翻译使用技巧
理论部分：
一、四次翻译高潮Four important periods of translation in China
1、Time:
? 1. East Han Dynasty –Tang Dynasty
? 2. Ming Dynasty –Qing Dynasty
? 3. May 4th Movement –the 1950s
? 4. the 1980s --
2、Major Fields of translation for each period
?1st period: Sanskrit Buddhist Scripture
?2nd period: Science & technology; social sciences and literature
?3rd period: Literature; social sciences
?4th period: Social sciences; Literature; Science & technology
3、Major Translators for each period
?1st period: 1st translators:安世高，支谦，道安; Four outstanding translators: Indian scholars: 鸠摩罗什(Kumarajiva)，真谛(Paramartha); 玄奘，义净/不空.
?2nd period:徐光启,利玛窦；严复，林纾，梁启超，苏曼殊，伍光键
?3rd period:鲁迅，郭沫若，茅盾，张谷若，朱生豪，傅东华，钱钟书, 董秋斯，傅雷?4th period:杨宪益，戴乃迭，许渊冲，张培基等
4、Specific works translated: examples
?2nd period: 徐光启: 《几何原本》；严复: 《天演论》(Evolution and Ethics) ; 林纾: 《巴黎茶花女遗事》(La Dame aux Camelia by Alexander Dumas fils.) Lin Shu (translated 156/185 literary works).
?3rd period:张谷若(1903-1994): 《还乡》(The Return of the Natives),《苔丝》Tess of the D’urbervilles
?朱生豪(1912-1944): 31 Plays by Shakespeare
?傅东华(1893-1971): Gone with the Wind，Paradise Lost, Scarlet Letter. Illiad. 归化
?傅雷(1908-1966): 《高老头》,《追忆逝水年华》(A La Cherche du Temps Perdu)
?钱钟书(1910-1998)：co-translator of Selected works of Mao Zedong.
?董秋斯(1899-1969)：David Copperfield, War and Peace
?4th period: many foreign literary works into Chinese. Chinese literary works into English.
?杨宪益，戴乃迭，Chinese classics translation e.g. A Dream of Red Mansion, 许渊冲, Chinese poetry translation. 张培基, modern Chinese prose translation.
5、Features of translation in each period
（1）1st period:
?Translation method:
?Literal translation is advocated and preferred.
?Translation theory:
?支谦在《法句经序》(Preface to Dhammapada)中提出“因循本旨，不加文饰”。
?道安：案本而传(convey as the original says)；提出“五失本，三不易”five devi ations from the original; three difficulties)
?玄奘: 五不翻(transliteration in five cases)
?eight conditions for translators彦琮: 八备
?2nd period: many foreign literary works were translated into classic Chinese.
?Rewriting characterizes the translations.
（2）3rd period:
?Most translators tend to translate liberally.
?Lu Xun puts forward the standard of faithfulness rather than smoothness.
?Zhu Shenghao argues that the translator should keep the flavor and spirit of the original.
?Fu Lei puts forth the standard of shensi.
?Qian Zhongshu puts forth huajing
?Many translation theorists such as Nida, Catford, Peter Newmark have become familiar to Chinese scholars and other readers.
?Many schools of translation theory have been introduced to China.
二、翻译技巧：
（一）衔接与连贯coherence and cohesion
Devices of textual cohesion
? 1. lexical cohesion:
?(1) synonymy (repetition included)
?It refers to the lexical chain made up of synonym, near synonym, superordinate, hyponym and general word.
?In practice, the recognition of the lexical chain is a guarantee of correct translation.
?(2) collocation
?It refers to the words in a text whose meanings are related by the context though they may have different meanings in other texts.
?If we know this clearly, we can correctly understand the meaning of some seemingly irrelevant or difficult words, and thus translate the text properly
? 2. Grammatical cohesion:
?1). reference (conjunctions included)
?Reference includes personal, demonstrative, comparative and clausal reference. In translation, the first two references are more helpful.
?In E-C translation, the personal reference in English is replaced by lexical cohesion in Chinese such as the repetition of the same noun.
?2). substitution
?substitution and repetition
?Substitution means that substitution patterns (so, do etc.) are used to replace some words in previous text to make the text concise and clear.
?They include verbal and clausal substitution.
?Actually, the substitution pattern in English is often replaced by lexical cohesion in Chinese.
And some lexical cohesion in Chinese is often replaced by substitution pattern in English.
?3). ellipsis
?Coherence means that words, sentences, and groups of sentences in one text are logically connected.
?衔接和连贯的关系：衔接是一种语义关系，在语篇中体现为具体的词汇和语法形式。
衔接手段是借助意义来实现衔接关系的。衔接是语篇连贯性实现的一种手段。语篇表层的衔接关系是建立在深层的连贯关系基础上的。
（二）Culture and Translation 文化与翻译
?Two relationships between culture and translation
? A. micro-level:
?This is related to the strategies of translating the culture-specific words. The strategies include transliteration, literal translation, substitution, liberal translation, translation with explanation, and translation with notes. The examples are on the two textbooks: see chapter
9 of E-C textbook, and chapters 3（3.5 &3.6) of C-E textbook.
