英语教学法历史变迁及优劣势之我见(投稿)

英语教学法历史变迁及优劣势之我见(投稿)
英语教学法历史变迁及优劣势之我见(投稿)

英语教学法历史变迁及优劣势之我见

邹勾勾

摘要:自古以来,有关英语语言教学方法的探讨和应用,一直是历代语言学家,心理学家,教育学家苦心钻研的课题。在英语语言教学过程中,不同时期,不同背景下,先后出现了语法翻译法,直接法,试听法,交际法,任务法,合作法,自主法和折中法,它们在教学实践历史中,时而备受推崇,时而倍受冷落,时而又东山再起。本文侧重于探讨各种教学方法的优劣势,旨在通过加深对它们的学习,理解,和反省,取其精华去其糟粕,促进我国英语教学持续稳定,科学全面的改革与发展。

关键词:英语教学法优劣势英语学习

前言

英语教育教学改革的目标之一,就是选择理想的教学法。不同时期、不同的教学目的和不同的理论基础,产生了不同的外语教学法流派。它们在历史的洪流中得以发展,改革,继承和不断创新,甚至颠覆,并对中国外语教学产生深刻的影响。在英语教学活动中, 各种教学流派时而备受推崇,时而倍受冷落,时而东山再起,但他们都各有其优劣势,我们要理性分析和接受这些理论,并根据实际,因地制宜,行之有效地它们把运用到教学实践,使我们的英语教学日益完善,并有力推进英语语言教学的历史进程。

英语教学流派及优劣势大PK

一翻译法

中世纪欧洲人,为了书面翻译与阅读,采用了语法翻译法。迄今为止,它是使用最广,影响最深的教育体系。教学过程是:阅读文本——分析语法——翻译目的语为母语。翻译法提倡母语教学,重视语法知识体系的灌输,和阅读翻译能力的培养。其优势体现在:1. 注重语法的规范性,语言的逻辑性和准确性。通过大量阅读文学名著,潜移默化地拓宽了外语学习文化视野,增加了跨文化知识的沉淀与积累,提高了学生的阅读翻译能力,增加了词汇量。2. 突出母语在语言学习中的不可替代的重要地位。教师用母语解释目的语中复杂的语法结构和抽象概念,简单易行,可操作性强,也更便于学生对语法知识的理解,学习和巩固。3. 有助于培养学生阅读书写的良好学习习惯,打下扎实的英语语言文字基础,增强了学生独立学习,自我学习的能力。劣势如下:1. 过分强调语法规律的正确和语法知识的传授,导致本来密不可分,相辅相成的口语与书面语严重分化,使语言知识的学习呈现片面化,刻板化和机械化。2. 母语文学素养基础相对薄弱的教师或学生,只会生搬硬套,不会活学活用翻译规律,直接影响到翻译法在英语教学过程中的应用与实施。 3. 教师的权威主导性,导致学生被动接受,而非主动参与知识,课堂气氛沉闷,师生互动缺失,学生学习的积极性和创造性得不到充分挖掘和体现。 4. 目的语与母语互译方式,导致学生懒于英语思维,过度依赖母语,高分低能的哑巴英语成为其巨大诟病。

二直接法

19世纪工业生产的发展,世界各国交流日益增强,翻译法的诸多局限性不能适应时代的需求,直接法应运而生。直接法强调广泛运用实物,图片,动作手势等直观手段,直觉感知语言材料, 直接用外语思维; 要求外语与客观事物建立直接联系, 强调模仿,反复练习,直到养成语言习惯。优势在于:1. 强调直接学习外语,直接应用外语,突出了口语交际和表达能力的培养,极大程度增强了学生学习英语的自信2. 打破了传统英语学习法以老师为主,学生被动接受的桎梏,掀起了现代英语教学法革命的历史序幕。3. 直观教学手段,引起学生注意力和兴趣,活跃了课堂氛围,激发了学习热情,彰显了学生主体意识。劣势:1. 生硬排斥或禁止母语,忽视母语文学修养对英语学习和教学的积极助推作用,忽略了母语与目的语共性与差异性的相互影响和相互渗透。2. 片面夸大口语听说能力的培养,教学中过度依赖直观感性意识,势必对写作阅读能力的培养产生阻碍。3. 忽视遣词造句,语法规则的传授,语法知识的学习和积累被束之高阁,学生在英语学习中面临词汇量小,信息量寡,语法差,句法不通的尴尬。

