欧洲文化入门论文

本学期选了《欧洲文化入门》选修课，但是更像是英语课，老师的课件大部分是英文的，在一定程度上帮助了我的英语学习。虽然学的不是很细，但是我也学到了一点基本的欧洲文化知识，》比如希耶鲁大学，麻省理工学院，剑桥大学的文化的历史背景；英国的著名建筑景点；欧洲和美国的文化等等。能够接受这样的文化熏陶，我相信会让我获益匪浅的。

先说一下耶鲁大学、麻省理工学院，剑桥大学的文化的历史背景和整个欧洲文化的概况：要研究欧洲发展的历史，我们要仅仅抓住两条线索。一条是社会文化发展线索，那就是希腊和罗马文化历史。另一条则是精神宗教形成线索，即犹太教和基督教历史。

一、世界著名的大学

耶鲁大学（Yale University）是一所坐落于美国康涅狄格州纽黑文的私立大学，创于1701年，初名“大学学院”（Collegiate School）。耶鲁大学是美国历史上建立的第三所大学（第一所是哈佛大学，第二所是威廉玛丽学院），该校教授阵容、学术创新、课程设置和场馆设施等方面堪称一流，与哈佛大学、普林斯顿大学齐名，历年来共同角逐美国大学和研究生院前三的位置。哈佛大学注重闻名于研究生教育，威廉玛丽学院闻名于本科生教育，耶鲁则是双脚走路，都非常著名，在世界大学排名中名列前茅。

剑桥大学（University of Cambridge）是全世界最顶尖的大学之一，位于英格兰的剑桥镇，英国许多著名的科学家、文学家、政治家都来自于这所大学。剑桥大学也是诞生最多诺贝尔奖得主的高等学府，89名诺贝尔奖获得者曾经在此执教或学习（90人次，其中弗雷德里克·桑格获得两次），大多数都是剑桥大学的学生。剑桥大学还是英国的名校联盟“罗素大学集团”（Russell Group of Universities）和欧洲的大学联盟科英布拉集团的成员之一，世界各报刊以及研究机构的排行榜中，剑桥大学经常位居世界第一。

麻省理工学院（Massachusetts Institute of Technology，MIT）是美国一所综合性私立大学，位于马萨诸塞州的剑桥市，查尔斯河（Charles River）将其与波士顿的后湾区（Back Bay）隔开。麻省理工学院无论是在美国还是全世界都有非常重要的影响力，培养了众多对世界产生重大影响的人士，是全球高科技和高等研究的先驱领导大学。MIT的自然及工程科学在世界上享有极佳的声誉，其管理学、经济学、哲学、政治学、语言学也同样优秀。

二、欧洲著名人物

威廉·莎士比亚（1564-1616）英国文艺复兴时期伟大的戏剧家和诗人。

有关莎士比亚私人生活的记录流传下来很少，关于他的性取向、宗教信仰，以及他的著作是否出自他人之手都依然是谜，有人认为是英国女王伊丽莎白一世（参见莎士比亚另有其人说）。

他的代表作有四大悲剧：《哈姆雷特》（英：Hamlet）、《奥赛罗》（英：Othello）、《李尔王》（英：King Lear）、《麦克白》（英：Macbeth）。

著名的四大喜剧：《仲夏夜之梦》、《威尼斯商人》、《第十二夜》、《皆大欢喜》（《As you

like it》）。历史剧：《亨利四世》、《亨利五世》、《理查三世》。

希腊罗马文化

希腊罗马文化可以说是欧洲文明的起源，希腊文明分为几个时期，她形成于公元前800－500年，经历了古典时代（也就是公元前500到公元前336年）和希腊化时代（也就是公元前336年到公元前31年）。希腊文明达到顶峰是公元前5世纪。公元前146年，希腊被罗马攻克。希腊文明也就被罗马文明所取代。