? B. macro-level:
?On the one hand, how social-cultural elements such as patronage, ideology, poetics influence the choice of translation materials, the translation strategies, and the reception of translated literature, and on the other hand, how translations influence the target culture. （三）The translation of extra-positions外位语结构的翻译
?Definition:
?Extra-position means an independent word, phrase or clause and refers to the same thing as one element does in the full sentence followed by it.
?Extra-positions are usually separated by a comma or a hyphen from the full sentence.
?The appositives are usually a pronoun serving as the subject, object or attribute in the full sentence.
?当一个词、词组或句子独立于一个完整句子之外，且与句中某一成分指述同一事物或与该成分构成包含关系时，居于句外的成分叫外位语，句中的相应成分叫本位语(appositive)。
?外位语通常用逗号或破折号隔开，表示与句子内部没有组织上的关系，本位语通常是代词，充当句子的主语、宾语或定语。
?Features:
? 1.Grammatically, the extra-position can be deleted without damaging the sentence structure because it is an independent part.
?从语法的角度看，外位语独立于一个完整的句子之外，因此，外位语在组织结构上与句子内部无关，即使把它移走，句子结构也不会受到影响。
?例句：“这个小女孩，人人都喜欢她”。
? 2. It is semantically related to the appositive in the full sentence. They could refer to the same thing or could be inclusive.
?外位语与本位语语义相连。
?外位语与本位语指同一事物时，外位语与本位语构成互指关系或替代关系。如:“炉子里的火，我让它自己灭掉。”
?外位语与本位语也可构成包含关系，如:“小张和小李，一个是会记，一个是售货员。
? 3. Functionally, it simplifies the Chinese sentence structure and creates flexible ways of expressing ideas.
?从功能的角度看，外位语简化了句子结构，使句子层次清晰化，表达方式更加灵活。
?当句中存在一个冗长的成分，如主语、宾语或定语，这个句子会显得拖沓复杂，难以理解。若采用外位语结构，句子便会变得简洁易懂。
? 4. Rhetorically, extra-position has the function of emphasis.
?从修辞的角度看，外位语结构可以起到强调作用。
?外位语通常占据突出的位置，因此可以吸引读者的注意力，
?如:“我的父母，我的老师，关心我的同学，他们都为我这场病操了不少心。”
?Classifications:
?汉语外位语结构的分类
?汉语外位语结构有两种分类方法。
?I: 按本位语在句中充当的语法成分，即外位语原本在句中充当的成分，外位语可分为外位主语、外位宾语和外位定语。如：
?(l)敬爱的周总理，他是我们尊敬和爱戴的人。(外位主语)
?(2)著名的画家齐白石，我买过他的一张画。(外位定语)
II：按本位语和外位语的关系，该结构又可分为称代式(referential)外位语结构和总分式(inclusive)外位语结构。
?Methods of translating extra-positions:
1.Translate the extra-position and omit the appositive 译出还原外位语，省略本位语(还原法）
?英语中常可用包孕结构或简单句译出汉语外位语结构中的还原外位语而省略冗余信息。
2. division: translate the extra-position as an independent sentence. 拆句法：
3. Inversion: put the extra-position at the end of the English sentence. 倒置法：
4. Use it as the formal subject (译成形式主语结构)
?由于末端重量的缘故，英语中大量使用形式主语结构。当实义主语较大或结构较复杂时，往往应置于末端，而在句首用一个形式主语来占据主语的正常位置。这既避免了头重脚轻的现象，又能使后移的主语得到加强。
?因而汉语中以意合为主要手段的意念流可以译成英语中的形式主语结构，以符合译人语的语言规范。
? https://www.360docs.net/doc/a32581364.html,e extra-positions in English for emphasis.(对应法)
?外位语结构位于句首或突出的位置，易于吸引读者的注意力，从而起到强调的修辞功能，因而在翻译时，出于强调的需要，可打破英语句子线性发展的常规，保留汉语外位语结构的结构特点，实现汉语外位语结构所要表达的句法功能。
（四）Addition & Omission
?Addition:
?Amplification (addition) means supplying necessary words in the translation based on the accurate comprehension.
?The necessary words added are the result of the differences of parataxis and hypotaxis between Chinese and English.
?Addition is the result of the need of the meaning, rhetoric, logic, and syntax.
?Addition in C-E translation
? 1. add necessary pronouns.
? 2. add necessary articles.
? 3. add necessary connectives.
? 4. add necessary prepositions.
? 5. add necessary background information.
?Omission
?Definition: Omission means the omitting of some words of the original text in the translation, while the original meaning remains unchanged.
?It is the result of the need of grammar and rhetoric.
（五）restructuring
I: definition of restructuring
?Restructuring refers to the rearrangement of the word order or sentence structure of the
original text and logical order in the target language.
II: reasons for restructuring.
? 1.The difference of word order
? 2. The different positions of attributive phrases and clauses
? 3. The different position of adverbial of time and place:
? 4. time order ; the order of cause and effect, condition and result，explanation and
conclusion
? A. time order: what happens first comes earlier than what happens subsequently in a phrase
or a sentence.
?（时序上的先后律）在句子层面上更加表现了这一特性。在叙事时，汉语是以事件为
中心来组织。人们注意的是一件件事顺时间顺序进行，动作所述及的人物相对处于次要地位。
?This order suggests that in E-C translation, if an English sentence contains several actions
that may not be arranged in time order, the translator should rearrange the actions according to the time order in Chinese.