三视听法

1954年吉布里纳提出试听法,主张使用幻灯,电影等手段,设置情境进行操练,倡导听说训练与情景的结合,

把听觉形象与视觉形象融合一体。他还倡导听说训练必须与某一情景相结合。优点:1. 生动形象,画面感极强的视觉冲击有助于学生形象思维的发展,使学生对英语的掌握得心应手,效果显着。2. 原汁原味,感染力极强的听觉冲击对于学生纠正语音,模仿语调,完美节奏和提升遣词造句方面功不可没。3. 情景教学法通过视听手段双管齐下,为学生提供直观生动的背景和语言环境,为英语学习提供了交互式的暗示,有助于学生创造性思维和探索精神的锻炼。缺点:1. 过分注重语言形式,忽视交际能力的培养2. 过分强调整体结构,忽视语言分析,讲解和训练3. 学生过度依赖视觉听觉形象的导入和辅助,易走进无电影和幻灯等手段,无英语学习促进的思想怪圈。

四交际法

20世纪60年代美国语言学家乔姆斯基和英国功能语言学家弗斯注重语言的交际功能,他们的语言哲学原理为交际法的产生奠定了理论基础。交际法强调语言学习目标不仅是语言能力,还包括用语言进行自然, 流利沟通交际的能力。课程的编排以功能的表意为纲,通过接触,模拟范例练习和自由表达组织教学。优势如下:1. 教学过程交际化,教学组织形式灵活化,教学语言流畅化,语言运用创造性,表达思想的直接性。2. 注重语言的应用实效,重视学生实际交际能力的培养,鼓励学生认真参与,积极互动,避免了多年传统英语教学哑巴英语的弊端。3. 交际题材范围广泛,实践量大,操练时间长。学生学习状态呈良性态势,促进了学生对语言的灵活运用。劣势是:1. 忽视语法语境,语篇的分析,弱化语言知识点的学习,积累和巩固,对语法概念和和语法现象缺乏系统规范认知,只会导致实际语言交际过程的的混乱,误解和错误连篇。2. 交际法对惯于传统英语教学法老师的活动组织能力,语言表达能力提出了高要求,学生的心理因素,性格因素和学习习惯与能力也会影响交际法实施的效用。在能力弱,基础差,主动参与意识淡薄的学生身上,效果不理想。3. 交际法片面突出语言的输出,但是语言交际的输入深度和广度,直接关系到输出质量的高低,数量的多寡,内容的深浅和效果的有无。4. 重流利,轻准确的交际性英语教学法违背了语言学习的规律,不利于学生创造性语言学习。

五任务型教学法

任务型教学法是交际法模式基础上发展而来的一种目前被广泛研究并得到肯定的教学方法,主张以任务为核心单元计划,组织教学活动。教学过程:教师布置小任务——学生收集信息——设计方案——具体实施——评价学习。通过围绕完成任务,调动学生综合运用听说读写译能力参与教学活动。优势显著:1. 重视语言学习的交互性,真实性,过程性,学生的参与性和学与用的相关性。2. 学生从无意识接受向有意识参与迁移,从被动学习向主动学习过渡,学生学习的无限潜力得以充分挖掘。3. 学生把注意力投注在任务完成的过程与目标中来,将交际实践中的一个层面“基于任务交际”明确化,具体化了。4. 关注学生学习需要,学习氛围宽松,有机结合语言的有效输入与实效输出。劣势明显:1. 具有时代感,兴趣性,同时难易适中,难易有别和切实可行特性的课程任务的设置,需要老师的精心策划和匠心独运,这对他们的课程组织和设置提出了严峻的挑战。设计不当会使任务完成效果大打折扣。2. 任务设计的教学环节需要师生投入大量的时间和精力,学生参与度不高或者老师教学方法陈旧,使任务型教学模式的推广和普及存在难度。

