高考英语二轮复习“七选五”阅读理解试题解读及解题指导

高考英语二轮复习“七选五”阅读理解试题解读及解题指导
高考英语二轮复习“七选五”阅读理解试题解读及解题指导

2020届二轮复习“七选五”阅读理解试题解读及解题指导

随着2017版《普通高中英语新课程标准》(以下简称新课标)的颁布,全国卷高考英语试题依据新课标中的学业质量和高考命题建议在逐渐地发生变化,由对学生综合语言运用能力的考查升级为对英语学科素养的全面考查。作为阅读理解试题中区分度比较大的试题类型——“七选五”阅读理解试题也在继承中发展与创新,更加注重考查学生理解语篇上下文逻辑关系的能力。

为了让广大师生对新课标颁布以来的两年六份全国卷英语高考“七选五”阅读理解试题有一个全面的了解,通过对试题统计分析以概括出这六份试题的特点和考查趋势,对高考真题进行解析,同时也提出教学的启示和建议,以便广大师生能攻克高考“七选五”阅读理解这一难关。

一、2018、2019年全国卷英语高考“七选五”阅读理解试题统计分析

为了能够对2018、2019年全国卷六份英语高考“七选五”阅读理解试题有一个全面而理性的认识,下面作者从主题语境、语篇类型、语篇长度、文本结构、考查技能、句际关系、设题类型与层次等作以列表统计。

注:文章字数统计不包括试题设空序号与选项序号。

二、2018、2019年全国卷英语高考“七选五”阅读理解试题特点

由上面的统计可以看出,2018、2019年全国卷英语高考“七选五”阅读理解试题在语篇类型、主题语境、语篇长度等方面继承了以往的命题特征,但是在文本结构、考查方式和试题难度在悄然地发生变化,有一定的创新度,体现了高考试题命题稳中有变的特点。总体而言,2018、2019年全国卷英语高考“七选五”阅读理解试题有以下一些特点。

1. 语篇类型仍以说明文体为主,但偶尔也会考查到议论文体。

自2010年全国卷采用“七选五”阅读理解这一题型以来,除了2017年全国卷I采用了一篇记述文类语篇外,其余均采用说明文类语篇,但2018年全国卷III采用了议论文语篇,这在“七选五”阅读理解考查中尚属首次,这就意味着在以后的命题中会以说明文类语篇为主体,但偶尔会选用议论文体记叙文类语篇。

2. 所考查语篇的主题语境以人与自我为主,但所涉及的语篇内容与学生日常生活有一定的距离。

到目前为止,英语高考“七选五”阅读理解试题选材均在人与自我和人与社会两个主题语境下选择语篇话题,其中又以人与自我这一主题语境为命题主体,所涉及的语篇话题都源于生活,学生略知一二,但语篇内容与学生日常生活有一定的距离,即语篇所涉及的内容不是学生司空见惯的生活化情境。如以2019全国卷Ⅱ的语篇话题——动机和目标设定为例,学生都会知道目标设定,动机这一概念也知道一点,但语篇中所涉及的内容——如何激励自己实现目标、判断动机品质和分析长期与短期目标则是学生日常生活中较少考虑的事物;再如以2018全国卷I为例,家居色彩选择是学生所熟悉的话题,但是对于家居小块色彩、中等面积和大面积色彩选择使用则不在绝大多数中学生所考虑的范畴之内。

3. 语篇阅读总量和易读度相对稳定,语篇结构完整,但文本结构和内容复杂程度增加。

历年来的全国卷英语高考“七选五”阅读理解试题各卷的语篇阅读总量和易读度相对稳定,全国卷III的阅读总量相对于全国卷I和全国卷Ⅱ要小一些,各卷所选用的语篇易读度稳定在一定的区间,所选用的语篇从文本结构上来看都非常完整,但近两年各卷语篇文本结构和内容的复杂程度有所增加。

首先,语篇文本显性结构与内容信息减少。在这一题型的考查初期,大部分语篇提供有标题、小标题、序号、突出字体的主题句和项目符等显性的语篇文本内容和结构信息,随着这一题

型命题的成熟,这些显性信息在逐年减少,在2018、2019年全国卷六个试题语篇文本中,只有一篇提供了标题,两篇文本有项目符。

其次,语篇文本结构由原来的总——分——(总)结构为主体向递进式结构为主体转变,总——分——(总)结构文本之间的逻辑关系显而易见,特别是分别说明部分段落间是平行并列关系,学生容易理清这种逻辑关系,而递进式结构文本之间的逻辑关系不十分明显,相对比较复杂,需要学生根据内容信息理清段落内的句际关系和整个语篇段落之间的起承转合才能比较好地理清语篇文本成分之间的逻辑关系。

最后,从文本内容来看,早期的试题语篇内容多以方法建议类的说明文为主,这类说明文就注定了其在分别说明的段落之间是平行并列关系,并且分别说明的各段多以主题句加解释说明性的文字构成,属于典型结构的说明文;而近两年只有2018年全国卷Ⅱ采用了这种中规中矩的语篇文本,其余的要么采用了递进式结构,要么对典型的总——分——(总)结构进行了调整或作出变式,使其文本结构不再像以前一样一目了然

