外文资料及中文译文

Real estate finance research

Trigeorgis L.

Along with the rapid development of China's economy, the real estate industry has been developed rapidly. Now growth for the pillar industry of the national economy. The real estate industry is a very big of capital demand of industry, belongs to the capital intensive. Therefore, the financing of real estate enterprises are particularly important. But many foreign real estate development and the higher levels of our country, the real estate finance still exist many deficiencies.

Based on the real estate enterprises of China for the purpose of financing channels, in real estate enterprise financing system of foreign real estate enterprise financing theory, and the financing channels of practical experience, the choice for real estate enterprises in China and the financing channels of financing choice theory and practice of the current situation of the basis, to study based on real estate enterprise financing channel optimization measures. In real estate enterprise financing theory, mainly discusses the concepts of real estate enterprise financing theoretical connotation, the real estate and financial relationship of real estate industry, and the important function, Analyzed the influence of the real estate enterprises to choose the financing channels of financing costs, the main factors: the enterprise internal management status, securities market conditions and the overall economic environment, Think of the estate enterprise financing channel selection principles mainly includes the benefit principle, principle, the principle of credibility of related research achievements in theory are reviewed. In foreign real estate enterprise financing channels of financing and choose from the overall experience in practice, analysis and typical countries both practical experience, analysis the United States and Singapore's actual operation method. Summarized the main inspirations: one is to improve the financial market, real estate, Two is to realize the financing channels of diversification, Three is to perfect loan guarantee system, Four is to have plenty of financial instruments.

On the analysis of the real estate enterprise financing and the financing channels, to present choose bank loans, bonds, equity financing, utilizing foreign investment, real estate trusts, pre-sales, self-raised funds etc existing related financing channel are analyzed, based on the current real estate enterprises in China are summarized, the main problems of financing, financing channels, including rely heavily on bank lending, self-capital is seriously insufficient, imperfect system, etc. Think of these issues for real estate enterprises, and restricted bank financing for enterprise and the development of national economy and even bring a lot of risks, including the liquidity risk, debt risks, the risk of bubbles. In the paper, on the basis of the research in

China's real estate enterprise financing problems and optimize our real estate enterprise financing channels of actual need, from constructs diversified financing mode, construct different development stages of the estate enterprise financing channels, real estate enterprise financing optimized supporting system discussed in real estate enterprises are put forward the countermeasures of financing channels.

Finally, the paper summarizes the research conclusion, pointed out the shortcomings of the research. The real estate as backbone industries of national economy, the development of the national economy plays an important role. While the real estate industry is a typical capital-intensive, sufficient funds to support the development of real estate industry is very important. China's real estate industry, since 1998 in nine consecutive maintain growth than GDP growth in the country's situation, on the macro control of the real estate bubble, issued on land, the financial aspects of policies and regulations, for real estate development of the real estate enterprises limited capital chain, facing the increasingly serious challenges. How to solve the development of real estate, is already each capital bottleneck for real estate enterprises are faced with the problem of major urgently to be solved. At present, China's real estate enterprise mainly rely on bank loans capital demand, a large enterprise started listing. However, only in this way can very good two real estate enterprises in solving capital requirements of small and medium-sized enterprises, especially for real estate. So real estate fund, real estate investment trust and other financial innovation. ZhangWen of real estate industry through its own characteristics and the real estate industry has greater influence on the relevant factors were studied, and discusses the current domestic real estate enterprise financing channel and characteristics. Based on the current real estate enterprise financing characteristics were analyzed and the scientific demonstration, using the system, the development view of China's real estate enterprises, this paper expounds the existing problems, and puts forward some improvement Suggestions of financing strategy. And through the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of various main financing constraints and cost, policy, summarizes and real estate enterprises must adopt diversified financing mode, according to the different lifecycle stages to choose appropriate oneself of financing mode, in order to better solve the financing difficulties of problem .