四、基督教《圣经》《新约》

基督教的主要经典是《圣经》。《圣经》由《新约》和《旧约》两部分构成。在前面已经谈到《旧约》是希伯莱人的文献。《旧约》共39部，写了从1000B.C.---100A.D.的事情，最重要的前五本是《摩西五书》，包括《创世纪》, 《出埃及记》, 《利未记》, 《民数记》, 《申命记》。《新约》成于基督教兴起之后，共27卷，其中前四卷福音书《马太福音》、《马可福音》《路加福音》《约翰福音》内容包括了有关耶稣言行的传说、耶稣使徒的传说。

欧洲文化源远流长万花筒，一个学期的学习室不够的，我们还要在平时的生活中注意观察，在平时积累，这样我们的欧洲文化知识才会更加丰富。

完整版欧洲文化入门参考资料

欧洲文化入门参考资料这是一本中国大学生了解欧洲文化的英语教科书，为了教学需要而编写的。学习英语的中国大学生在阅读英文书刊和同英语国家人士的交往中，往往感到由于缺乏欧洲文化知识而增加了许多困难。英语中有数不清的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等等来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作或者牵涉到各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物。如果对这些所知无多，读书未必全懂，对谈也难顺利。而一旦对这些有了较多知识，则不仅了解程度会提高，而且由于通过文化来学习语言，语言也会学得更好。《欧洲文化入门》教学大纲一、课程基本信息 1、课程英文名称：European Culture: An Introduction 2、课程类别：专业限选课程 3、课程学时：32学时 4、学分：2 5、先修课程：《高级英语》、《英国文学选读》、《美国文学选读》 6、适用专业：英语 7、大纲执笔：英语专业教研室 8、大纲审批：外语系学术委员会 9、制定(修订)时间：2005 二、课程的目的与任务：本课程为专业选修课程，旨在通过该课程的学习，学生比较系统地学习有关欧洲文化的基本知识，以提高学生的文化知识和文化修养，并为以后开专业课提供大量重要的背景文化知识，从而更好地了解和学习英语，提高文学欣赏水平。三、课程的基本要求：本教学大纲对象是高等院校英语专业高年级学生，全部用英语授课。了解欧洲文化对英语发展的影响和欧洲文化发展的脉络；了解来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等；了解欧洲各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物；将欧洲文化与同时期的中国文化进行比较；学生应准备一些工具书、参考书、选本、译本。四、教学内容、要求及学时分配：希腊、罗马文化基督教及其《圣经》中世纪文艺复兴与宗教改革十七世纪启蒙运动浪漫主义马克思主义与达尔文学说现实主义现代主义及其它五、考试考核办法：笔试六、教材及参考书：

欧洲文化入门小论文范文

Renaissance’s influence on Europe Introduction The word “Renaissance” means “rebirth”. It meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome. The essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and Reformation. In my paper, I do like to talk about the influence on the Europe which brought by Renaissance, it will be elaborated in aspects of art, economy, politic and humanism. Basic origin of Renaissance On 14th century, with the development of factory manufacturing and commodity economy，capitalist economic relations had gradually formed inside the European feudal system. In the aspect of politics，feudal separationist rules had caused epidemic discontent, and people began to have national consciousness. The public in Europe expressed their strong desires about unity of nation. Thereby, culture and arts areas also showed the interests and requirements about the emerging capitalism in this new period. Thus here came the Renaissance. Renaissance refers to a ideological and cultural movement which started in cities among Italy from 13th century，then extended to western European countries and

欧洲文化入门(中世纪)

