International business 国际商务 口译词汇准备

customs area 关税区

sovereign state 主权国

parent company 母公司

primary commodities 初级产品

per capita income 人均收入consignment contract 寄售合同documentary collection 跟单托收CFR （Cost and Freight）成本加运费

economic of scale经济规模

generic term 术语总称transshipment 转船

cost economies 节约成本

the maturity of the draft 汇票到期handmaiden 起辅助作用的事物subrogation 取代

tariff quota 关税配额

gold standard 金本位制

tax holiday 免税期

equity investment 股权投资institutional strength 行政力量Dual-Ministerial Meeting 双部长会议

trade fairs 商品交易会creditworthiness 信誉

sight credit 即期信用证insurance policy 保险单shareholder 股东

standing committee 常务委员会escape clause豁免条款

discount rate 贴现率

tariff rate关税率

document against payment 付款交单binding obligations 约束性责任correspondent bank 关系行，往来行natural resources 自然资源redeem 赎回

qualifications 资格

in a broad sense从广义上讲

cross-border contract 跨国界合同invisible trade 无形贸易

doctrine 信条

Value chain 价值链

per-unit 每一单位

farm produce农产品

EDI （Electronic Data Interchange）电子数据交换

clearing system 清算系统

portfolio 证券

executive body 执行机构

Clean credit 光票信用证

open account 记账交易

business line 业务范围

汉译英

绝对利益 absolute advantage

大路货 staple goods

共同市场 common market

遵守 in compliance with

东道国 host country

关税表 tariff schedule

承兑交单documents against acceptance

租赁贸易 leasing trade

可转让装运单据negotiable transport document 还盘 counter-offer

运输标记 shipping marks

主要银行 leading bank

潜在损失 potential loss

保证金 margin

资金周转 capital turnover

客户流动 customer mobility

二级资本市场secondary capital market

充分就业 full employment

特别提款权 special drawing right 私营经济 private sector

价格条款 price terms

索赔 claim

贴现率 discount rate

实盘 firm offer

复合税 compound duties

分批装运 partial shipment

交货费用forwarding charges

产品自然领域natural product provinces

空运提单 airway bill

客户流动 customer mobility

竞争性贬值competitive devaluation 存货 inventory

结关 customs clearance

无汇票信用证 non-draft credit

共同款项 pool

机构 organ

国际货币体系international monetary system

裁决 verdict

货物原产地港口 port of origin

合资企业 joint venture

询盘 enquiry

远期信用证usance credit

借款权 borrowing power

挂牌证券交易市场 listed market

无差别待遇原则 non-discrimination principle

合同正文contract proper

提货 take delivery of

白手起家 start from scratch

保兑行 confirming bank 领事发票 consular invoice

Terms Explanation

1、trade barriers : Trade barriers refer to various forms of bars to freedom, esp. of international trade.

2、purchasing power: the considerable desire to make purchase for consumption.

3、World company: World Company is the fourth type of MNEs. The national identities of this type of MNEs are blurred to a large extent. Very few companies, if any, have reached this level of internationalization. But they will be great movers of economic globalization.

4、invisible trade Invisible trade involves the exchange of services

between countries.

5、GDP: Gross Domestic Product

6、counter trade: Counter trade is the generic term to describe a set of cross-border contracts that link a seller’s exports to imports from the buyer, and it is often associated with policy objectives of relevant economies like dealing with foreign exchange shortages and promotion of exports.

7、foreign majeure : Something which happens out of the control of the parties who have signed a contract (such as strike, war, storm)

8、 customs union: a customs area extending beyond national boundaries to include two or more independent nations .

9、cargo insurance : an activity which aims at moving the burden of risk from the shoulders of the exports and importers, and placing it upon the shoulders of specialist risk-bearing underwriters.

10、CIF：Cost，Insurance and Freight .

11、bill of lading: list giving details of a ship’s cargo.

12、insurer：the person or company undertaking to make payment in case of loss, etc.

13、revolving credit : the credit whose amount can be renewed or reinstated without specific amendment to the credit being made .

14、productivity: efficiency, especially in industry，measured by comparing the amount produced with the time taken or the resources used to produce it .

15、L/C : Letter of credit.

16、VAT：value added tax.

17、Inflation：rise in prices

brought about by the excess demand, expansion of money supply, credit etc.