? B. the order of cause and effect, condition and result，（事理上的因果律）explanation and
conclusion(先铺垫，后结论)
?In general, in Chinese, the cause comes before the effect and the condition comes before the
result. While, in English, the cause may come before the effect and the effect may come before the cause. The same is true for condition and result, and explanation and conclusion.
?In the translation of complicated sentences into Chinese, it is necessary to rearrange the
structure according to the logical order in Chinese when the original-order-based translation is non-smooth.
(六)Conversion
? 1.Definition: Conversion means that one word class in the source language is translated as another word class in the target language.
? 2.reasons for conversion:
?English is a language dominated by Nouns, whereas Chinese is a language dominated by verbs.
? 3. what to be converted:
?The Chinese verbs are often converted into nouns, prepositions, adjectives, adverbs, v-ing, v-ed, to do and other parts of speech.
? 2. Conversion in C-E translation:
? a. determination of the main verb and the minor verbs in the Chinese sentence.
? b. in translating, the major verb predicate in English and the minor ones v-ing, v-ed, to do and prep. Phrase
（七）Diction
? 1.Definition:
?Diction means the choice of word meaning and its expression in translation according to its context and collocation.
? 2.The role of context in translation
?“No context, no translation”.
?Context plays a very important role in translation, in the understanding of word meaning, sentence structure, cultural element in the source language, and the correct choice of words and expressions in the target language.
? 3. types of context in translation:
?(1).Linguistic context: the text surrounding an utterance
?(2).Cultural context: the culture in which the text is set
?(3).Cognitive context: the translator’s encyclopedic knowledge about the writer, the events under discussion, general cultural assumptions, religious beliefs, the target readers’expectation, the target culture, etc..
Diction in C-E translation: Major Topics
? 1. Exactness of meaning in translation
?In C-E translation, the translator has to consider the style, the range, the good sense, and bad sense of word meaning, word collocation, and the choice between similar words.
? A. conceptual meaning
? B. false friends
? C. associative meaning
?Because of the cultural differences, different tradition, different customs, the same associative meaning could be expressed with different objects in different cultures.
Substitution, or sometimes explanation, is necessary in translation.
? 2. Clarity of meaning in translation
?Analysis: Because of the feature of parataxis, the meaning of some Chinese words is vague.
In C-E translation, it should be made clear.
? 3. Brevity of meaning in translation
?Analysis: The meaning of some Chinese words are expressed in other English words. So these words could be left un-translated. E.g.
(八) Negation
I. what is negation?
?Negation refers to the translation of positive expressions in English as negative expressions in Chinese or the translation of negative expressions in English as positive expressions in Chinese, or vice versa.
?Its purpose is to better and more faithfully convey the original meaning in the target language.
II. Categories of negative words and expressions in English
Words with negative implication
?(1)English verbs with negative implications:
?fail, refuse, keep off, reject，neglect, exclude, lack, ignore, deny, prevent from, refrain from, give up, withhold，avoid，stop，turn down，fall short of, lose sight of，wash one's hands of, shut one's eyes to，turn a deaf ear to etc.
?(2).English Nouns with negative implications:
?failure, absence , refusal, ignorance, neglect, exclusion, denial, scarcity.
?(3).English Adj. or adj. phrases with negative implications:
?ignorant, free from, far from, short of, safe from, blind to,, deaf to, dead to, foreign to.
?(4).English prep. or prep phrases with negative implications:
?without, but, above, beyond, except, instead of, in place of, anything but, against.
?(5).comparative structures with negative implications:
?more(…) than …can; more…than…; …other than…; …rather than…; would rather than….; know better than to do sth.; prefer A to B;
?(6).conjunctions with negative implications:
?unless, before, until, or, than, …
III. Negation in C-E translation
?(I). positive in Chinese but negative in English
?(II). negative in Chinese but positive in English
?农家乐rural farm; farm stay; agritainment
?教育公平equal access to education
?民心工程projects in the public interest; pro-people projects
?医保覆盖面coverage of basic medical insurance
?看病难、看病贵”问题the problems of “expensive medical bills and difficult access to quality medical services”
?火车票实名制real name ticket booking system
?酒后代驾designated driver
?房奴mortgage slave
?忧患意识adversity consciousness