China real estate enterprise financing theory to study late, so for the Chinese real estate enterprise financing theory research is still in the initial stage of China's real estate enterprises, especially the financing efficiency of in-depth research, especially in China real estate enterprise most small scale, credit, and financial market imperfection of factors such as the study more real estate enterprise financing efficiency of complexity. Therefore, the research of real estate enterprise financing efficiency and the corresponding institutional arrangement has important realistic meaning and theoretical significance. This is based on the background, capital input

and output from the perspective of the estate enterprise financing efficiency, in order to improve the development of real estate enterprises in China.

From the Angle of enterprises, the microstructure with real estate enterprise as the research object, the input-output efficiency, financing theory, information asymmetry theory, based on the theory of efficiency, using knowledge of economics and the number of operations, empirical analysis and correlation analysis, the qualitative analysis with quantitative analysis method, from two aspects of theory and empirical analysis of the Chinese real estate enterprise financing efficiency. First, in the current studies on the financing efficiency analysis and based on the analysis of this enterprise, established the financing efficiency of meaning, Second, based on the theory of supply and demand, supply and demand from the capital and capital financing equilibrium analysis of the estate enterprise capital supply and demand, China's real estate enterprise mechanism; the effectiveness of the money supply, Third, on the basis of theoretical analysis, using DEA method of China's real estate enterprise financing efficiency measurement and evaluation, Fourth, based on the principle of efficiency, discusses the choice of the financing way of real estate enterprises and real estate enterprise financing efficiency of ascension path: finally, draw the conclusion: the Chinese real estate enterprise's financing efficiency is low, the overall efficiency of the enterprises in the most obvious in the unit, the increasing return to scale, most of the DEA efficiency, low value standard of real estate enterprises should through the financial system and capital control and management, the development of diversified financing channels of financing costs, reduce real estate enterprises to improve the organizational performance for real estate enterprises, strengthening the construction of enterprise system, perfect the corporate governance structure, perfect the enterprise information disclosure, set up the good credit concept, strengthening the estate enterprise management innovation, cultivating the core competitiveness of the real estate enterprises and other measures to improve the efficiency of financing for real estate enterprises.

中文译文

房地产融资的研究

格瑞斯李

随着中国经济的快速发展,房地产业也得到了快速发展。现已成长为国民经济的支柱产业。房地产业是一个对资金需求量非常大的行业,属于资金密集型行业。因此,融资对房地产企业来说就显得尤为重要。但是和国外很多房地产业发展水平较高的国家相比,我国的房地产金融还存在很多的不足。

本文以优化我国房地产企业融资渠道为目的,在系统探讨房地产企业融资的理论、国外房地产企业融资及融资渠道选择的实践经验、我国房地产企业融资及融资渠道选择的现状等理论依据和实践依据的基础上,去研究探索优化我国房地产企业融资渠道的对策措施。在房地产企业融资理论方面,主要探讨了房地产企业融资相关概念的理论内涵、房地产业和金融业的关系、金融业对房地产业的重要作用;分析了影响房地产企业选择融资渠道的主要因素:融资成本、企业内部的经营状况、证券市场条件和总体经济环境;认为房地产企业选择融资渠道的原则主要包括效益原则、比例原则、信誉原则，对相关研究的理论成果进行了综述。在国外房地产企业融资及融资渠道选择的实践方面,从总体经验分析和代表性国家实践经验两个层面进行考察,分析了美国和新加坡的实际运作方法。总结归纳得到以下主要启示:一是要健全房地产金融市场;二是要实现融资渠道的多元化;三是要完善贷款担保制度;四是要具有丰富的金融工具。