18、preferential customs tariffs: tariffs that imposes lower rates of duty on goods imported from some countries.

19、financial resources：wealth，money which a person, country, company, etc. has or can use 20、customer mobility：Customer mobility refers to the fact that an important client of a company engages in FDI and starts a factory in a foreign market, and then the firm, either a parts supplier or service provider, may very likely follow its client and make FDI overseas so as not to lose the business to its competitors.

21、standard of living: a level of material comfort as measured by the goods ,services, and luxuries available, a group, or a nation 22、certificate of deposit ：a certificate from a bank stating that the named party has a specified sum on deposit, usually for a given period of time at a fixed rate of interest

23、banknotes circulation: movements of the printed paper money issued by a bank, usu. the country’s central bank

24、economic globalization ：Economic globalization refers to the free flow of commodity, capital, technology, service and information in the global context for optimized allocation.

25、FOB：Free On Board

26、buyback: an agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the

output produced by these goods as full or partial payment.

27、clean draft：clean draft is the draft without any documents

28、middleman :businessman who buys from the manufacturer and sells to the public

29、intermediate products: semi-manufactures, the products that are situated or coming between raw materials and finished products

30、FCA：Free Carrier

31、applicant：a person who make a request, esp. officially and in writing, for something such as a job, an L/C, etc .

32、direction quote: an amount of foreign currency, usu. one unit or one hundred units is taken as the standard and the equivalent amount of home currency is marked after it . 33、idle funds：money held in the form of cash or held in idle balances

34、contribution: Contribution holds that a person cannot be allowed to insure twice for the same risk, and claim compensation from both insurers.

35、JIT：Just In Time

36、GSP：The Generalized System of Preferences

37、settlement: the act of paying a bill, debt, charge, etc .

38、drawer：the person who draws the draft, usually the exporter

39、pool：a combination of funds formed for common advantage

40、tax holiday：Tax holiday refers to a period of time during which tax is not levied.

41、management contract: Under a management contract, one company

offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume.

42、absolute advantage ：The theory of absolute advantage holds that a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources(capital, land , and labor).

43、documentary collection: In documentary collection, the exporter sends the draf and the shipping documents representing title to the goods to his bank, which forwards them to another bank in the importer’s country, which in turn contacts the customer.

44、FDI：foreign direct investment

45、known premium：the amount of money which the insured pay to the insurance company for their goods or other things

46、discount：amount of money that may be taken off the full amount 47、claim：a payment demanded in accordance with an insurance policy 48、consignee: the party in the bill of lading to whom the goods are shipped

49、jobber：dealer in stock exchange securities

50、D/A：documents against acceptance

Translation!

1、比较利益理论已成为现代国际

贸易思想的基石。

The idea of comparative advantage has become the cornerstone of modern thinking on international trade.

2、尽管跨国企业组织是跨国性的，

但其董事会的绝大多数成员一般来

自于母公司所在国。

In spite of the fact that the MNE is multinational, the absolute majority of the members of the board of directors originate from the home country.

3、国际贸易最初以商品贸易的形

式出现，即将在一过生产或制造的

商品，出口或进口到另一国家进行

消费或转售。

International business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another .

4、GNP与GDP区别在于，前者强调

的是生产要素的所有权，而后者着

眼于进行生产的地方。

The difference between GNP and GDP is that the former focuses on ownership of the factors of production while the latter concentrates on the place where production take place.

5、经济全球化为世界经济发展提

供了新的动力和机会，同时也使各

经济体更加互相依赖、互相影响。Economic globalization is giving new impetus and opportunities to world economic development and meanwhile making the various economies more and more interdependent and interactive. 6、许多国际交易是通过汇票支付

的，汇票是对银行或顾客的支付命

令。

7、 A lot of international

transactions are paid for by means of the draft that is an order to a bank or a customer to pay.

8、买方发出的询盘是为了活得拟

定购商品的有关信息，它对发出询

盘的人无约束力。

Enquiries made by the buyer are to get information about the goods to be ordered ,and are not binding on the enquirer.

9、对销外贸的危险性在于通过掩

盖交易的正真价格和成本，它可能

掩盖并促使一国长期在市场上保持

低下的效益。

Counter trade can be very risky in that by concealing the real prices and cost of transactions it may conceal and help perpetuate economic inefficiencies in the market place.