?全民医保basic healthcare services available for the entire population
?裸婚simplistic marriage; bare-handed marriage
?地沟油hogwash oil; recycled cooking oil
?法人legal person
?法人代表legal representative
?打酱油see no evil; hear no evil; none of my business; I am just passing by; no comment
?隐婚族pseudo-singles
?山寨copycat; Shanzhai; knock-off
?潜规则unspoken rule
?富二代the second-generation rich; silver-spoon kids
?错时上下班staggered office hours
?住房空置率(housing) vacancy rate
?阶梯计价differential pricing; tiered pricing
?新型农村合作医疗制度the New Rural Cooperative Healthcare System
?城镇居民/职工基本医保basic medical insurance for urban residents/employees
?低保家庭household receiving subsistence allowances
?公立医院改革试点pilot projects of the public hospital reform
?农村扶贫标准：rural poverty line
?基层民主：community-level democracy
?政治体制改革：political structural reform; reform of the political structure ?生态文明建设：promote ecological progress; raise ecological awareness ?科学发展观：scientific outlook on development
?实现全体人民共同富裕：achieve prosperity for all
?社会公平正义：social fairness and justice
?有利的国际环境：favorable international conditions/environment
?精神文化生活：intellectual pursuit and cultural entertainment
?时代特征：the underlying trend of our times
?求真务实：be realistic and pragmatic
?分配制度：system of income distribution
?统筹兼顾：take a holistic/integrated approach
?更加奋发有为，兢兢业业地工作：aim higher and work harder
?综合国力：overall strength of a country
英语翻译重点词汇词组
英语翻译重点词汇词组 fellow countrymen 同胞 militarist军阀 Chinese Communist Party 党组织 the Grand Canal （京杭）大运河Industrial Revolution 工业革命dawn to dark从早到晚 especially English 具有英国特征的cottage industry 农村手工业 Indian summer 最后的余辉 stock-raising 畜牧业 Homestead Act 宅地法 wild west 西部荒原 the gold rush 淘金热 basic occupation 基础产业Department of Agriculture 农业部门the Nile Delta 尼罗河三角洲 coastal erosion 水土流失Mediterranean climate 地中海型气候surveyor general 测量总监sovereign nation 主权国家aggregate output 总产量 coastal area 沿海地区 telephone connections 电话用户economic well-being 生活水平 two way trade 双向贸易 lucrative export market 出口市场
foreign exchange 外汇 sum total 总数 per capita 人均 GNP 国民生产总值 joint ventures 合资企业 net income 净收入 world investment system世界投资体系 the stock of foreign investment 外资存量 英语翻译重点词汇（２） major economy 经济大国 the stimulus, the technology and the funding 动力、技术和资金international trade and investment 国际贸易和投资 popular science 科普读物Arctic seas 北冰洋 vegetable oil 植物油 mineral oil煤油 internal combustion engine内燃机 warfare on land and sea 陆战和海战 minute sea creatures and plants 微小的海洋动植物 crude oil 原油 sedimentary rocks 沉积岩 pitch lake 沥青湖 superhighway 高速公路 living organism 生物体 applied entomology 应用昆虫学 environmental Law环保法 wildlife 野生生物
英语翻译常用句型
翻译中常见的句型 1．否定句型 1）部分否定。其否定意义只局限于整体中的一部分。其形式：“概括词all, every等+not+谓语动词”。常用于该句型词：all, both, everybody, everywhere, always, altogether, entirely, wholly等。 All is not gold that glitters. I do not wholly agree. 2) 完全否定。其形式：no, none 等否定词+肯定式谓语。常用于该句型词：no, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, never, neither, nowhere, nowise, 等。还有一种句型：all等概括词+肯定式谓语+否定意义的词。 No words can describe the scene. 任何言词均不能描绘那景色。 All his plan came to nothing. 3)双重否定 a.主语+cannot+ help/refrain/keep + from + v-ing He could not help showing his pleasure.他不由得喜形于色。 b.主语+cannot+ but/choose but/ help but +do They can not choose but admit that they are wrong. c.(there be) not +主语+but+谓语 (There is )Nobody but has his faults. 人人都有缺点。 2．判断句型 1）强调判断句 a.主语+be+ no/none +other than/but +表语（强调内容） The tall figure that I saw was none other than our commander. b.主语+be+ nothing+(else)but/ else than/ less than+ 表语 Genius is nothing but labor and diligence.天才只不过是劳动加勤奋而已。 c.it is/was +强调部分+that/ who +从句 It is I who am to blame. 2) 正反判断句 a.主语+be +not+表语a, but +表语b What I admire in Columbus is not his discovered a world, but his having gone to search for it on the faith of an opinion. b.(it is) not… that(who) …, but…that (who) Not that we are afraid of them, but that they are afraid of us. 3)比较判断句： a.主语+be less+表语a +than表语b / more+表语b+表语a Experience shows that success is due less to abilities than to zeal. b.主语+be+表语b+ rather than+表语a He is an artist rather than a philosopher. c.主语+be+ not so much +表语a+ as+表语b It is so much advice as approval that he seeks. 他寻求的与其说是忠告，不如说是忠告。3．倍数表示句型： a.主语+be+倍数+that of 被比较对象/ as +形容词+as+被比较对象
四六级翻译30个常用句型
1)It is+形容词+that It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life. 可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演着一个重要的角色。 2)It is+形容词+to do/ doing She had said what it was necessary to say. 她已经说了一切有必要说的话。 3)祈使句/名词+and/ or Work hard, and you will finally be able to reach your destination. 努力工作，你就能实现自己的目标。 4)as+many/ much+名词+as It is said that visitors spend only half as much money in a day in Leeds as in Lon-don. 据说，游客每天在利兹的花销仅为在伦敦的一半。 5)倍数词+as+形容词+as The reservoir is three times as big as it was ten years ago. 这个水库的面积是十年前三倍。 6) 倍数词+ more +名词/形容词十than Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills seven times more people each year than automobile accidents. 吸烟对人体健康的危害极大，每年死于吸烟的人比死于车祸的人多七倍。 7)(not)as/ so...as(和……(不)一样)