六合作学习

合作学习(Cooperative Learning)又叫“小组学习”、“团队学习”或“分享学习”。合作学习代表Slavin认为“合作学习指学生在小组中从事学习活动,依托整个小组的成绩获取奖励或认可的课堂教学艺术。”简言之,合作学习是学生为了完成共同任务,有明确的责任分工的互助性学习。它包括五大要素:积极的相互依赖,面对面的交互作用,个体责任,社会技能,小组加工或自评。优点:1. 凸显了学生的主体地位和老师的作用。学生通过多渠道获取信息,集思广益,模仿和学习组内优秀成员的思维方式和解题策略,内化为自己的知识和技能,从而养成学生主动性,创造性自主学的习惯。 2. 信息资源的共享,思想方法的协调和个体行动的一致,保证了既独立分工又精诚合作,培养了学生的集体意识,合作精神和沟通技巧。3. 学生间相互信赖,相互帮助,相互促进,相互合作。有利于减轻和舒缓个人面对挑战时的无助感和焦虑情绪,有助于学生良好心理素质的养成。4. 团体合作学习效果如何,综合评价成绩的高低取决于成员间设定目标后的共同努力,合作学习有助于成员价值感,荣誉感,成就感和集体观念的体验。缺点:1. 合作学习组织的划分不易掌控和难以均衡。组员的基础高低不平,组员之间关系的融洽与否,活动的组织与实施是否落实到位,分工是否明确,都是需要考量的因素。2. 合作过程矛盾并存。合作小组内部意见不一,相互猜疑,缺乏沟通技巧;个别组员态度不端正,思想涣散,蹭大锅饭;积极自评,消极他评,严重影响合作学习的效度。 3.合作学习教室空间的安排是否得当,在创造合作协调的学习氛围中扮演着重

要角色,但目前我国大班教学的现状,致使合作学习模式难以在实践中实施,推广和普及。

七自主学习

Henry Holec认为自主学习是指学习者自我负责管理语言学习的能力,包括学习目标设定,独立学习行为和学习评估。主要成分是态度,能力与环境。长处是: 1. 学生从“我被管”到“我管我”转换后,具有强烈的学习动机和学习自主性。明确了学习目标,摆正了学习态度,提高了自我管理能力,增强了自我效能感。2. 自觉提前收集,整理有效学习资源,独立整合,运用各种学习手段和学习策略,自主完成语言学习的各项任务和目标。 3. 能自主思考,自主调节学习状态;能实时监控,独立调整学习进度,能自主评估,改进学习模式,保证了自主学习的一致性和规范性。短处: 1. 基于网络与多媒体的自主学习培养模式形式单一,教师,学校,学生三位一体的的联合机制欠完善。学校自主学习网络平台的搭建不理想,教师自主学习引导和指导不给力,学生自主学习观念不强,意识淡薄。 2.缺乏高效的自我监督,缺乏有效的自主学习策略,缺乏有力的自主执行计划,缺乏抗挫的勇气和努力,缺乏面对挑战的耐力和信心,导致自主教学模式形式大于内容,学习效果得不到科学全面的体现。3. 自主学习资料库信息匮乏,选择有限,自主学习资料参差不齐,良莠不齐,这给自主材料的选定工作带来巨大难度。