4. 所考查的技能和句际关系不变,但对语篇层面的考查选项增多。

英语高考“七选五”阅读理解试题所考查的技能包括:连接、重复、指称、照应、同义等,句际关系包括转折、递进(顺承)、因果、条件、例证、总分、解释等,这些句际关系是语篇文本连贯不可或缺的逻辑关系,所考查的一些技能也是理解语篇文本所必备的技能,不会随着语篇文本的选择或时间的推移而发生变化。

通过对近两年“七选五”阅读理解试题考查设题类型与层次统计可以看出,考查主旨句的试题数目在减少,考查语篇层面的试题数目在增加,这种增减变化与命题时所选用语篇的文本结构的变化有密切关系,提高了对语篇理解的要求,加大了试题的整体难度。

5. 试题考查要求不变,但干扰选项的干扰性增强,整体考查难度加大。

英语高考“七选五”阅读理解试题的题目要求一直保持不变,但随着时间的推移和该考查项目命题的成熟,试题所设的选项更为科学合理,错误选项对正确选项的干扰性增强,正确选项间也会形成比较强的相互干扰,单纯考查显性词汇衔接的选项在减少,考查隐性逻辑衔接的选项在增多,考查语篇层面的选项也在增多,这样就加大了试题的整体难度,对考生的思维水平提出了更高的要求,考生在完成试题时,需要在全面深入理解语篇的基础上,经过仔细斟酌、缜密分析才能确保做出正确的选择。

三、全国卷英语高考“七选五”阅读理解试题命题和考查趋势

新课标中高考命题建议提到:“英语考查全面考查英语学科核心素养,即主要考查学生在语言能力、文化意识、思维品质和学习能力等方面达到的水平;

新课标学业水平二(高考命题的主要依据)提到“学生能够在不太熟悉的语境中,围绕选择性必修课程内容所涉及的人与自我、人与社会和人与自然等主题语境,使用所学的语言知识和文化知识,综合运用学习策略,理解选择性必修课程所规定的不同类型语篇所传递的意义、意图和情感态度,理解语篇中不同的文化元素及其内涵,分析不同语篇类型的结构特征和语言特点,并能以口头或书面形式陈述事件、传递信息、再现真实或想象的经历、阐释观点和态度等”。

根据新课程标准和近两年的英语高考全国卷试题可以推断出“七选五”阅读理解试题的命题和考查趋势。

1. 语篇类型多样,主题语境话题源于生活,语篇所涉及的内容高于生活。

英语高考“七选五”阅读理解未来的考查仍然会以说明文类语篇为绝对主体,偶尔会采用一篇记叙文类或议论文类语篇,以人与自我、人与社会或人与自然为主题语境,主题语境话题会限定在三大主题语境10个主题群下32项子主题之内,这些话题在教材中都会涉及到,是学生所知晓的话题,但语篇所涉及的内容高于生活,即不是学生非常熟悉的话题,旨在考查“学生能够在不太熟悉的语境中,……使用所学的语言知识和文化知识,综合运用学习策略,

理解选择性必修课程所规定的不同类型语篇所传递的意义、意图和情感态度,理解语篇中不同的文化元素及其内涵,分析不同语篇类型的结构特征和语言特点,而不是考查学生已经司空见惯的常识,命题选用语篇所涉及的内容会与学生现实生活有一定距离。

2. 语篇文本结构灵活多样,更注重语篇成分之间语义逻辑关系的考查。

未来英语高考“七选五”阅读理解的命题与考查在语篇文本结构的选择上,中规中矩的“总——分——(总)”式方法建议类的说明文被选中的机率会大大降低,递进式结构和经过变式的“总——分——(总)”结构说明文将会成为命题的首选和主体,语篇文本结构会比较完整,考查选项的设置会兼顾篇章、段落和句际三个层次,偶尔会从句子结构层面考查半句类选项,选项设置更倾向于隐性的衔接,要求学生做到对语篇的真正理解,更加注重和强化对语篇成分之间语义逻辑关系的考查。

3. 备选选项间会保持较强的干扰性,整体考查会保持在一定的难度区间,保持比较好的区分度。

未来英语高考“七选五”阅读理解试题备选选项间会继续保持较强的干扰性,不仅两个错误选项对正确选项会形成很强的干扰,正确选项之间也会形成较强的相互干扰,显性的词汇重现类的选项和主题句类选项通常来说一份试题中最多各出现一次,需要通过上下文逻辑关系推断出的选项会占到比较大的比例,以考查学生的语言运用能力和思维品质,确保整个试题的难度保持在一定的区间范围,从而使本题型有比较好的区分度。

四、对教学的启示和建议

1. 日常教学中要重视语篇教学,多角度解读语篇。

2017年版新课标指出:“学习语篇知识是发展语言能力的基础,语篇知识在语言理解和表达过程中具有重要作用,语篇中各要素之间存在复杂的关系,如句与句、段与段、标题与正文等”。