(完整版)初中英语常考句型翻译
初中英语常考句型翻译（一） 1.对于青少年来说，学习如何交友是很重要的。 It ' s important for teenagers to learn how to make friends. 虽然雨下得正大，但是对于他来说，看来不跑完最后的200 米是不可能的。 Although it is raining heavily, it looks that it ' s impossible for him not to finish the last 200 meters. 吃更多的蔬菜是有好处的。 It ' so ogd to eat more vegetables. 对于我们来说拥有充足的睡眠是重要的。 It ' s important for us to have enough sleep. 对于我们来说保持环境清洁是重要的。 It ' s important for us to keep the environment clean. 嘲笑残疾人是不礼貌的。 It ' s impolite to laugh at disabled people. 进行更多的锻炼对你的健康来说是有益的。 It ' s good for your health to do more exercise. 在太阳下读书对眼睛是有害的。 It ' s bad for eyes to read in the sun. 2.很抱歉，我的自行车坏了。请再等我五分钟。 I ' m sorry, there is something wrong with my bike. Please wait for me five more minutes. 我的电视机坏了，所以我不能看比赛了。 There is something wrong with my TV, so I can ' t watch the match. 我的计算机坏了。你能帮助我修理一下吗？ There is something wrong with my computer. Could you help me mend it? 这台机器坏了。我们最好修理一下它。 There ' s something wrong with this machine. We ' d better mend it. 3.我们应该在适当的时间去晚会,既不能太早，也不能太晚。 We should go to the party just at the right time, neither too early nor too late. 恶劣的天气和穷困的状况都无法改变他在那里教书的决心。 Neither bad weather nor poor condition can change her mind to teach there. 这个社区既不安静也不安全。我不喜欢住在这里。 This neighborhood is neither quiet nor safe. I don ' t like living here. Tom 和Jack 都不喜欢骑自行车上学。 Neither Tom nor Jack likes going to school by bike. 4.六月份的考试一结束我的父母就带我去大连度假。 My parents will take me to Dalian for vacation as soon as the examination in June is over. 你一完成作业就给我打电话。 Please call me up as soon as you finish your homework. 他一看完这张DVD 他就把它借给你。 He will lend this DVD to you as soon as he finishes watching it. 昨天晚上我一到家妈妈就让我准备晚饭。
2018英语翻译知识点复习考点归纳总结
1.Sandy is wearing a long, black, silk dress.桑迪穿了条黑色的长丝裙。 43. I came to London when I was 18. 我18岁的时候来到伦敦。 44. It takes 45 minutes to get to the city centre from the hotel. 宾馆到市中心需要花45分钟时间。 One of the biggest sporting events in the world is the Olympic Games. 奥运会是世界上规模最大的体育比赛之一 41. While she was waiting, her phone rang.她正在等待的时候，电话铃响了 42. Although it is very enjoyable, the film is too long.虽然这部电影非常令人愉快，但是太长了。 43. We have enough money to improve the website.我们有足够的钱改进网站。 44. 1 had the windows cleaned yesterday.昨天我请人把窗户给擦了。 45. He came across an old violin at his friend's house.他在朋友家偶然发现了一把旧提琴。 41．She borrowed the book and gave it back on Monday． 她借了那本书，后来星期一把书还了。 45．He used tO play basketball every Sunday．他以前每个周日都打篮球。 41．Football is played by more than 20 million people in more than l40 countries· 超过140个国家的2000多万人都踢足球。 42．I’ve got the same sense of humour as my mum·我和我妈妈一样，有幽默感 43．He got on well with his classmates． 他和同学关系处得很好 44．He used tO work very hard when he was youn9． 他年轻的时候工作非常努力。 45．My family is putting me up at the moment，but I am thinking of buying my own flat．我现在跟家人住在一起，但是我正考虑买一套公寓自己住 41．He got on well with his sister． 他和他的姐／妹相处得很好 44．That box is too heavy for her to carry home．那个盒子太重了，她抬回家。 41. Although it is very enjoyable, the film is too long.虽然这部电影 非常令人愉快，但是太长了。 43. I need to be at the airport by 6.00 o’clock.我得在六点前到达机场。 44. I must have left the camera in a shop.我一定是把相机丢在那家商 店里了。 31. We have enough money to improve the website. 我们有足够的钱改进网站。 45. The accounts, which are in a bit of a mess, have to be ready for next month. 帐目现在有点乱，必须要在下个月清理好。 32. Do you take after your mother or father?你像你的母亲或父亲吗？ 35. I’ve been learning English for three years. 我已经学英语3年了33. I have to move out of my room on Friday because Franco has got another tenant. 我周五得从房子里搬出来，因为佛朗哥又招了一位房客。 35.would be great to see you to catch up on all our news. 到时见了面咱们把这些日子发生的事聊一聊，会多开心啊。 :33. They enjoyed themselves at the party. 他们在聚会上玩的很愉快 34.She doesn’t like swimming and neither does her sist er. 她不喜欢游泳，她妹妹也不喜欢 32. He used to play basketball every Sunday( 每个星期天他常常去打篮球 31. He studies in a university west of Beijing. 他在北京西部的一个大学学习 :32. He came across an old painting at his friend’s house. 他在他朋友家看到了一幅旧画 33. She would buy a large house if she won the lottery. 如果她中了彩票，她就买一幢大房子 :35. Both of the boys are good at singing. 这两个男孩都擅长唱歌 34. The flat was in a bit of mess. 公寓里一片狼籍 43. We've become good friends since last summer. 从去年夏天起我们就成了好朋友了。 44. Your neighbour says your flat was burgled this afternoon. .休的邻居说你的房子今天下午被盗了。 45. I haven't got a car, and nowhere to live. My family is putting me up at the mom 我没有车，也没有地方住。现在跟家人住一起。 44. Although it is very enjoyable, the film is too long. 虽然这部电影非常令人愉快，但是太长了。 1.I can’t find the key.I must have left it in the car. 我找不到钥匙了，我肯定将它丢在车上了。 2.Polly is worried about her lack of experience. 波利担心自己缺乏经验。 3.she needs to return the book by next Friday 她得在下周五之前把书还回去。 43. We've become good friends since last summer. 从去年夏天起我们就成了好朋友了。 42. Polly(波莉) is worried about her lack of experience. 波莉担心自己缺乏经验。 43. She needs to return the hook by next Friday. 她得在下周五之前把书还回去。 41. He got on well with his sister.