作业 1．第1题 Which one of the following statements about the Great Famine is NOT true? A.It was the worst famine in European history. B.It lasted for seven hard years. C.In cities alone, there was shortage of food supplies. D.By the time it ended, the Great Famine had wiped out 10 percent to 15 percent of the entire European population. 您的答案：C 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 2．第2题 Which of the following statements about Joan of Arc is NOT true? A.She was born in a well-to-do peasant family. B.She grew up with a strong religious belief. C.Charles refused her to accompany the army. D.She was burned at stake. 您的答案：C 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 3．第3题 For some Muslims, Qur’an should not be translated because_____. A.it is impious to translate the very words of Allah. B.it is too difficult to translate the rhymed prose of Qur’an. C.the original meaning of Qur’an would be distorted. D.the beauty of Arabic language would be violated. 您的答案：C 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 4．第4题 Which one is not the factor that led to the disintegration of the Carolingian Empire after Charlemagne’s death? A.the regional and ethnic diversity B.the conflicts between different successors to the throne

关于西方礼仪文化论文

西方文化与礼仪论文在这学期我选修了《西方文化与礼仪》这个课程。之所以选它是因为，对于个人来说，适当的礼仪既尊重别人同时也是尊重自己的体现，在个人事业发展中起着决定性作用。它提升人的涵养，增进了解沟通，细微之处显真情。对内可融洽关系，对外可树立形象，营造和谐的工作和生活环境。特别是中西方之间，礼仪上的差别很大，因为不了解这些差异而引起的误会和笑话并不少见。有一个故事是：一个国民党军官携夫人去机场迎接来自美国的顾问。双方见面后，美国顾问出于礼貌说:“您的夫人真漂亮!”军官甚感尴尬又不免客套一番：“哪里，哪里!”在中国，这本是一句很普通的客套话，可是蹩脚的翻译却把这句话译成：where?where?美国顾问听了莫明其妙，心想：我只是礼貌地称赞一下他的夫人，他居然问起我他的夫人哪里漂亮?于是他只好说：“从头到脚都漂亮!”这个故事就是由于中西文化差异闹出的礼仪上的笑话。由此可见，了解中西方礼尚交往之间的习惯差异是很有必要的。往大处来说，一个国家无论是在政治上，还是在经济贸易中，了解对方国家的礼仪习惯，将有利于各国之间的交往。从小处来讲，一个人了解对方的礼仪民间习惯，是对对方的尊重，容易给对方留下一个好印象，以便交往的顺利进行。随着东西方文化的不断发展，东西方的礼仪正在相互融合，西方人逐渐地接受了东方文化中重情感等合理因素，东方人也逐渐地接受了西方文化中先进文明的礼仪和交往方式。但在现实生活中，由于东西方文化的差异而对礼仪产生的影响还很多,为此本文就以下几方面具体探讨东西方文化差异对礼仪所产生的影响：社会交往方式的差异对礼仪的影响东西方文化都非常重视人际交往，但在交往的观念、交往的方式上都有着明显的差别。如中国人热情好客，在人际交往中饱含热情，问寒问暖，似乎没有什么可保留的，对于了解有关年龄、职业、收入、婚姻状况、子女等问题，觉得都理所当然。而在西方国家中，特别重视对方的隐私权。个人稳私主要包括：个人状况(年龄、工作、收入、婚姻、子女等)、政治观念(支持或反对何种党派)、宗教信仰(信仰什么宗教)、个人行为动向(去何种地方，与谁交往、通信)等。凡是涉及到个人隐私的都不能直接过问。西方人一般不愿意干涉别人的私生活和个人隐私，也不愿意被别人干涉。比如，中国人会直接询问别人所买物品的价格。因为在中国人看来，物品的贵贱只是表示该物品的质量。而在西方人眼里，如果你直接询问别人所购物品的价格，就可能是探问对方的经济条件，因此，这也是西方人的隐私，属于不宜直接询问的问题。如果你想了解该物品的价格，只能委婉地夸耀、赞赏该物品，而这样的情况下西方人一般也只告诉你该物品的贵或贱，一般不会告诉你准确价格。中国人见面打招呼时喜欢问一句“上哪儿去?”，这是招呼的一种形式。而在美国，你如果问朋友上哪儿去，则可能会使对方尴尬，因为这也属于对方的隐私，是你不该过问的。另外，人际交往的空间距离可以分为亲密距离、个人距离、社交距离、公共距离四种。中国人的空间距离相对较近。我们在大街上经常可以看到两个中国少女挽臂亲昵而行，而在西方则很少见到。西方人觉得中国人过于亲近，而中国人又会觉得西方人过于冷淡、傲慢，过分疏远，是不友好的表现。如果中国人发现交际对方的衣服上有根线头，他会很自然地帮助对方摘掉；而在西方人眼里，这是不礼貌之举。中国人看到朋友穿了件非常漂亮的衣服，会上前摸一摸，询问价钱或质地；而西方人则不会这样做，他们