在分析我国房地产企业融资及融资渠道选择现状方面,对银行贷款、债券融资、股权融资、利用外资、房地产信托、房屋预售款、自筹资金等现有相关融资渠道进行了分析,在此基础上归纳了目前我国房地产企业融资存在的主要问题,包括融资渠道单一、严重依赖于银行贷款,自有资金严重不足,制度不健全等。认为这些问题制约着房地产企业融资,给企业和银行甚至国民经济发展带来诸多风险,包括流动性风险、债务性风险、产生泡沫的风险等。论文在上述研究的基础上,针对我国房地产企业融资存在的问题和优化我国房地产企业融资渠道的实际需要,从构建多元化融资方式、构建房地产企业不同发展阶段的融资渠道组合、优化我国房地产企业融资渠道支撑体系等方面论述提出了优化我国房地产企业融资渠道的对策措施。

最后,总结了论文研究的主要结论,指出了论文研究存在的不足之处。房地产业作为国民经济支柱性产业,对国民经济的发展起着举足轻重的作用。同时房地产业是一个典型的资金密集型产业,充足的资金支持对房地产业的发展至关重要。我国房地产行业,自从1998年开始连续9年保持了增长远高于GDP增长的态势,国家为了在宏观上控制房地产泡沫的出现,出台了各项关于土地、金融等方面

的政策法规,对房地产开发做了一定程度的限制,房地产企业的资金链面临着日益严峻的挑战。如何解决房地产业发展的资金瓶颈,已是每个房地产企业都面临的亟待解决的重大问题。目前,我国的房地产企业主要依靠银行贷款解决资金需求,有少量的大型企业开始上市融资。但是,仅仅以这两种方式不能很好的解决房地产企业的资金需求,尤其是对于中小房地产企业更是如此。于是房地产基金、房地产投资信托以及其他金融创新应运而生。章文通过对房地产业自身特点和对房地产业有较大影响的相关因素进行全面的研究,论述了现今国内房地产企业融资的方式渠道及各自特点。通过对当前房地产企业融资特点进行深入的分析和科学的论证,采用系统的,发展的观点,阐述了我国房地产企业目前存在的诸多问题,并提出了改进融资策略的建议。并通过分析各种主要融资方式的优缺点、政策约束和成本,总结出,房地产企业必须采取多元化的融资方式,根据不同的生命周期阶段来选择合适自己企业的融资方式,这样才能更好的解决融资困难的问题我国对房地产企业融资理论研究较晚,所以对于我国房地产企业融资理论的研究还处于起步阶段,尤其对我国房地产企业融资效率研究的不够深入,特别是我国房地产企业绝大多数规模小、信用差,以及金融市场的不健全等因素更增加了研究我国房地产企业融资效率的复杂性。因此,研究房地产企业的融资效率以及相应的制度安排具有非常重要的现实意义和理论意义。本文正是基于此背景下,从资金投入产出角度来探讨房地产企业融资效率的提高,以期对我国房地产企业的发展有所帮助。

本文从微观的企业角度出发,以房地产企业为研究对象,从投入产出的效率视角,以融资理论、信息非均衡理论、效率理论等为基础,运用数量经济学和运筹学的知识,采用实证分析与规范分析、定性分析与定量分析的方法,从理论与实证两方面研究分析了我国房地产企业的融资效率。首先,在对融资效率的现有研究进行梳理与分析的基础上,确立了本文企业融资效率的涵义;第二,以供求理论为基础,从资金供给、资金需求以及融资均衡分析了房地产企业的资金供求机理,得出我国房地产企业资金供给的有效性不足;第三,在以上理论分析的基础上,运用DEA方法对我国房地产企业融资效率进行了测度与评价;第四,基于效率原则,探讨了房地产企业融资方式的选择及其提升房地产企业融资效率的路径:最后,得出了本文的结论:我国房地产企业的融资效率整体低下,大部分企业处于明显非效率单位,处于规模收益递增的企业,绝大部分DEA效率值较低,应该通过规范房地产企业的财务制度及资金控制与管理、发展多样化融资渠道降低房地产企业融资成本、提高房地产企业的组织绩效、加强企业制度建设,健全公司治理结构、完善企业信息披露,树立良好的信用观念,加强房地产企业管理创新,培养房地产企业的核心竞争力等措施,提高房地产企业的融资效率。