英语翻译常用句型(加精)
英语翻译常考句型详解 1.It is not that…but that… 这不是说…，而是说… 「例文」It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is much finer apparatus and of couse much more accurate in its measurement than the former. 「译文」这并不是说在一种情况下所使用的磅秤和在另一种情况下所使用的天平在构造原理上或工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密得多的装置，因而在计量上必然更加准确。 2.nothing else than 完全是，实在是 「例文」What the man said was nothing else than nonsense. 「译文」那个人讲的话完全是一派胡言。 3.as引导的特殊状语从句，翻译时做定语从句处理。 「例文」We hope the measures to control prices, as they have been taken by the government, will succeed. 「译文」我们希望，政府已经采取的控制物价的措施将取得成功。 4.名词+or+名词结构中，or后的名词是同位语，应译为即…；或者称…. 「例文」Moreover， technology includes techniques , or ways to do things , as well as the manchines that may or may not be necessary to apply them. 「译文」再者，除机器外技术还包括技艺，即制作方法，而运用这些记忆并不一定都需要机器。 5.more…than…结构有三种译法：than连接肯定形式的从句时，该从句译为否定句；在比较的基础上表示选择关系时，可译为与其说…不如说；进行同类比较时，译成比…更. 「例文」The complexity of the human situation and injustice of the social order demand far more fundamental changes in the basic structure of society itself than some politicians are willing to admit in their speeches. 「译文」人类社会形势的复杂性和社会制度的不公正性要求对社会基本结构进行彻底变革，而一些政客口头上是很不愿意承认这一点的。 「分析」这是一个主从复合句，连词than前为主句，than后为从句。虽然本句是进行程度上的比较，但从句意义是否定的， 故译成否定句。 6.no more …than 与not… any more than no more …than 与not… any more than同义，不可简单地看成是more …than的否定形式。具体地说，这一结构可能是带有一定的感情色彩的否定形式，也可能是一种较特殊的类比形式。其翻译方法有二；表示同类否定比较时，可译为不比…更或都…同样不；表示比喻关系时，可译为正如…不，…也不. 「例文」The food on the ship was no better than on any other ship on which Billy had sailed. 「译文」这条船上(供应的)食品并不如比利工作过的其他船上的(食品)好。(括号里的词是可以省略的。) 「分析」这是一个主从复合句、主句是The food …no better , than on any other ship 是省略了比较对象的比较状语从句，从句on which引导的定语从句修饰先行词ship.本句中no more… than用于同类否定的比较，可译为不如…. 7.not so much as与其说…不如说… 「例文」Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. 「译文」新学派科学家说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普遍的东西。 「分析」这是一个主从复合句。插入语they say是主句，Science moves forward,……and tools是宾语从句。not so much……as 连接的是状语，as引导的状语从句中，由于上下文清楚，主谓语都省略了，即as(sciencemoves forward.)because of……not so much……as也可译为与其说……不如说……，它所表达的逻辑关系和more than有相似之处，也是在比较的基础上进行判断和选择，被比较的事物也同属一个范畴。所不同的是，more……than表示前重后轻的逻辑关系，而not so much… as和less than表示前轻后重的逻辑关系，这两个结构中信息重心落在句尾，因此不必倒过来译，只须按原文的词序顺译即可。
(完整版)2019英语六级翻译重点词汇
2019英语六级翻译重点词汇 一、经济类 总需求aggregate demand 总供给aggregate supply 企业文化corporate/entrepreneurial culture 企业形象corporate image (Cl); enterprise image 跨国公司cross-national corporation 创业精神enterprising spirit; pioneering spirit 外资企业foreign-funded enterprise 猎头公司head-hunter 假日经济holiday economy 人力资本human capital 航空和航天工业aerospace industry 飞机制造工业aircraft industry 电子工业electronic industry 汽车制造工业car industry 娱乐业entertainment industry 信息产业information industry 知识密集型产业knowledge-intensive industry 国有大中型企业large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises 轻工业light industry 博彩业lottery industry 制造业manufacturing industry 垄断行业monopoly industries 市场多元化market diversification 市场经济market economy 市场监管market supervision 购买力purchasing power 熊市bear market 牛市bull market 城镇化urbanization 房地产real estate 首付down-payment 业主home owner 个人购房贷款individual housing loan 经济全球化economic globalization 经济特区special economic zones (SEZ) 经济增长economic growth 泡沫经济bubble economy 关税tariff纳税人tax payer 宏观经济macro economy 货币投放量the size of money supply 流动性过剩excess liquidity 经济过热overheated economy
常用英语翻译技巧总结
天才是百分之九十九的勤奋加百分之一的灵感 常用翻译技巧归纳总结 个人认为，翻译题很重要！考研是个充实自己的过程，只要你还需要英语，就离不开翻译，所以大家应该引起足够重视。 首先个人推荐一本书，XDF唐静老师的《拆分与组合翻译法》，我听过他的课，他的方法很实用，感觉很象下面介绍的第四种方法。 翻译题里考察三方面内容： 1、专有名词(如operational research expert)、习惯用法(如depend on)及多义词 的翻译(如school、set的多义) 2、一般性翻译技巧:包括词义选择，词序调整，词性转换和增词法等等 3、具体句型(定从、状从、主从、宾从、表从、同位从、强调结构、并列、 比较、倒装、插入、被动、否定等) 其中2、3是大考点，具体内容可在论坛下XDF的翻译笔记来看，在此不赘述。 可看出，应对翻译题的主要武器是翻译技巧，下面正式进入正题(常用方法、被动语态译法、形容词译法、举例详解) 一、常用方法 英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练。 1增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在翻译时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如： (1) What about calling him right away?