欧洲文化入门复习资料

1、Two major elements in European culture：the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element. 2、The Homer epics consists of the Iliad and the Odyssey. The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece，led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy. The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek. In the final battle，Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the Greeks. The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home island of Ithaca. It describes many adventures he ran into on his long sea voyage and how finally he was reunited with his faithful wife Penelope. 3、古希腊三大悲剧家：Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides Works of Aeschylus：Prometheus Bound，Persians，and Agamemnon .There are only two actors and one chorus in these plays. Aeschylus is noted for his vivid character portrayal and majestic poetry.Works of Sophocles：Oedipus the King，Electra，and Antigone （theme：the difficult choice between public duty and private feeling）. He has had a great impact on European culture. The Oedipus complex（恋母情结）、Electra（恋父情结）were derived from his plays Work of Euripides：Andromache，Medea，and Trojan Women. He was more of a realist than other two. His characters are less heroic，more like ordinary people. He may be called the first writer of “problem plays” 4.Herodotus is often called “Father of History”，wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians . His history is full of anecdotes and digressions and lively dialogue. 5.Thucydides is more accurate as an historian. He told about the war between Athens and Syracuse ，a Greek state on the island of Sicily. He traced events to their causes and brought out their effects. Macaulay called Thucydides “the greatest historian that ever lived” 6.Pythagoras was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers. He was t he founder of scientific mathematics. 7.Heracleitus believed fire to be the primary element of the universe，out of which everything else had arisen. To him,“all is flux，nothing is stationary”. He alsosaid，“you cannot step twice into the same river；for fresh waters are ever flowing in upon you. The sun is new everyday”he held the theory of the mingling of opposites and believed that it was the strife between the opposites that produced harmony. 8.Democtitus speculated about the atomic structure of matter. Indeed，he was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory. He was one of the earliest philosophical materialists and Marx`s first published work was a study of Democritus. 9Socrates taught Plato，who taught Aristotle. They were active in Athens in the 5th and the 4th century B.C. Socrates was known through Dialogues by Plato. Socrates liked to talk with people in the marketplace and in the streets ，asking and answering questions. He was ready to discuss anything in heaven and earth，specializing in exposing fallacies. When words like justice ，religiousness，virtue，wisdom，ect. Were used by others，he would ask the speaker to explain them and then dissect the answers to show how they were wrong and or illogical. This method of argument，by questioning and answering，has come to be known as the dialectical method. Plato showed himself a brilliant stylist，writing with wit and grace. His Dialogues are important not only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature. His other works: Apology（Socrates` defense of himself at the trial），Symposium （about beauty and love），and the Republic（about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets） Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. It dealt with the problems of how，in the complex，ever —changing the world，men were to attain knowledge. The reply he gave was：men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general“ideas”，like beauty，truth，goodness. Only these ideas are completely real，while the physical world is only relatively real. For this reason，Plato`s philosophy is called Idealism. Many of his ideas were absorbed into Christian thought Aristotle studied in Plato`s Academy for years. Later he became the tutor of Alexander the Macedonian King. In him the great humanist and the great man of science meet. On logic, moral philosophy，politics，metaphysics（形而上学），psychology，physics，zoology，poetry，rhetoric，he wrote epoch-making works，which dominated Europe thought for more than a thousand years. He did much to form，through his various and diverse interpreters，the philosophical，scientific and cosmological outlook of an entire world. Dante called him “the master of those who know” His works：Ethics（an introduction to moral philosophy），Politics，Poetics（a treatise on literary