10、2000年对国际贸易术语解释通

则的修改考虑了无关税区的发展，

商务活动中电子通讯使用的增加，

以及运输方式的变化。

The 2000 revision of Incoterms took account of the spread of customs-free zones, the increased use of electronic communication, and the changes in transport practices.

10、最惠国待遇（MFN）是一种关税待遇，根据最惠国待遇的要求，一过给予任何一个签约国的任何关税减让必须适用于所有签约国。

The term most-favored-nation(MFN)treatment refers to a tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country.

11、没有保险，商业活动也不会停止，但损失将由不走运的人承担而不是由所有生意人分担。

Trade would not cease if there was no method of insurance available ,but the losses would be suffered by those who were

unfortunate, and not shared out equally among all traders.

12、受益人如果发现信用证中的任何与合同不符之处，便要求开证人进行修改，以便能保证安全及时地收到货款。The beneficiary will request the opener to make amendments to any discrepancies in the credit so as to ensure safe and timely payment .

13、信用证对出口人和进口人都提供了保障。但是，只有在符合信用证所规定的条款的情况下，它才保证向收益人付款。

The letter of credit provides security to both the exporter and the importer .However, it only assures payment to the beneficiary provided the terms and conditions of the credit are fulfilled.

14、如果信用证可以由原受益人转让给另一个或几个人，那么这种信用证即为可转让信用证。原受益人称作第一受益人，接受转让的一方（或几方）称作第二收益人。

A letter of credit is called transferable if it can be transferred by its original beneficiary to one or more parties .The original beneficiary is called the first beneficiary, and the party(or parties)the credit is transferred to is called the second beneficiary.

15、清洁提单指货物在表面状况良好的情况下装船，这意味着提单上未加任何有关包装或货物外表不良的批注。

A clean bill of lading refers to one that indicates the goods have been shipped in apparent good order and condition, which means it is devoid of any qualifying remarks about the packing and the outer appearance of the goods.

16、很大一部分政府支出是通过所得

税、增值税、公司收入税和其它税收来筹集的。

A large proportion of the government spending is raised through income tax, VAT ,corporation tax and other taxes.

17、外汇汇率有三种形式，即：买进汇率、售出汇率、和两者的平均值——中间汇率。

There are three types of foreign exchange price namely: the buying rate, the selling rate and the average of the previous two—the medial rate .

18、反倾销调查显示，中国是贸易保护措施的最大受害者，这些贸易保护措施目前仍在一些国家中盛行。

As shown in the anti-dumping investigations, China is the largest victim of the protectionist measures which are prevalent in some countries.

19、国际经济新秩序主要向发达国家要求更多的现金和贸易方面的让步。

The new international economic order consists mainly in a demand for more cash and trade concessions from the developed countries. 20、直接在国外经营提高了一个公司产品的能见度，使当地客户对他们的所购买的商品更加放心。Operating directly abroad enhances the visibility of a firm’s products, making local customers feel more assured about the things they buy.

21、同海运提单相类似的有用于航空运输中的空运提单和用于铁路运输中的铁路提单。

The document similar to the ocean bill of lading is called airway bill for air transportation and railway bill for railway transportation.

22、信用证的目的是通过银行信誉为国

际支付提供便利。

The objection of an L/C is to facilitate international payment by means of the creditworthiness of the bank.

23、将受损失人的利益恢复到损害发生前的状况的合同就是保险合同。

A contract of insurance is one which restores a person who has suffered a loss into the same position as he was in before the loss occurred.

24、对企业来说，损失的价值要比个人高得多，因此保险费也比一栋房子或者一辆车高出很多。In the case of business enterprises, the values exposed to loss are usually much higher and the premium charged is substantially higher than that for

a house or a car.

25、可保利益原则就是如果投保的东西得到了保护，投保人能从这种保护中得到利益。Insurable interest holds that if the thing insured is preserved he will derive a benefit from its preservation.

26、回购贸易和互购贸易之间另一个重要的区别在于回购贸易一般比互购贸易要延续更长一段时间。

Another important difference between counter purchase and buyback is that a buyback deal usually stretches over a longer period of time than a counter purchase deal.

27、在国际贸易中几乎不可能使付款和实际交货同时进行。

In international trade it is almost impossible to match payment with the physical delivery of the goods.