英语自考本科翻译重点词汇
fellow countrymen 同胞 militarist军阀 Chinese Communist Party 党组织 the Grand Canal （京杭）大运河 Industrial Revolution 工业革命 dawn to dark从早到晚 especially English 具有英国特征的 cottage industry 农村手工业 Indian summer 最后的余辉 stock-raising 畜牧业 Homestead Act 宅地法 wild west 西部荒原 the gold rush 淘金热 basic occupation 基础产业 Department of Agriculture 农业部门 the Nile Delta 尼罗河三角洲 coastal erosion 水土流失 Mediterranean climate 地中海型气候 surveyor general 测量总监 sovereign nation 主权国家 aggregate output 总产量 coastal area 沿海地区 telephone connections 电话用户 economic well-being 生活水平 two way trade 双向贸易 lucrative export market 出口市场 foreign exchange 外汇 sum total 总数 per capita 人均 GNP 国民生产总值 joint ventures 合资企业 net income 净收入 world investment system世界投资体系 the stock of foreign investment 外资存量 major economy 经济大国 the stimulus, the technology and the funding 动力、技术和资金international trade and investment 国际贸易和投资 popular science 科普读物Arctic seas 北冰洋 vegetable oil 植物油 mineral oil煤油 internal combustion engine内燃机
英语翻译的重点词汇词组
英语翻译重点词汇 fellow countrymen 同胞 militarist军阀 Chinese Communist Party 党组织 the Grand Canal （京杭）大运河Industrial Revolution 工业革命dawn to dark从早到晚 especially English 具有英国特征的cottage industry 农村手工业 Indian summer 最后的余辉 stock-raising 畜牧业 Homestead Act 宅地法 wild west 西部荒原 the gold rush 淘金热 basic occupation 基础产业Department of Agriculture 农业部门the Nile Delta 尼罗河三角洲coastal erosion 水土流失Mediterranean climate 地中海型气候surveyor general 测量总监sovereign nation 主权国家aggregate output 总产量 coastal area 沿海地区 telephone connections 电话用户economic well-being 生活水平 two way trade 双向贸易 lucrative export market 出口市场foreign exchange 外汇 sum total 总数per capita 人均 GNP 国民生产总值 joint ventures 合资企业 net income 净收入 world investment system世界投资体系the stock of foreign investment 外资存量 英语翻译重点词汇（２） major economy 经济大国 the stimulus, the technology and the funding 动力、技术和资金 international trade and investment 国际贸易和投资 popular science 科普读物Arctic seas 北冰洋 vegetable oil 植物油 mineral oil煤油 internal combustion engine内燃机warfare on land and sea 陆战和海战minute sea creatures and plants 微小的海洋动植物 crude oil 原油 sedimentary rocks 沉积岩 pitch lake 沥青湖 superhighway 高速公路 living organism 生物体 applied entomology 应用昆虫学environmental Law环保法
船舶常用英文翻译
1.All doubling plate with rounded corners.加强板要倒圆角。 2.Tank to be NK coded and stamped for 5.6 Kg/cm-name ofmanufacturer & test data to be stamped on item A1. 水泥罐需NK编码和盖章，制造商名称和检验数据应印在A1上。 3.All seams to be double butt welded except as noted. 所有裂缝要双面对接焊缝，除了注意事 项。 4.Radiograph all necessary welds to obtain 100%/85% joint effeciency. 5.Remove slag& all assembly attachments-grind all sharp edges.清除焊溅物和所有装配附件， 磨光所有锐利边缘。 6.All welds to be smooth—remove all weld spatters. 所有焊缝都要光滑，去除所有焊缝溅污。 7.After fabricated, outside of tank shall be blasted to SA2.5. 制造完后，罐的外部应用SA2.5喷砂。 8.All doubling plates are to haveФ6mm telltale holes. 所有加强板要有Ф6mm 的信号孔。 词汇 Access hatch 人孔 Access ladder 通道竖梯 AHU Air handling unit 空气处理机 Air slide construction 空气气动装置 Air inlet 进气孔 Air compessor 空气压缩机 Air lock 气闸 Anchor windlass 起锚机 Angle steel 角钢/角铁 As per 按照，依据 Ball valve 球阀 Bank’s conversion table 银行的换算表 Bare drum pull 150 tonnes 裸体滚筒拉力150吨 Barge deck 驳船甲板 Baseplate 底板 Bend 弯（管）头 Bend test 冷弯测试 Black steel 碳钢/黑钢 Blind flange 法兰堵头/盲法兰/盲板 Bollard pull 系柱拉力 Bostik 波士胶 Bottom head 下封头 Bottom plate 下封头 Bow thrusters 船首推进器 Bracket 托架 Brake holding 200 tonnes 闸控200吨 Breadth moulded 模具宽度 BSP British Standard Pipe 英国标准管螺纹
英语高考常用句型翻译
