英语全球化对其他语言及文化的影响

英语全球化对其他语言及文化的影响
英语全球化对其他语言及文化的影响

英语全球化对其他语言及文化的影响

作者:付博

来源:《现代交际》2011年第04期

[摘要]本文主要探讨了英语全球化背景下英语作为绝对强势的语言对世界其他弱势及少数民族语言的影响及相互作用,但全球化不等于一元化,各国都应为本族语言和文化的传承及发展提出必要的保护措施,为和谐的国际多元语言环境和人类灿烂的文明史做出贡献。

[关键词]英语英语全球化弱势语言少数民族语言

[中图分类号]H31[文献标识码]A[文章编号]1009-5349(2011)04-0063-01

随着经济全球化的发展,语言全球化也随之应运而生,作为“国际语言”“世界语言”“国际普通话”“一门永不褪色的语言”,英语已然成为语言全球化的惟一主角。

美国语言学家BrajKackru(1983)根据英语在当今世界的传播及习得方式和使用差异将涉及英语的国家和地区归为三个同心圆,最内层为核心国家,即把英语作为母语的英语国家,它包括美国、英国、爱尔兰、加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰。中间圆为英语在非母语背景下进行早期发展和传播的五十多个国家和地区,即英语为这些国家和地区主要语言的组成部分,是习惯语言或第二语言,譬如新加坡、印度、马拉维等国家,人口为十三亿左右。最外层圆即延伸国家包括中国、法国、俄罗斯、日本、希腊和波兰等,人口在18~20亿。这些国家不认为是被沦为核心国家的殖民地,也不把英语放在任何特殊的地位,但英语作为国际语言的重要性已得到充分重视,并把英语作为外语在学校进行讲授,这样属于扩展圈上的国家数量也在日益增加。

回首语言兴衰的历史,希腊语、拉丁语、阿拉伯语以及俄语在不同时期都曾位居榜首,然而随着以英美为首的同盟国在第二次世界大战中的胜利,英语成为全球使用最广泛的语言趋势不可避免。这样看来,英语作为国际交流语言的历史也仅仅数十年,但其对世界各地的英语学习政策和实践产生了巨大的影响。为什么是英语而非其他语言成为了世界各国都要掌握的语言呢?答案可以是一句话:“美元背后的语言是英语”。

作为源语国,英美两国的国际地位对英语的普及不言而喻。16世纪早期英国殖民扩展让世界认识了英语并得以广泛传播,19世纪初英国的工业和贸易在世界的领先地位为英语全球化奠定了坚实的基础,20世界美国卓越的军事实力和超强的经济实力为英语全球化作了必要的巩固和加强。英国和美国都是在政治、经济、军事等方面很强势的国家,霸权主义思想也必然随之而产生,也就是在国际关系中以实力操纵或控制别国的欲望和行为。这些霸权行为体现于经济、政治、军事、外交甚至文化领域中,当然包括以英语为媒介来传播其意识形态和价值观念。可以说,霸权是英语全球化的动力所在,没有霸权就没有英语的全球化。简言之,英国的殖民霸权奠定了英语全球化的基础,美国的经济霸权和科技影响力催生了英语的语言霸权,全球化背景下,英语的语言霸权把英语全球化推向高潮。

语言是文化的载体,英语语言全球化与英美文化国际化可谓是双向积极作用着彼此。英国文化随着殖民扩张而广泛传播,世人一度视英国文化为“先进”的,并通过学习其语言来追随进而试图融入这样“先进的”文化氛围,因此有人说英语国际化是“文化帝国主义”的突出表现。二战后,美国科技的迅猛发展使其语言文化的国际扩展如虎添翼。以美国文化背景为主的广播、报纸、杂志、电影、广告、流行音乐、体育、电视节目在全球范围内的传播, 为英语国际化提供了充分的文化土壤。随着信息化时代的到来, 英语更是以汽车文化、手机文化、网络文化、快餐文化等诸多新形式被人们所接受。世界各国在以美国为主导的国际制度安排下,为了维护自身的生存和发展利益,纷纷自觉地选择英语作为交流工具,这样美国的意识形态和价值观念在美国文化载体的携带下,向全球不断扩张,在社会生活的各领域不断渗透。英语全球化运动已经由横向扩张过渡到横向扩张与纵向深化相结合的状态,继而催生了英语的语言霸权。

英语的全球化仿佛一把双刃剑,一方面共同的语言便于全世界各国人民的交流和沟通,另一方面放弃本民族语的使用对各国母语的留存构成了严重的威胁,达到一定程度,国家民族身份也将面临着挑战。