英文论文及中文翻译

International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Volume 17, Number 4, August 2010, Page 500 DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0348-y Corresponding author: Zhuan Li E-mail: li_zhuan@https://www.360docs.net/doc/a58312152.html, ? University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction Zhuan Li, Peng Xiao, and Xiang Xiong State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China (Received: 12 August 2009; revised: 28 August 2009; accepted: 2 September 2009) Abstract: Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC) were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction. The microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt% C, 37wt% SiC, and 5wt% Si. The density and open porosity are 2.0 g·cm–3 and 10%, respectively. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa, and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ·m–2. The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances. The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s?1. The brake is stable, and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10?6 cm3·J?1. These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. Keywords: C/C-SiC; ceramic matrix composites; tribological properties; microstructure [This work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA03Z560) and the Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University (No.2008yb019).] 温压-原位反应法制备C / C-SiC刹车复合材料的工艺和性能李专，肖鹏，熊翔粉末冶金国家重点实验室，中南大学，湖南长沙410083，中国（收稿日期：2009年8月12日修订：2009年8月28日;接受日期：2009年9月2日）摘要：采用温压?原位反应法制备炭纤维增强炭和碳化硅双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材

外文翻译

Load and Ultimate Moment of Prestressed Concrete Action Under Overload-Cracking Load It has been shown that a variation in the external load acting on a prestressed beam results in a change in the location of the pressure line for beams in the elastic range.This is a fundamental principle of prestressed construction.In a normal prestressed beam,this shift in the location of the pressure line continues at a relatively uniform rate,as the external load is increased,to the point where cracks develop in the tension fiber.After the cracking load has been exceeded,the rate of movement in the pressure line decreases as additional load is applied,and a significant increase in the stress in the prestressing tendon and the resultant concrete force begins to take place.This change in the action of the internal moment continues until all movement of the pressure line ceases.The moment caused by loads that are applied thereafter is offset entirely by a corresponding and proportional change in the internal forces,just as in reinforced-concrete construction.This fact,that the load in the elastic range and the plastic range is carried by actions that are fundamentally different,is very significant and renders strength computations essential for all designs in order to ensure that adequate safety factors exist.This is true even though the stresses in the elastic range may conform to a recognized elastic design criterion. It should be noted that the load deflection curve is close to a straight line up to the cracking load and that the curve becomes progressively more curved as the load is increased above the cracking load.The curvature of the load-deflection curve for loads over the cracking load is due to the change in the basic internal resisting moment action that counteracts the applied loads,as described above,as well as to plastic strains that begin to take place in the steel and the concrete when stressed to high levels. In some structures it may be essential that the flexural members remain crack free even under significant overloads.This may be due to the structures’being exposed to exceptionally corrosive atmospheres during their useful life.In designing prestressed members to be used in special structures of this type,it may be necessary to compute the load that causes cracking of the tensile flange,in order to ensure that adequate safety against cracking is provided by the design.The computation of the moment that will cause cracking is also necessary to ensure compliance with some design criteria. Many tests have demonstrated that the load-deflection curves of prestressed beams are approximately linear up to and slightly in excess of the load that causes the first cracks in the tensile flange.(The linearity is a function of the rate at which the load is applied.)For this reason,normal elastic-design relationships can be used in computing the cracking load by simply determining the load that results in a net tensile stress in the tensile flange(prestress minus the effects of the applied loads)that is equal to the tensile strength of the concrete.It is customary to assume that the flexural tensile strength of the concrete is equal to the modulus of rupture of the