八折中法

折中法,作为一种全新的英语教学模式,得到了普遍认可和广泛运用。折中法通过对传统教育方法和现代教育策略进行演绎和归纳,并对各种教学流派的理论,方法和途径进行筛选,权衡,采取取长补短,优化资源的手段,把貌似对立的方法综合运用。优势:1.避免了某一种特定教学方法本身的孤芳自赏和形式单一带来的片面性,博采众家之长,兼顾了多功能教学的融合,适应了新时期全方位,全球化发展的需要。2.沿袭了注重词汇,语法,写作与阅读基础的传统语法翻译法的优势,也秉承了强调听说口语交际能力增强的视听说方法的风格,还整合了目标性,任务性与自主性并重的自主合作任务学习的长处。 3. 具有较强的适应性,折中法教学方法的选择与教学内容、教学目标、教学条件和学生的需求密切关联,协调适宜。4. 有利于教师更新教学观念,拓宽教学视野,提高语言教学效度;有利于学生多感官,多手段灵活学习掌握语言知识。缺点:1. 不同的教学阶段,对象,内容和环境需采用哪几种教学方法,各种教学方法各占比重如何,是一个需要全方位权衡和考量的问题。 2. 所有教学方法精髓的提取,择优和综合应用对老师的专业素养和综合素质是一场考验,缺乏对各种方法全面学习,势必使教学效果的最优化埋下了祸端。

结语

在英语教学中, 教学法的诞生,发展,完善和革新主要取决于具体教学内容、教学目的、教学对象和教学条件。具体情况不同, 教学方法也不尽相同。因此, 教师在教学中必须了解并探讨各教学法的优劣势, 加深对它们的学习,理解,和反省,取其精华去其糟粕,熟练掌握,科学运用各教学法的特点与技巧, 并根据特定的教学情景,优化各种教学方法的适用度,加大英语教学改革的深度,促进大学英语教学效度,使之更适合我国的具体情况。

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[8]徐锦芬,课外合作学习对大学生英语自主学习能力影响的实证研究解放军外国语学院学报[J]. 解放军外国语学院学报,2013,9

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Steps for teaching a grammatical item: 1.Provide a context 2.Help students to say the target language 3.Provide a written record 4.Personalize the target language 5.Help students to guess the grammar rules of the target language 6.Help students to understand the communicative importance of grammar 7.Help students to understand the importance of grammatical accuracy The deductive method 1.the rule is given first. 2.The teacher explains the rules with examples. 3.Students apply the rules to given situations(practices). The inductive method Students are given the structure in context and are asked to work out the rules for themselves. They are given guidance from the teacher in using evidence from the context to work out the usage of the structure. Steps for teaching a sound: 1.Say the sound alone. 2.Get the students repeat the sound in chorus 3.Get individual students to repeat the sound. 4.Explain how to make the sound. 5.Say the sound in a word. 6.Contrast it with other sounds. 7.Say the sound in meaningful context V ocabulary items presentation and practices Presentation 1.Try to provide a visual or physical demonstration whenever possible, using pictures, photos, video clips, mime or gestures to show meaning. 2.Provide a verbal context to demonstrate meaning. Then ask students to tell the meaning first before it is offered by the teacher. https://www.360docs.net/doc/a418644894.html,e synonyms or antonyms to explain meanings. https://www.360docs.net/doc/a418644894.html,e lexical sets or hyponyms to show relations of words and their meanings,e.g cook::fry, boil, bake, grill, etc. 5.Translate and exemplify, especially with technical words or words with abstract meaning. https://www.360docs.net/doc/a418644894.html,e word formation rules and common affixes to build new lexical knowledge in what is already known. 7.T each vocabulary in chunks. Chunks refer to a group of words that go together to form meaning. It is also referred to as ‘pre-fabricated formulaic items’. 8.Think about the context in real life where the word might be used. Relate newly learned language to students’ real life to promote high motivation. 9.Think about providing different context for introducing new words. 10.Prepare for possible misunderstanding or confusion that students may have.

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