?高中英语常用50句句型翻译 1、你没有必要提前预定音乐会的票（need n.） There is no need for you to book the ticket for the concert in advance. 2、在专家面前班门弄斧是没有好处的(good n. show) It is no good showing off in the presence of so many experts. 3、如果你不能集中精神学习，熬夜是没有用的(use) It is no use staying up late if you can’t focus your attention on your study. 4、抱怨交通状况是浪费时间(waste) It’s a waste of time making complaints about the transportation system. 5、我觉得你有必要在应聘之前接受一些训练(it) I find it necessary for you to have some training before you apply for a new job. 6、我突然想起来我忘记提醒班长集合的时间了(occur) It suddenly occurred to me that i forgot to remind the monitor of the gathering time. 7、似乎John对於赢得胜利没有什麽信心，你最好对他说些鼓励的话 It seems that John is not very’d better say a few encouraging words to him. 8、第一眼见到她，我就忍不住爱上她了(the first time) The first time i saw her, i couldn’t help falling in love with her. 9、你在阅读上花时间越多，取得进步越大 The more time you spend in reading, the more rapid progress you will make. 10、他获得成功的原因是他从不丧失信心，从不半途而废(halfway) The reason why he achieved success was that he never lost heart and gave up halfway. 11、重要的不是你说些什麽而是你如何演讲(matter) What matters is not what’s in your speech but how you deliver your speech. 12、再努力一下，你就能成功(effort) Make another effort, and you’ll succeed. 13、尽管教学经验不足，他总是全力以赴的满足学生的需求(spare) In spite of the fact that he lacks teaching experience, he spares no effort to meet the demand of his student. 14、不可否认，他的勇气和坚持为他赢得了很高的声誉(deny)
英语翻译重点
英译汉 Unit 1 (1)Promising are the cross-cultural studies seeking to support Darwin’s theory that facial expressions are universal and researchers found that the particular visible pattern on the face, the combination of muscles contracted for anger, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, happiness is the same for all members of our species, but this seems helpful until it is realized that a person’s cultural upbringing determines whether or not that emotion will be displayed or suppressed, as well as on which occasions and to what degree. 力求证明达尔文关于面部表情是共同的这一理论的跨文化研究给人极大的希望，研究者发现脸部的某些看得见的形状，即因愤怒、恐惧、惊讶、悲伤、厌恶、幸福而紧缩的肌肉组合,我们人类各成员都是一样的。但是这似乎无济于事，只要我们意识到一个人生长的文化决定了这种情感是否会表露或压抑,决定了在何种场合和多大的程度上会表露或压抑。 (2)The stumbling block of assumed similarity is a “trouble m,” as one English learner expressed it, not only for the foreigner but for the people in the host country with whom the international visitor comes into contact. 正如一个学习英语的人所表达的那样，相似性的假设这个的绊脚石是一个“麻烦”，不仅仅是对于来访的外国人，就连这个外国人接触的东道国的人也都是个问题。 (3)They abstract whatever fits into their personal world of recognition and then interpret it through the frame of reference of their own culture. 他们只提取出那些适合他们认可的个人世界的东西，然后按照他们自身文化为参考系来加以解释。 Unit 3 (1)The key to Crockpot stepfamilies is time and low heat. I’ve already stressed the importance of being patient with the integration process and not trying to force love, care, or togetherness. Often, in an attempt to quickly combine various ingredients such as people, rituals, and backgrounds, stepfamilies use the food processor, microwave, pressure cooker, and blender integration styles. 瓦罐煨汤式融合的继亲家庭的关键是温火慢炖。前文我已经强调了整合过程中有耐心，而不强迫关爱、强迫关心、强迫在一起的重要性。通常，为了快速的将诸如人，仪式和背景等原料合并一体，继亲家庭采用食品加工式，微波炉式，高压锅式和果汁机式的融合方式。 (2)Stepfamilies need time to adjust to new living conditions, new parenting styles, rules, and responsibilities. They need time to experience one another and develop trust, commitment, and a shared history. They need time to find a sense of belonging and an identity as a family unit. None of these things can be rushed. 继亲家庭需要时间来适应新的居住环境，新的父母家教风格，规矩和责任。他们需要时间来相互体验，产生信任，形成忠诚，创造共同的历史。他们需要时间来寻找作为一个家庭的归属感和认同感。所有这些都不能操之过急。 (3) A watched pot never boils. 心急水不开。 (4) Meredith considered it her“down time”to relax and read a good book, Terry enjoyed playing with friends, while Joe mastered his latest computer game. Meredith会把闲暇时间当作者“工歇时间”，放松自己，读一本好书。Terry喜欢和朋友们一起玩，而Joe 则精通又一种最新的电脑游戏。