theory），and Rhetoric （dealing with the art of persuading an audience） Aristotle differed from his teacher in following ways：for one thing，Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato`s reliance on subjective thinking；also，he thought that “form”（idea）and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here ，he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world Aristotle thought happiness that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason，goodness and contemplation should be a man`s aim in life. 10.contending schools of thought:百家争鸣 The Cynics：got their name because Diogenes，one of their leaders，decided to live like a dog and the word “cynic”means“dog”in Greek. He rejected all conventions—whether of religion，of manner，dress，housing，food，or of decency. In fact，he lived by begging. He proclaimed his brotherhood，not only with the whole human race，but also with animals. On the other hand，he had no patience with the rich and the powerful The Sceptics （诡辩学家）followed Pyrrhon，who held that not all knowledge was attainable. Hence he and his followers doubted t the truth of what others accepted as true. The Epicureans were disciples of Epicurus，who believed pleasure to be the highest good in life，but by pleasure he meant，not sensual enjoyment，but freedom from pain and emotional upheaval. This he thought could be attained by the practice of virtue. His teaching wa s misunderstood by later people and the word“Epicurean”has come to mean indulgence in luxurious living. Epicurus was a materialist. Opposed to the Epicureans were the Stoics. To them，the most important thing in life was not pleasure，but duty. This developed into the theory that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. The chief Stoic was Zeno. He was also a materialist，asserting the existence of the real world. He believed that there is no such thing as chance，and that the course of nature is rigidly determined by natural laws. In the life of an individual man，virtue is the solo good；such things as health，happiness，possessions，are of no account. Since virtue resides in the will，everything good or bad in a man`s life depends only upon himself. If he has to die, he should die nobly，like Socrates. Greek architecture three styles：a.the Doric style （masculine style. powerful, sturdy, showing a good sense of propotion）, the Ionic style(feminine style), the Corinthian style(oranmental luxury) There famous temples: the Acropplis at Athens, the Parthenon. The impact of Greek culture: a,The Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other Eruropean countries.b. The Greeks invented mathematics and science and phylosophy. Their spirt of innovation had immence influence in later generations c. The Greek is the birthland of the democracy. d.They set a great example of thinking rationally and logically. e. In literature, they have exerted an influence which can be still felt today. Epic poetry, tragedy, comedy, lyric poetry, historical writing f.architecture, sculpture. Romans and Greeks异同：Common:a. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of cittizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. b. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified-Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on-and their myth to be fused. c.Their languages worked in similar ways, and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Banglandesh to Iceland. Difference: a.The Romans built up a vast empire: The Greeks didn’t. b.The Romans were confident in their military and administrative capabilities. c.The Greeks enjoyed an artistic and intellectural inheritance much richer than the Romans. Roman peace: The emperors relied on a strong army-the famous Roman regions-and an efficient bureaucracy to exert their rule, which was facilitated by a well-developed system of roads. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of oece lasting 200 years, a remarkable phenomenon in history known as the Pax Romana. Virgil:The greatest of Latin poet, wrote the greatest epic, the Aeneid. Tragic hero: Aeneas was a truely tragic hero because to fufil his hitoric mission he had to betray the great passion of his life. While he gained an empire, his love for Dido, qyeen of Carhage. While he gained an empire, he lost something no empire could compensate, happiness in life. The Colosseum:斗兽场It is an enormous amphitheatre built in the centre of Rome in imperial times. It held more than 5000 spectatots. The relationship between Judaism and Christianity: They are closely related. the Jewish tradition gave birth to Christianity. Both originated in Palestine-the

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