 同步间歇指令通气
pressure support ventilation, PSV 压力支持通气
thoracocentesis 胸腔穿刺术
chest drain/drainage 引流术
chemotherapy 化疗
radiation therapy 放疗
pneumonectomy 肺切除术
lobectomy of lung，pulmonary lobectomy肺叶切除术
thoracotomy 开胸术，胸廓切开术
pleurodesis胸膜剥脱术
pleurectomy 胸膜切除术
pleural adhesion 胸膜粘连术
thromboendarterectomy血栓动脉内膜切除术
inferior vena cava filter 下腔静脉过滤器
常见的疾病
chornic bronchitis: procuctive cough, most days of 3 months of the year, for at least 2 consecutive years, cough with white or purulent sputum
bronchiectasis:
cystic囊性的/varicose曲张样/cyclindrical柱状-tram-tracks轨道样hemoptysis
physiotherapy: chest wall percussion wirh head-down postural drainage
long term oxygen inhalation : to prevent cor pulmonale
medical: bronchodilators, mucolytics, rotating courses of antibiotics surgical: resection, artery embolization for hemoptysis
lung abscess
usually on right side, as right bronchus is shorter and more vertical;
in the supine patient , abscess develops in apical lower lobe or posterial upper lobe.
pneumothorax
accumulation of air in pleural space, with secondary partial collapse of subpleural bleb ruputure
lactrogenic: positive pressure ventilation, bronchoscopy ,esp. biopsy types: closed, open, tension
mediastinal deviation :trachea and apex shift contralaterally
CXR: translucency +collapse: visible rim between lung and chest wall＞2 cm =＞50% lung volume loss
aspiration吸引术，intercostal drain
refractory or recurrent: pleurodesis, pleurectomy, bulla stapling or lasering
pleural effusion
chest pain and progressively worsening of shortness of breath
Transudate漏出液：redistribution of Starling forces across microcirculation, diuretics can result in rapid resolution, protein <30g/L or pleura: serum protein <1/2 or pleura: serum LDH<2/3;
often seen in cardiac failure, hypoalbuminemia, embolism, superior or inferior vena cava obstruction, hypothyroidism .
Exudate渗出液：capillary permeability increases or lymph drainage decreases
often seen in infection ,neoplasia, surgery or trauma.
CXR: meniscus-shaped,rises towards axilla
Appearance: clear ,straw-coloured: suggests transduate
turbid, green: indicates exudates(pus cells) or empyema (bacterial infection)
bloody( haemothorax血胸): tumor ,pulmonary embolism, acute pancreatitis, trauma
white( chylothorax乳糜胸)：lymph ,blocked thoracic duct, usually due to tumour
Therapy: transudate: diuretics
exudates: repeated drainage (thoracocentesis)
intrathoracic streptokinase via chest drain: to lyse fibrinous adhesions
pleural adhesion: tetracycline. bleomycin
lung cancer
hoarseness: due to left recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy
dysphagia
pancoast tumor infiltrates T1 stellate ganglion resulting in Horner syndrome
hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy
superior vena cava obstruction (SVCO): headache, shortness of breath; conjunctival edema, plethora, vein dilation, pericardial tamponade( JVP↑,ABP↓,quiet HS
paraneoplastic syndromes: endocrine( ACTH: Cushing’s; B-HCG:gynaecomastia and body hair loss; PTH: hypercalcaemia especially squamous cell carcinoma),
skin（dermatomyositis）
immunocompromised e.g. shingles 带状疱疹
squamous cell carcinoma: 30% of all primary lung tumours, but decreasing incidence ,relatively good prognosis if localized, squamous metaplasia with keratin whorls, central location, clubbing, hypercalcemia( PTH-rp secretion)
adenocarcinoma: 30%,increasing incidence, esp. women, less association with smoking, poor prognosis, metastasis early, gland-like and mucin-secretion, peripheral location, pleural effusions, hypercoagulable state
small cell carcinoma:20%,poor prognosis, metastasis occur early, small AUPD cells with neurosecretory granules, central location, paraneoplastic syndromes common
bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma: variant of adenocarcinoma that is associated with chronic lung inflammation , e.g. fibrosing , copious clear mucoid sputum
NSCLC: surgical resection possible at first, adjuvant chemotherapy
SCLC: radiotherapy + chemotherapy ( etoposide + cisplatin)
secondary lung cancer: breast, oesophago/gastric/head-neck(+colon if liver metastasis), melanoma, bone (sarcoma), thyroid, renal, prostate, ovary, choriocarcinoma, testes etc.