外文翻译中文

运作整合供应链协作的首要问题是提高运作整合的程度。供应链协作课达到的好处，直接关系到捕捉效率之间的职能的企业，以及全国的企业，构成了国内或国际供应链。本章重点阐述的挑战，一体化管理，由研究为什么一体化创造价值，并通过详列的挑战，双方的企业集成和供应链整合。必不可少的供应链流程是确定的。注意的是，然后向信息技术提供，以方便集成化供应链规划。本章最后审查了定价。在最后的分析，定价的做法和政府是至关重要的供应链的连续性。为什么整合创造价值基本的优点与挑战的综合管理介绍了在第1章。进一步解释整合管理的重要性，有用的指出客户都至少有三个角度的价值。传统的角度来看，价值是经济价值。第二个价值的角度来看，是市场价值。实现双方经济和市场价值是很重要的客户。然而，越来越多的企业认识到商业上的成功也取决于第三个角度来看，价值，被称为关联性。物流一体化目标为实现物流一体化的供应链背景下，6个业务目标必须同时取得：（ 1 ）响应，（ 2 ）差额减少，（ 3 ）库存减少，（ 4 ）托运巩固，（ 5 ）质量，（ 6 ）生命周期支持。的相对重要性，每个直接关系到公司的物流战略。响应一公司的工作能力，以满足客户的要求，及时被称为反应。作为一再指出，信息技术是促进反应为基础的战略，允许业务的承诺被推迟到最后可能时间，其次是加速投放。实施对应策略服务，以减少库存承诺或部署在预期客户的需求。响应服务转向业务重点从预测未来的需求，以容纳顾客对快速订单到出货的基础上。理想的情况是，在一个负责任的系统中，库存是没有部署，直到客户承诺。支持这样的承诺，公司必须有物流的属性，库存的可用性和及时交付，一旦客户订单收到。差异减少所有经营领域的物流系统很容易受到差额。方差结果从未能履行任何预期的层面后勤业务不如预期。举例来说，毫不拖延地在客户订单处理，意想不到的干扰，以便选择，抵港货物损坏，在客户的位置，和/或未能提供在适当的位置上的时间，所有创造无计划的差异，在订单到交货周期。一个共同的解决办法，以保障对不利的差异是使用库存安全库存，以缓冲行动。这亦是共同使用的首选运输，以克服意想不到的差异延误交货计划。这种做法，鉴于其相关的成本高，可以尽量减少使用资讯科技，以维持积极的物流控制。向程度的差异是最小化，物流的生产力将提高。因此，差异减少，消除系统中断，是一个基本的目标，综合物流管理。库存减少要达到的目标，库存减少，一个综合物流系统必须控制资产的承诺，并把速度。资产的承诺，是财政的价值部署清单。把速度，反映了利率，这是充实库存随着时间的推移。高转率，再加上预期的库存供货，平均资产用于库存正在迅速而有效利用，这就是整体资产承诺支持一个综合运作减至最低。库存能够而且确实方便可取的好处这是很重要的要请记住。库存是至关重要的实现规模经济，在制造业和采购。目的是要减少和管理存货，以尽可能最低的水平，同时实现整体供应链绩效的目标。

英文文献及中文翻译

毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译学院：专 2011年6月电子与计算机科学技术软件工程