28、令人印象深刻的是交易所的交易场地，在这里经纪人和证券商互相交易各种证券。

One of the most impressive images of the Exchange is that of the market floor, where brokers met to do business with the market makers in the various securities.

29、即时库存管理体系的引进能最大限度地降低库存从而提高经营效率。

The introduction of JIT inventory management system can minimize the inventory of the stock so as to increase the efficiency of the operation.

30、合同依法实施，未能屡行合同义务的一方可能受到起诉，并被强制做出补偿。

A contract is enforceable by law, and the party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.

31、在复杂的经济社会中，没有一个国家能完全自给自足。In the complex economic world ,no country can be completely self-sufficient.

32、控制成本是一些企业进行对外投资的主要动机之一。而降低生产成本是其考虑的一个重要方面。

Controlling costs is one of the major motivations for some enterprises to engage in FDI. And lowering production costs is an important consideration.

33、保险是一种风险转移机制。通过保险个人或企业可以将生活中一些不确定因素转移给其它人。

Insurance is a risk transfer mechanism, by which the individual or the business enterprise can shift some of the uncertainty of life to the shoulders of others.

34、要评估某一市场的潜力。人们往往要分析其收入水平，因为它为那里居民的购买力提供依据。

In assessing the potential of a market, people often look at its income level since it provides clues about the purchasing power of its residents.

35、有效期对于实盘是必不可少的。在规定的时间之前，或在被对方接受或拒绝之前实盘一直是很有效的。

The validity period is indispensable to a firm offer. An offer remains valid until a stipulated time or until it is accepted or rejected.

36、不管人们喜欢与否，经济全球化已成为世界经济发展的一个客观趋势。Like it or not, economic globalization has become an objective trend in world economic development.

37、即使是这种情况下，大多数公司宁可付已知的费用即保险费来转移风险，也不愿面对不确定的风险损失。Even under these circumstances, the most of firms prefer to pay a known cost or premium for the transfer or risk ,rather than face the uncertainty of carrying the risk of loss.

38、期权是一种合同，这种合同给予在特定的时间内按规定的价格购买或出售一种证券的权利。Options are contracts giving the right to buy or sell a security at an agreed price within a particular period of time.

39、配额或者说数量限制是最常见的非关税壁垒。

Quotas or quantitative restriction are the most common form of non-tariff barriers.

40、在特定的条件下，提高利率可以吸引国外短期资金，提高一国的外汇汇率。

Under specific conditions, high interest rate will attract

short-term international fund ,increasing the exchange rate of one’s own currency.

41、世界各国被世界银行分为三类：高收入国家，中等收入国家和低收入国家。

Countries of the world are divided by the World Bank into three categories of high-

Income ,middle-income and low-income economies.

42、随着制造业和技术的发展，出现了另一个刺激贸易的因素，即国际专业化。

With the development of manufacturing and technology, there arose another incentive for trade, i.e. international specialization.

43、与以往做法不同，现在的对销贸易中贸易双方不一定互相熟悉，交换的产品有时为纵向有联系的货物。Different from the old practice, current counter trade partners are not necessarily familiar partners and goods exchanged are sometimes vertically related.

44、国际证券交易所提供了一种途径，使人们的存款能够为那些需要资金的人所利用。

The International Stock Exchange provides a channel through which the savings can reach those who need finance.

45、循环信用证规定，其金额用过后，在未对其进行特定修改的情况下，即可重新恢复到原金额。

Revolving credit stipulates that its amount can be renewed or reinstated without specific amendment to the credit being made.

46、通过为证券的发行和交易提供中心市场，股票交易所长期为政府、工业以及投资商的需求服务。

The Stock Exchange has long served the needs of government, industry and investors

in providing the central market place for the issue and trading of securities.

47、国外直接投资主要有三种形式：建立新企业、购买现有设施和建立合资公司。

FDI is mainly practiced in three forms: building new enterprises, purchasing existing facilities and forming joint ventures.

48、没有可保利益的保险合同是无效的，而任何根据这类这类合同提出的索赔都不会被受理。

An insurance contract without an insurable interest to support it is invalid and any claim made upon it will not be entertained.

49、商业发票，一般称“发票”，这种单据对货物的质量和数量以及单价和总价进行概括性描述。

The commercial invoice, generally called the invoice makes a general description of the quality, quantity, unit price, and total price of the goods.