所以,在日常教学中一定要重视语篇教学,各种教学活动的开展都应该以语篇为载体,在语篇所提供的语境中进行,陈了在语境中学习和运用词汇、语法等语言知识外,还要让学生熟悉生活中常见的语篇形式,如记叙文、议论文、说明文、应用文等不同类型的文体,把握不同类型语篇的文体特征和表达方式,以帮助学生加深对语篇意义的理解,要充分发掘语篇中的话题信息、内容信息和背景信息以扩大学生的视野,通过对文本结构、逻辑关系、衔接手段、修辞方式的分析让学生明确各种语篇类型的组织结构、行文方式和语言风格等语篇共性特点,培养学生的语篇意识,提高学生解读语篇的能力。

2. 广泛涉猎多种类型的语篇,熟悉各种语篇结构特征,全面覆盖课程主题语境全部内容。要快速而准确地解读语篇,达到正确而深入地理解,就要求学生在日常学习中广泛涉猎多种语篇类型,掌握每种语篇类型常见文本组织结构和段落组织结构形式。

如说明文类语语篇常见的结构形式有:总分式(包括总分、分总、总分总)、递进式、连贯式、并列式和对照式,议论文类语篇常见的结构形式有:总分式、并列式、递进式、对照式等,记叙文类语语篇常见的结构形式有:逐层递进式、片断并列式、一线串珠式、情景交融式、点面结合式、前后比照式、悬念设置式、铺叙点化式、虚实相生式等;常见的段落组织结构方式有:总分(包括总分、分总、总分总)式、因果式、并列式、对比式、转折式、连贯式等。

另外,平时在阅读训练时要全面覆盖课程主题语境全部内容,尽可能多地通过阅读扩大学生的视野,积累比较丰富的背景知识,培养学生从语篇结构和语篇内容两方面解读语篇文本的意识,提高学生解读各种类型语篇、各种语境话题文本的能力。

3. 提高阅读训练的有效性和针对性,避免结构过于简单、内容过于熟悉的语篇训练。

在日常教学和备考的过程中,要专门安排针对英语高考“七选五”阅读理解题型的训练,让学生感受不同结构的语篇,借用文本结构图或思维导图帮助学生理清文本结构,分析语篇组

织结构所隐含的逻辑关系,分析段落之间、句际之间的逻辑关系和衔接方式,以增强训练的有效性和针对性。

在阅读训练选材时,要做到丰富多样,避免使用结构过于简单、内容过于熟悉的语篇训练,这样的阅读材料难以起到提升学生思维水平的作用。

4. 充分利用语篇信息,遵循解题原则和步骤,掌握各种解题技巧,在理清语篇成分之间语义逻辑关系的基础上选择恰当的选项。

在解答“七选五”阅读理解题时,一定要有语篇意识,要从语篇结构、语篇内容和语篇逻辑关系三个维文入手解读语篇文本,要充分利用语篇所提供的信息,在理清语篇成分之间语义逻辑关系的基础上,根据语篇和语境仔细推敲后选择恰当的选项,这是解答好“七选五”阅读理解题的基本原则。

解答“七选五”阅读理解题的四个步骤分别是:

1. 第一步,快速浏览全文,留意文章的首段和其它段落的首句,判定文章的体裁和题材,初步明确文章的主题、基本框架结构以及行文方式;

2. 第二步,浏览文章后所给出的选项,观察设空的位置,如果是说明文,可根据所保留的平行段落首句先尝试确定主旨类选项,然后把确定的主旨类选项放到段落中验证;

3. 第三步,逐段阅读,依据设空的不同位置,利用文章框架结构、段落结构、上下文逻辑关系、句式结构、词汇衔接等来断定每空应填入细节性过渡衔接与注释选项,做题时一定要勾画出文章和选项中起到纽带和关联作用的关键信息词,如上面提到的指代、同义词复现、同根词复现、近义词复现、反义词复现、上下义词复现等,还要注意一些表示逻辑关系线索的词语,如and,but,so,therefore,however,yet,on the contrary,on the other hand,despite,in spite of等,做到通篇考虑、上下文兼顾、语意与逻辑关系并重、先易后难。如果某一空做不出或拿不准,可先放过,继续往下读,最后采用排除的方法来确定应填入的选项;

4. 第四步,将已确定的答案代入原文通读,检查篇章结构是否合理,段落中句子间的语意和逻辑是否通顺连贯,如有问题,及时修正答案

解答“七选五”阅读理解题的常用方法有:利用文章的基本框架结构解题,利用文章的标题、小标题、项目符、序号和突出的字体等信息解题,利用段落内句子之间的逻辑关系解题,利用主旨句的句式结构解题,利用词汇衔接解题,利用指代解题,利用句子结构和标点符号解题。在解题过程中,要针对具体的题目选择使用适当的方法,有时需要综合使用上述方法。尽管英语高考“七选五”阅读理解试题难度和区分度相对较大,只要在平时的学习和训练中能从语篇入手,全面培养和发展学生综合语篇解读能力,提升他们的思维品质,高考“七选五”阅读理解这一难关就一定能被攻克。

高考英语必读:阅读理解7选5解题技巧大全

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