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毕业设计外文翻译资料

外文出处：《Exploiting Software How to Break Code》By Greg Hoglund, Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 译文标题： JDBC接口技术译文： JDBC是一种可用于执行SQL语句的JavaAPI（ApplicationProgrammingInterface应用程序设计接口）。它由一些Java语言编写的类和界面组成。JDBC为数据库应用开发人员、数据库前台工具开发人员提供了一种标准的应用程序设计接口，使开发人员可以用纯Java语言编写完整的数据库应用程序。一、ODBC到JDBC的发展历程说到JDBC，很容易让人联想到另一个十分熟悉的字眼“ODBC”。它们之间有没有联系呢？如果有，那么它们之间又是怎样的关系呢？ ODBC是OpenDatabaseConnectivity的英文简写。它是一种用来在相关或不相关的数据库管理系统（DBMS）中存取数据的，用C语言实现的，标准应用程序数据接口。通过ODBCAPI，应用程序可以存取保存在多种不同数据库管理系统（DBMS）中的数据，而不论每个DBMS使用了何种数据存储格式和编程接口。 1．ODBC的结构模型 ODBC的结构包括四个主要部分：应用程序接口、驱动器管理器、数据库驱动器和数据源。应用程序接口：屏蔽不同的ODBC数据库驱动器之间函数调用的差别，为用户提供统一的SQL编程接口。驱动器管理器：为应用程序装载数据库驱动器。数据库驱动器：实现ODBC的函数调用，提供对特定数据源的SQL请求。如果需要，数据库驱动器将修改应用程序的请求，使得请求符合相关的DBMS所支持的文法。数据源：由用户想要存取的数据以及与它相关的操作系统、DBMS和用于访问DBMS的网络平台组成。虽然ODBC驱动器管理器的主要目的是加载数据库驱动器，以便ODBC函数调用，但是数据库驱动器本身也执行ODBC函数调用，并与数据库相互配合。因此当应用系统发出调用与数据源进行连接时，数据库驱动器能管理通信协议。当建立起与数据源的连接时，数据库驱动器便能处理应用系统向DBMS发出的请求，对分析或发自数据源的设计进行必要的翻译，并将结果返回给应用系统。 2．JDBC的诞生自从Java语言于1995年5月正式公布以来，Java风靡全球。出现大量的用java语言编写的程序，其中也包括数据库应用程序。由于没有一个Java语言的API，编程人员不得不在Java程序中加入C语言的ODBC函数调用。这就使很多Java的优秀特性无法充分发挥，比如平台无关性、面向对象特性等。随着越来越多的编程人员对Java语言的日益喜爱，越来越多的公司在Java程序开发上投入的精力日益增加，对java语言接口的访问数据库的API 的要求越来越强烈。也由于ODBC的有其不足之处，比如它并不容易使用，没有面向对象的特性等等，SUN公司决定开发一Java语言为接口的数据库应用程序开发接口。在JDK1．x 版本中，JDBC只是一个可选部件，到了JDK1．1公布时，SQL类包（也就是JDBCAPI）

外文翻译中文版(完整版)

毕业论文外文文献翻译毕业设计（论文）题目关于企业内部环境绩效审计的研究翻译题目最高审计机关的环境审计活动学院会计学院专业会计学姓名张军芳班级09020615 学号09027927 指导教师何瑞雄

最高审计机关的环境审计活动 1最高审计机关越来越多的活跃在环境审计领域。特别是1993-1996年期间，工作组已检测到环境审计活动坚定的数量增长。首先，越来越多的最高审计机关已经活跃在这个领域。其次是积极的最高审计机关，甚至变得更加活跃：他们分配较大部分的审计资源给这类工作，同时出版更多环保审计报告。表1显示了平均数字。然而，这里是机构间差异较大。例如，环境报告的数量变化，每个审计机关从1到36份报告不等。 1996-1999年期间，结果是不那么容易诠释。第一，活跃在环境审计领域的最高审计机关数量并没有太大变化。“活性基团”的组成没有保持相同的：一些最高审计机关进入，而其他最高审计机关离开了团队。环境审计花费的时间量略有增加。二，但是，审计报告数量略有下降，1996年和1999年之间。这些数字可能反映了从量到质的转变。这个信号解释了在过去三年从规律性审计到绩效审计的转变（1994-1996年，20％的规律性审计和44％绩效审计;1997-1999：16％规律性审计和绩效审计54％）。在一般情况下，绩效审计需要更多的资源。我们必须认识到审计的范围可能急剧变化。在将来，再将来开发一些其他方式去测算人们工作量而不是计算通过花费的时间和发表的报告会是很有趣的。在2000年，有62个响应了最高审计机关并向工作组提供了更详细的关于他们自1997年以来公布的工作信息。在1997-1999年，这62个最高审计机关公布的560个环境审计报告。当然，这些报告反映了一个庞大的身躯，可用于其他机构的经验。环境审计报告的参考书目可在网站上的最高审计机关国际组织的工作组看到。这里这个信息是用来给最高审计机关的审计工作的内容更多一些洞察。自1997年以来，少数环境审计是规律性审计（560篇报告中有87篇，占16％）。大多数审计绩效审计（560篇报告中有304篇，占54％），或组合的规律性和绩效审计（560篇报告中有169篇，占30％）。如前文所述，绩效审计是一个广泛的概念。在实践中，绩效审计往往集中于环保计划的实施（560篇报告中有264篇，占47％），符合国家环保法律，法规的，由政府部门，部委和/或其他机构的任务给访问（560篇报告中有212篇，占38％）。此外，审计经常被列入政府的环境管理系统（560篇报告中有156篇，占28％）。下面的元素得到了关注审计报告：影响或影响现有的国家环境计划非环保项目对环境的影响;环境政策;由政府遵守国际义务和承诺的10％至20％。许多绩效审计包括以上提到的要素之一。 1本文译自：S. Van Leeuwen.(2004).’’Developments in Environmental Auditing by Supreme Audit Institutions’’ Environmental Management Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 163–1721