50、对于一笔具体交易来说，信用证不一定是最理想的付款方式。缔约双方应根据具体情况做出最好的选择。The letter of credit may not be the most ideal method of payment for a particular transaction, and the contracting parties should make their best choice according to the specific conditions.

International trade is the exchange of goods between nations. It took place for many reasons. The first is that no nation has all of the commodities that it needs.

Countries that lack some resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them. Second, a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs and has to import some to satisfy its requirement . Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries and will

also buy what it needs from those countries that have a comparative advantage in the desired items .Finally ,even though a country can produce enough of an item at reasonable costs to meet its own demand, it may still import some from other countries for innovation or variety of style.

国际贸易是国家之间进行商品交换。它的产生有许多原因。首先，没有一个国家能生产它所需要的全部产品。自己的国家内缺少某些资源的国家必须从那些出口该资源的国家购买。第二，一个国家往往没有足够多的某项产品来满足其所需，而必须进口一些来满足需要。第三，一个国家能够比别的国家以较低成本销售某些产品，而且还从对有关产品具有比较优势的国家购买所需产品。最后，即使一个国家可以以合理的成本生产足够的产品满足本国的需要，它仍可能为了革新或调剂品种而从别的国家进口一些。

A contract is an agreement by which two parties mutually promise to buy or sell some products. An executed contract is one that has been fully carried out by both parties. An executory contract is one that is yet to be performed .In practice, some informal contracts may be reached orally. This is understandable, but may lead to

unfortunate consequences. A reasonable exporter should at least insist on strict observance of the legal requirements in case of orders that are not routine transactions. When the goods ordered represent a considerable value, a formal contract embodying all terms of the agreement should be prepared in duplicate; each copy should be signed by both parties, and each party should retain a copy of the contract.

一份合同是买卖双方共同保证买卖某些产品的协定。Executed Contract是双方已执行的合同。Executory Contract是将来要执行的合同。在商业行为中，有些非正式合同是口头达成的。这是可以理解的，但可能酿成严重的后果。一个明智的出口商至少应在遇到非同寻常的订货时坚持严格要求按法规履约。当订购货物金额较大时，应准备体现所有协议条款的合同一式两份，在每份合同上双方均需签字，然后每方保留一份。

The transferable credit is designed to meet the requirements of international trade. It enables a middleman who is receiving payment from a buyer under a documentary credit to transfer his claim under that credit to his own supplier. In this way he can carry out transactions with only a limited outlay of his own funds.

A transferable credit may only be transferred once. The second beneficiary may not further transfer it unless there is an express provision to this effect in the original credit. This limit on transferability is intended to prevent abuse .On the other hand;

the first beneficiary can transfer fractions of the original credit to several suppliers, provided that partial shipments are allowed .The aggregate of these partial transfers constitutes one transfer.

可转让信用证是为适合国际贸易的需要而设计的。它使在跟单信用证项下从买方收取货款的中间商能够把自己信用证下的权利转让给他的供货商。这样，他就可以只凭开支有限的资金而进行交易。

可转让信用证只可转让一次。除非原信用证有明确规定。第二受益人不可以再把信用证转让。这种对转让做出的限制是为了防止滥用转让。另一方面第一受益人在信用证允许分批装运的情况下可以把原证中的几个部分分别转让给几个不同的供货商。几个部分的转让加在一起构成一次转让。

Another motivation for FDI is customer mobility. When an important client of a company engages in FDI and started a factory in a foreign market, the firm, either a parts supplier or service provider, may very likely follow its client and make FDI overseas so as not to lose the business to its competitors. The building of factories and warehouses by Japanese parts suppliers in the United States following the construction of auto assembly plants by major Japanese automakers in the country is an example of such kind of FDI. The introduction of JIT inventory management system increases the necessity of such investment, since the system is meant to minimize the inventory to increase efficiency, putting the suppliers at disadvantage to make

supply from a distant foreign country.

客户流动是企业对外直接投资的另一个动机。当某一个公司的重要客户从事对外直接投资、在国外市场建厂时，作为其零件供应商或服务提供商，该公司很可能追随客户也在国外投资。

这样才不会让竞争对手抢去生意。随着日本主要汽车制造商在美国建立工厂和仓库，就是此类投资的一个例子。即时库存管理系统的引进使此类投资更加必要，因为该系统意在把库存将至最低以提高效率。如果供应商还从遥远的国外供货，他们将处于不利地位。