联合国教科文组织统计表明,全世界共六千多种语言,但约两千种语言使用者不足一千人,其中半数语言已不被儿童传授。有人预计,现存的六千多种语言将会有80%到本世纪末消失,那么这些土族或者少数民族的后代将会使用什么语言来代替先辈的语言?或是本国的第一语言,或是在本国作为第二语言的英语。有学者也曾把英语称为“杀手语言”(killer language)“语言凶手”(language murder)。早期英语发展就使英格兰的市井语言谋杀了爱尔兰的凯尔特语(Celtic)。为什么英语具有如此强大的杀伤力?一种语言的兴盛总是以其他语言的衰减为代价的,因此,原因可以从英语本身和被英语“谋杀”了的语言本身两个角度来阐释。如今,英语正不断地对英语国家的少数民族语言和移民社区语言以及国外的其他语言进行着强有力的渗透和兼并,有语言学家担心到本世纪末,全球75%以上的其他地方语言将会被英语取代。因此,英语的传播速度和这些非英语语言的消亡速度是同步的。然而,语言的消失不单纯是人们失去了一种交流沟通的工具,而是用该语言记录而尚未被翻译成英语的历史、政治、贸易、宗教、科学、文学等,而后人们也就失去了学习和利用这些知识的机会。中国的满语就是一个活生生的例子,统治中国二百六十多年的满清王朝遗留在世界各地的五百余万件册涉及政治、经济、军事、文化、外交、宗教、天文、地理和民俗等大量资料,由于满语几乎消失和满语人才的匮乏,这些对人类文明的记载也终不见天日。然而,如汉语和法语等其他世界语言,在如此强势的英语面前也只能望其项背。多数语言学者赞同语言的总体趋势是英语,有人曾这样概述人类语言转换的现象和结果:不管语言变更的理由是什么,最终的趋势总是几乎相同,那就是一种国家语言取代少数民族语言,而英语最终取代他们二者。

令人欣慰的是,很多国家已意识到保护本族语言的重要意义所在,并为此采取了一定的措施。许多国家对随处可见的产品英文标识及说明做了规定,如波兰制定了一项法律,规定所有公司的推销广告和产品说明书都必须使用波兰语。很多法国人极力反对商标和因特网上充斥过多的英语。俄罗斯也颁布过一项行政命令,要求商品标识必须以俄文为主,所有商品要配有俄语翻译。我国政府为更好地保护和发展境内少数民族语言文化,签署了数项国际公约,如《联合国教科文组织保护和促进文化表现形式多样性公约》《联合国教科文组织保护非物质文化遗

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经济全球化英语作文

经济全球化英语作文 Prepared on 22 November 2020

This phenomenon of economic globalization is one of numerous international phenomena which has become common and already attracted broad attention in the world in recent years. Econo mic globalization, in brief, makes the whole world a smaller village. Economic globalization offer s abundant opportunities for every country in this world to develop their economy, enrich their culture,improve their regime, update their technology and so on, but of course it is a two-edge d s w o r d:i t c a n b r i n g b o t h b e n e f i t a n d h a r m. It is important that we must understand the nature of the problem. On the one hand,economic globalization offers a mass of opportunities for every country . On the other hand, One of the most controversial aspects is that there are many people think the America can dominance th e global economy. I have some suggestions to deal with this problem. As we all know, economic globalization can bring benefit to everyone. In the past twenty years, in the rapid process of economic globalizati on and explosive development of the Internet, China has brought about rapider economic grow th, social progress and so on, so we should accept economic globalization. Secondly, in the proce ss of explosive development of economic globalization, China has been experiencing the disintegration of the traditi onal should keep our own basic principles into the economic globalization to get more benefit.