中文和英文简历和专业英语材料翻译

韶关学院期末考核报告科目：专业英语学生姓名：学号：同组人：院系：专业班级：考核时间：2012年10月9日—2012年11月1 日评阅教师：评分：

第1章英文阅读材料翻译 (1) 第2章中文摘要翻译英文 (3) 第3章中文简历和英文简历 (4) 第4章课程学习体会和建议 (6) 参考文献 (7)

第1章英文阅读材料翻译 Mechanization and Automation Processes of mechanization have been developing and becoming more complex ever since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution at the end of the 18th century. The current developments of automatic processes are, however, different from the old ones. The “automation” of the 20th century is distinct from the mechanization of the 18th and 19th centuries inasmuch as mechanization was applied to individual operations, wherea s “automation” is concerned with the operation and control of a complete producing unit. And in many, though not all, instances the element of control is so great that whereas mechanization displaces muscle, “automation”displaces brain as well. The distinction between the mechanization of the past and what is happening now is, however, not a sharp one. At one extreme we have the electronic computer with its quite remarkable capacity for discrimination and control, while at the other end of the scale are “ transfer machines” , as they are now called, which may be as simple as a conveyor belt to another. An automatic mechanism is one which has a capacity for self-regulation; that is, it can regulate or control the system or process without the need for constant human attention or adjustment. Now people often talk about “feedback” as begin an essential factor of the new industrial techniques, upon which is base an automatic self-regulating system and by virtue of which any deviation in the system from desired condition can be detected, measured, reported and corrected. when “feedback” is applied to the process by which a large digital computer runs at the immense speed through a long series of sums, constantly rejecting the answers until it finds one to fit a complex set of facts which have been put to it, it is perhaps different in degree from what we have previously been accustomed to machines. But “feedback”, as such, is a familiar mechanical conception. The old-fashioned steam engine was fitted with a centrifugal governor, two balls on levers spinning round and round an upright shaft. If the steam pressure rose and the engine started to go too fast, the increased speed of the spinning governor caused it to rise up the vertical rod and shut down a valve. This cut off some of the steam and thus the engine brought itself back to its proper speed. The mechanization, which was introduced with the Industrial Revolution, because it was limited to individual processes, required the employment of human labor to control each machine as well as to load and unload materials and transfer them from one place to another. Only in a few instances were processes automatically linked together and was production organized as a continuous flow. In general, however, although modern industry has been highly mechanized ever since the 1920s, the mechanized parts have not as a rule been linked together. Electric-light bulbs, bottles and the components of innumerable mass-produced

引进外资外文翻译资料

河南科技学院新科学院 2013届本科毕业生论文（设计）英文文献及翻译 Foreign capital inflows and welfare in an economy with imperfect competition 学生姓名：王艳杰所在院系：经济系所学专业：国际经济与贸易导师姓名：侯黎杰完成时间：2013年4月15日