obstructive sleep apnoea
obstruction of upper airway occurs at night with loss of muscle tone in sleep, snoring, sleepiness during day, aponeic spells (O2↓,patient awakes from sleep), awakening with nocturia, daytime somnolence, decreased memory and attention, increased accident risk, polycythaemia, systemic hypertension and pulmonary hypertension
Causes: central obesity( fat deposition around upper airway leads to airway narrowing, abdominal fat elevates diaphragm),structural features of upper airway (nasal obstruction: rhinitis,polyps, deviated sputum; adenotonsillar hypertrophy, micrognathia; macroglossia due to hypothyrodism/amyloid/Down’s; cervical masses: goiter,laryngeal stenosis), smoking( exacerabates hypoxia), alcohol (acts as a sedative thereby reducing upper airway tone),neuromuscular or CNS diseases PSG( polysommography): overnight sleep study
Therapy: conservative: weight loss, avoid alcohol /smoking/sedatives, avoid supine position
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
mandibular advancement device (MAD)
adenoidectomy （curative in children）
uvulopalatopharyngoplasty悬雍垂-腭-咽成形术
maxillomandibular osteotomy
obesity-hypoventilation syndrome: collapse of alveoli at end-expiration, decreased compliance due to weight of abdomen and chest wall, central respiratory drive↓
常用的化疗药
cisplatin 顺铂
Gemcitabine吉西他滨：Gemzar (盐酸吉西他滨注射剂)
paclitaxel; taxinol紫杉醇（Taxol泰素）
docetaxel多西他赛（泰素帝）
常见的抗生素
beta-lactam antibiotics: inhibit cell wall synthesis
penicillin skin test
amoxicillin 阿莫西林
piperacillin/tazobactam sodium 哌拉西林/他唑巴坦钠
ticarcillin/ clavulanate potassium 替卡西林/克拉维酸钾
cephamycin 头孢菌素类
cefradine 头孢拉啶
cefaclor 头孢克洛
cefoperazone/sulbactam 头孢哌酮/舒巴坦
ceftriaxone 头孢曲松
cefpiramide 头孢吡啶
ceftazidime 头孢他定
ceftizoxime 头孢唑污
carbopenems 碳青霉烯类
azactam 氨曲南
meropenem 美罗培南
imipenem and sodium cilastatin 亚胺培南/西司他丁钠（泰能tienam）
Glycopeptides 糖肽类inhibit cell wall assembly
vancomycin 万古霉素
norvancomycin 去甲万古霉素
teicoplanin 替考拉林
Macrolides大环内酯类：inhibit protein synthesis
roxithromycin 罗红霉素
clarithromycin 克拉霉素
azithromycin 阿奇霉素
erythromycin 红霉素
Aminoglycoside antibiotics: 氨基糖苷类reno- and ototoxic
inhibit initiation and elongation process during protein synthesis
amikacin 阿米卡星（丁胺卡那）
gentamicin 庆大霉素
streptomycin 链霉素
Sulfamido 磺胺类
sulfamethoxazole compound (SMZ.CO)
Quinolones 喹诺酮类：inhibit DNA gyrase
norfloxacin 诺氟沙星
ofloxacin 氧氟沙星
levofloxacin 左氧氟沙星
gatifloxacin 加替沙星
moxifloxacin 莫西沙星
ciprofloxacin 环丙沙星
Tetracycline 四环素类
minocycline 美满霉素
Nitromidazole 硝基咪唑类
metronidazole 甲硝唑
tinidazole 替硝唑
ornidazole 奥硝唑
Antitubercular agents抗结核药
rifampicin 利福平
rifapentine 利福喷丁
isoniazide, isonicotinic hydrazide acid INH 异烟肼
pyrazinamide 吡嗪酰胺
ethambutol 乙胺丁醇
Antifungal/antimycotic drug 抗真菌药
nystatin 制霉菌素
amphotericin 两性霉素B
fluconazole 氟康唑
voriconazole 伏立康唑
itraconazole 伊曲康唑
Antivirus agents
ribavirin 利巴韦林
oseltamivir 奥司他韦
acyclovir 阿昔洛韦
ganciclovir 更昔洛韦
valaciclovir 伐昔洛韦
foscarnet sodium, phosphonoformic acid膦甲酸钠（可耐）
lamivudine 拉米夫定
entecavir 恩替卡韦
常见的病原微生物
microorganism, microbe 微生物
bacterium 细菌
lipopolysaccharide （LPS）脂多糖
antibiotics 抗生素
pyrogen 致热原
exotoxin 外毒素
endotoxin 内毒素
Gram stain 革兰染色
Colony forming unit, CFU 集落形成单位
antibacterial agents 抗菌药
resistance 耐药性
ESBLs：extended spectrum B-lactamases 超光谱B内酰胺酶
MRSA：methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus 耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌
bacteremia 菌血症
toxemia 毒血症
endotoxemia 内毒素血症
septicaemia 败血症
pyemia 脓毒血症
pathogen 致病原
pathogenicity 致病性
virulence 毒力
median lethal dose (LD50) 半数致死量