改变自己的英语演讲稿

大学生英语演讲稿:如何改变自己 it’s my great pleasure to stand here to present my speech—change the world, change ourselves. frankly speaking, i don’t quite agree with , we should never neglect or even discard our traditonal festivals as china boasts a brilliant history and splendid traditions. (examples).but why can’t we absorb the meaningful western holidays and culture. only way for us to protect our traditional culture is to reject the foreign culture the answer is definitely no. what we ought to do is to spare no effort to educate chinese to get to know and treasure our splendid traditions instead of rejecting foreign culture. only by educating can we set our confidence and belief towards our culture. only by educating can we preserve and promote the wealth that our ancesters left for us. at last i’d like to share a famouse saying of gandhi with all of you ,that is:if you want to change the world, then you must change yourself first.” 我很高兴能站在这里,现在我speech-change世界,改变自己。 引人注目的是,西方的节日日益变得越来越流行,而中国的传统节日都是受冷落。在不久的将来大约10医生在北京大学和清华大学宣布,我们应该拒绝入侵的西方节日,因为他们认为西方节日作为一种挑战我们的传统节日和文化。 坦白地说,我不完全同意他们。事实上,我们不应该忽视甚至抛弃我们的传统节日作为中国拥有辉煌的历史和灿烂的传统。(例子)。但是我们为什么不能吸收西方文化的意义。 有明显的原因,一些西方节日在中国非常受欢迎。另一方面,一些西方的节日,我们中国人不合理和有意义的事情,比如父亲节,愚人节等等。另一方面,普遍的全球化使得中西文化在中国的流行。被这一趋势、中国unconsiciously卷入西方节日和文化。 摘要随着世界的发展,文化交流不同国家和民族之间变得更快和更非常多,艺术设计多重要。我们确实是来自不同的国家,但我们是公民相同的世界,所以不同的民族优秀传统文化中找到财富是地球上的每个人都…我们唯一的方法来保护我们的传统文化,就是拒绝外国的文化吗答案是绝对不行。我们应该做的就是不遗余力地教导中国人了解并珍惜我们的辉煌的传统,而不是拒绝外国文化。只有通过教育才能将我们的信心和勇气向我们的文化。只有通过教育才能保持和提升的财富,我们祖先留给我们。 最后,我想说的一个著名的分享与你们在一起。甘地,那就是:如果你想要改变世界,那么你必须改变你自己。”篇二:大学英语演讲稿 英语演讲稿:如何改变自己 而中国的传统节日都是受冷落前不久,在北京大学和清华大学大约 10 doctors in beijing university and qinghua university announced that we should reject 10个医生宣布,我们应该拒绝入侵的西方节日, the invasion of western holidays, because they regard western holidays as an challenge 因为他们认为西方节日作为一种挑战我们的传统节日和文化。 against our traditional festivals and culture. frankly speaking, i don’t quite agree with them. indeed, we should never neglect坦白地说,我不完全同意他们,的确,我们不应该忽视甚至抛弃 or even discard our traditional festivals. as china boasts a brilliant history and splendid 我们的传统节日。因为中国拥有辉煌的历史和灿烂的传统。traditions. but why can’t we absorb the meaningful western holidays and culture. 但是我们为什么不能吸收西方文化的意义。 there are obvious reasons why some western holidays are so popular in china. on有明显的原因为什么一些西方节日在中国非常受欢迎 the one hand, some of the western holidays which we chinese don’t have are 一方面,一些我们中国人没有的西方节日是合理,有意义的。 reasonable and meaningful, such as father’s day and april fool’s day. on the other 比如,父亲节和愚人节。另一方面,普遍全球化使西方文化在中 hand,the prevalence of globalization enables western culture to prevail in china. 国盛行。

英语作文模板

Along with the advance of the society more and mo re problems are brought to our attention, one of w hich is that.... 随着社会的不断发展,出现了越来越多的问题,其中之一便是____________。 As to whether it is a blessing or a curse, howe ver, people take different attitudes. 然而,对于此类问题,人们持不同的看法。(Hold differe nt attitudes 持不同的看;Come up with different attitu des 有不同的看法) As society develops, people are attaching much importance to.... 随着社会的发展,人们开始关注............ People are attaching more and more importance to the interview during job hunting 求职的过程中,人们慢慢意识到面试的重要性。 As to whether it is worthwhile ....., there is a lo ng-running controversial debate. It is quite natural that people from different backgrounds may have di vergent attitudes towards it. 关于是否值得___________的问题,一直以来争论不休。当然,不同的人对此可能持不同的观点。

演讲稿之英文演讲比赛稿

英文演讲比赛稿 【篇一:历届英语比赛演讲稿】 历届全国英语演讲大赛冠军演讲稿 学曹丰演讲稿 our future: a battle between dreams and reality good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen: when i was in the primary school, i have a dream. i want to invent a device which could bring you from one place to another in no time at all. when i was in the secondary school, my dream was to study in my ideal university. and when eventually i got into the university, my dream was to graduate. how pathetic! when we grow up, we dream less and become more realistic. why? why do we have to change our dreams, so, so in order to let it be fulfilled? why do we have to surrender to the so-called reality? what is the reality actually? ladies and gentlemen, the reality is not real. it is a barrier keeping us from all the possible fantasies. flying, for example, had been a dream to mankind for thousands of years. a hundred years ago, man could not fly was still regarded as the reality. now if that was really the reality, what did the wright brothers do? how did some of you get to macau? only when we believe that the reality is not real can we soar with our dreams. people say that our future is a battle between the reality and our dreams. and if, unfortunately, mr. reality wins this war, then i see no future of mankind at all. aids will never be curable as this is the reality; people living in the undeveloped countries will suffer from starvation forever as this is the reality; 4) disputes among different countries would never be settled as this misunderstandings and intolerance is the reality. ladies and gentlemen, how many of you have a dream of being able to make a lot of money? please raise your hands. oh, quite a number of you! actually, ladies and gentlemen, this is not a dream, but a task. every one of us has to make a living, right? anyway i hope your task will be accomplished. how many of you think that you have already fulfilled your dream and that you dont dream anymore? dear 5) adjudicators, what do you think? c.s. lewis once said,