Foreign capital inflows and welfare in an economy with imperfect competition Abstract:This paper examines the resource allocational and welfare effects of exogenous inflows of foreign capital in a general-equilibrium model with oligopolistic competition and unemployment. Although the welfare impact for the short run is ambiguous and dependent upon the strength of excess profits and scale economies relative to unemployment in manufacturing, in the long run additional inflows of foreign capital always improve national welfare with capital mobility. Hence, attracting foreign capital remains a sound policy for economies characterized by imperfect competition, scale economies,and regional unemployment. Keywords: International capital mobility; Imperfect competition; Welfare 1.Introduction The welfare effects of exogenous inflows of foreign capital in the presence of trade restrictions have been extensively studied. Brecher and Diaz Alejandro (1977) show that when imports are subject to tariffs, an introduction of fo reign capital inflows accentuates the tariff distortion and hence reduces national welfare if the import-competing sector is relatively capital-intensive. In contrast, Dei (1985) shows that when imports are restricted by quotas,foreign capital inflows in the presence of foreign-owned capital always improve welfare by depressing the rental and so lowering the payments to existing foreign-owned capital. Recently, Neary (1981), using a common framework for both tariffs and quotas, obtains more general results of foreign capital inflows; the welfare effect of such inflows depends crucially on whether foreign-owned capital exists initially in the home country. In addition, Khan (1982) and Grinols (1991) have examined the effects of foreign capital inflows for a generalized Harris-Todaro economy under tariff protection. Khan finds that the result by Brecher and Diaz Alejandro is still valid even in the presence of unemployment, whereas Grinols argues that increased foreign capital need not be detrimental to welfare if the opportunity costs of labor are sufficiently low. Noteworthy is that the models used by these authors are all based upon the premise of perfect competition along with constant returns-to-scale technology. Although perfect competition serves as a useful assumption in crystallizing theoretical insights, it nevertheless fails to depict many of the real-world phenomena. The real-world economy is characterized, to a large extent, by imperfect competition and economies of scale. The policy implications of imperfect competition and economies

唯美的中文翻译成英文

唯美的中文翻译成英文 Abandon 放弃 Disguise 伪装 Abiding 持久的，不变的~friendship Indifferent 无所谓 Forever 最爱 I know what you want 我知道你想要什么 See you forget the breathe 看见你忘了呼吸 Destiny takes a hand.命中注定 anyway 不管怎样 sunflower high-profile向日葵，高姿态。 look like love 看起来像爱 Holding my hand, eyes closed you would not get lost 牵着我的手，闭着眼睛走你也不会迷路 If one day the world betrayed you, at least I betray the world for you! 假如有一天世界背叛了你，至少还有我为你背叛这个世界! This was spoiled child, do not know the heart hurts, naive cruel. 这样被宠惯了的小孩子，不知道人心是会伤的，天真的残忍。

How I want to see you, have a look you changed recently, no longer said once, just greetings, said one to you, just say the word, long time no see. 我多么想和你见一面，看看你最近的改变，不再去说从前，只是寒暄，对你说一句，只说这一句，好久不见。 In fact, not wine, but when the thought of drinking the unbearable past. 其实酒不醉人，只是在喝的时候想起了那不堪的过去。 The wind does not know clouds drift, day not know rain down, eyes do not understand the tears of weakness, so you don't know me 风不懂云的漂泊，天不懂雨的落魄，眼不懂泪的懦弱，所以你不懂我 Some people a lifetime to deceive people, but some people a lifetime to cheat a person 有些人一辈子都在骗人，而有些人用一辈子去骗一个人 Alone and lonely, is always better than sad together 独自寂寞，总好过一起悲伤 You are my one city, one day, you go, my city, also fell 你是我的一座城，有一天，你离开了，我的城，也就倒了。