median infective dose (ID50) 半数感染量
virus 病毒
replication 复制
viremia 病毒血症
normal microbiota, microflora, normal flora, physiological microbiota 正常微生物群
flora disequilibrium 菌群失调
dysbacteriosis 菌群失调症
opportunistic infection 机会性感染
conditioned infection 条件致病性感染
endogenous infection 内源性感染
exogenous infection 外源性感染
antimicrobial susceptibility testing 药物敏感试验
minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 最小抑菌浓度
minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) 最小杀菌浓度
disinfection 消毒
sterilization 灭菌
asepsis 无菌
aseptic technique 无菌技术
bacteriostasis 抑菌
antisepsis 防腐
disinfectant 消毒剂
bacteriostatic agent 抑菌剂
bactericide 杀菌剂
autoclaving or steam under pressure sterilization 高压蒸汽灭菌法ultraviolet radiation, UV 紫外线
isolation precaution 隔离预防
artificial active immunization 人工主动免疫
vaccination 疫苗接种
killed/inactivated vaccine 死/灭活疫苗
attentuated live vaccine 减毒活疫苗
toxoid 类毒素
artificial passive immunity 人工被动免疫
antitoxin 抗毒素
gammaglobulin 丙种球蛋白
Staphylococcus aureus 金黄色葡萄球菌
Coagulase-negative staphylococci 凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌
Staphylococcus epidermidis 表皮葡萄球菌
Streptococcus pneumoniae , pneumococcus 肺炎链球菌
Viridans streptococci 草绿色链球菌
Escherichia coli 大肠埃希菌
Klebsiella pneumoniae 肺炎克雷伯菌
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 铜绿假单胞菌
Haemophilus influenzae 流感嗜血杆菌
Legionella 军团杆菌属
Enterobacter cloacae 阴沟肠杆菌
Serratia 沙雷菌属
Proteus vulgaris 普通变形杆菌
Acinebacter 不动杆菌属
Neisseria meningitis, meningococcus 脑膜炎链球菌Neisseria gonorrhoeae, gonococcus 淋病奈瑟菌Shigella, dysentery bacterium 痢疾杆菌
Salmonella typhi 伤寒沙门菌
Vibrio cholerae 霍乱弧菌
Helicobacter pylori 幽门螺杆菌
Campylobacter jejuni 空肠弯曲菌
Mycobacterium, acid-fast bacilli 分枝杆菌属，抗酸杆菌Mycobacterium tuberculosis,tubercle bacillus 结核分枝杆菌Purified protein derivate, PPD
Old tuberculin,OT
Atypical mycobacteria 非结核分枝杆菌
Mycobacterium leprae 麻风分枝杆菌
Anaerobic bacterial 厌氧性细菌
Clostridium tetani 破伤风梭菌
Clostridum perfringens 产气荚膜梭菌
Clostridum botulinum 肉毒梭菌
Clostridum difficile 艰难梭菌
antibiotic-associated diarrhea 抗生素相关性腹泻pseudomembranous colitis 假膜性结肠炎Corynebacterium diphtheriae 白喉棒状杆菌
Yersinia 耶尔森菌属
Brucella 布氏菌属
Actinomyces 放线菌属
Treponema pallidum 梅毒螺旋体（苍白密螺旋体）Venereal disease reference laboratory (VDRL)
Rapid plasma regain (RPR)
Mycoplasma pneumoniae 肺炎支原体
Chlamydia trachomatis 沙眼衣原体
Viruses associated with respiratory infections 呼吸道病毒Influenza virus 流感病毒
Parainfluenza virus 副流感病毒
Respiratory syncytial virus, RSV 呼吸道合胞病毒Coronavirus 冠状病毒
Severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARS
Adenovirus 腺病毒
Rubella virus 风疹病毒
Rhinovirus 鼻病毒
Enterovirus 肠道病毒
Rotavirus 轮状病毒
hepatitis B virus 乙型肝炎病毒
Encephalitis B virus 流行性乙型脑炎病毒
Hantavirus 汉坦病毒
Viral hemorrhagic fever 病毒性出血热
Herpes simplex virus, HSV 单纯疱疹病毒
Varicella-Zoster virus, VZV 水痘-带状疱疹病毒
Cytomegalovirus, CMV 巨细胞病毒
Epstein-Barr virus, EBV EB病毒
Human herpes virus 6, HHV-6 人疱疹病毒6型
Human papillomaviruses, HPV 人乳头状瘤病毒
Human immunodeficiency virus, HIV 人类免疫缺陷病毒
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS
Human T-lymphotropic virus, HTLV 人T淋巴细胞病毒
Adult T-cell leukemia 成人T细胞性白血病
Rabies virus 风疹病毒
Fungus 真菌
Yeast 酵母
Spore 孢子
Hypha 菌丝
Dermatophytes 皮肤癣菌
Trichophyton 毛癣菌属
Epidermophyton 表皮癣菌属
Tinea 癣
Histoplasma 组织胞浆菌属
Histoplasmosis 组织胞浆菌病
Saccharomyces albicans, candida albicans 白假丝酵母菌，白色念珠菌
Candidiasis 念珠菌病
Cryptococcus neoformans 新生隐球菌
Pneumocystis carinii 卡氏肺孢子菌
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia , PCP 卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎
Aspergillus 曲霉菌
Mucor 毛霉菌属