关于全球化的英语作文

Globalization With the rapid social and economic development, globalization comes not to be an unfamiliar word to all of us. Though we are living in the affection of it, yet it is hard to tell it’s advantages and disadvantages. Globalization phenomenon is an outcome of social development. The typical types are economic globalization, cultural globalization. As we all know, it is a double-edged sword. Therefore, we must pay more attention on this phenomenon and it’s development trend. Globalization has so many advantages, such as it makes the world become a small village and let people touch each other more convenient and easy, it increase free trade between nations and give the developing countries a terrific opportunity to develop themselves in all aspects quickly. What’s more, it can reduce the cultural barriers and let various of cultural get a better communication and development. On the contrary, it also has a lot of disadvantages. Because under globalization, every country’s economy can make a great influence of others, it make the economy of the world more fragile. In order to possess the good chance and precious resources, the disputes and even wars may take place between nations. In recent years, great risk of diseases being transported between nations has also become a threaten to people. As the globalization has become an irrevocable trend, we must adjust it. This phenomenon is an opportunity as well as a challenge. Consequently, every person, every

全球化的影响(英文)

全球化的影响 范文(一) Nowadays we can enjoy the same films, fashions, brands, advertisements and TV channels. The evident difference between countries is disappearing. To what extent do you think the disadvantages overweight the advantages of this? Globalization creates conditions for widening international exchanges, strengthening mutual understanding between nations, expanding cultural, educational, and scientific cooperation between nations and countries, enjoying the cultural achievements of people around the world which encourages the process of modernization and the enrichment of national culture. However, these conditions also create the possible danger of diminishing the national culture with a negative impact on the pre123vation of national identity. Through globalization and an open door policy, erroneous concepts and a lowering of ethical standards, a selfish and individualistic lifestyle and harmful cultural products can easily be imported into the country. At present, modern information technology which in the main is controlled by US is hourly and intensively disseminating US ideology, way of life, culture and films across the world. Even US food is promoted so that some people consider globalization as global Americanization. During the process of economic globalization, inequality between developed and developing countries has been increasing and the gap between the rich and the poor has become wider, most of the result of globalization go to assist developed countries. Globalization does not pose equal interests and risks to all nations. With an overwhelming advantage compared to most of the developing countries in terms of finance and the level of science and technology, developed ca123alist countries control the situation of economic globalization. For these reasons, globalization is a fierce and complicated struggle in both cultural and ideological fields. We take the initiative in international economic integration but also have to take the initiative in fighting to keep our distinct culture resisting pro-foreign and cross-bred phenomena, and overcoming the psychology of preferring money over ethical values.

关于全球化的英语作文

G l o b a l i z a t i o n With the rapid social and economic development, globalization comes not to be an unfamiliar word to all of us. Though we are living in the affection of it, yet it is hard to tell it’s advantages and disadvantages. Globalization phenomenon is an outcome of social development. The typical types are economic globalization, cultural globalization. As we all know, it is a double-edged sword. Therefore, we must pay more attention on this phenomenon and it’s development trend. Globalization has so many advantages, such as it makes the world become a small village and let people touch each other more convenient and easy, it increase free trade between nations and give the developing countries a terrific opportunity to develop themselves in all aspects quickly. What’s more, it can reduce the cultural barriers and let various of cultural get a better communication and development. On the contrary, it also has a lot of disadvantages. Because under globalization, every country’s economy can make a great influence of others, it make the economy of the world more fragile. In order to possess the good chance and precious resources, the disputes and even wars may take place between nations. In recent years, great risk of diseases being transported between nations has also become a threaten to people. As the globalization has become an irrevocable trend, we must adjust it. This phenomenon is an opportunity as well as a challenge. Consequently, every person, every nation should try the best to get a good position in the process of globalization and make full use of such a vital chance to be stronger.

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