2013考研英语长难句

一、了解句子主要成分:

英语基本的句型

包括五种成分，五种功能句型，这些成分包括名词（N=noun）,谓语动词（V=verb）, 宾语（O=objective），直接宾语（Od=direct object）, 间接宾语（Oi=indirect object）,补足语（C=complementary）

1. 句型的基本结构：

（1）主----谓结构（SV）

The existence of both racial and sexual discrimination in employment is well documented.

(2)主系表(SVC)

To be or not to be is a hard thing

主---谓----宾(SVO)

They are talking loudly about the political affairs.

主----谓----直接宾语-----间接宾语(S-V-Od-Oi)

He offered me a great hand

(5) 主谓宾语补语(SVOC)

We consider it a good opportunity to study abroad.

(6) 主谓状

We should confront hardships fearlessly and strive to overcome them

各种从句的类型

主语从句

That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers have shown is just how fast things are going.

宾语从句

They don't know whether this decision comes out of convincing proof or whether it can be put into practice.

表语从句

One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature and so on.

同位语从句

In talking to some young scientists, you might gather the impression that Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request.

定语从句

1. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company’s private internet.

2.Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings which investors now view as necessary ingredient to a sustained boom.

副词性从句阅读-----状语从句

1. 时间状语从句

Immediately he arrived, he started describing us what had happened

注: 很多表示时间的名词词组和副词也可以引导时间状语从句, instantly, immediately, directly, the day, every time, the minute, the moment, the instant

2.条件状语从句

As long as you keep on trying, you will certainly succeed.

注: 很多词组也可以引导条件状语从句, Provided that, Given that, Supposing that, On condition that, In case that

原因状语从句

Theory is valuable in that it can provide a direction for practice.

注: 很多词组也可以引导原因状语从句, now that, in that, considering that, in that, on account of, owing to, due to, thanks to

4.让步状语从句

Tom always enjoys swimming, even though the weather is rough.

注: 很多词组也可以引导让步状语从句,even if, as, no matter what, no matter how, despite, while,whatever, whenever, whoever, however.

5.目的状语从句

They climb ed to the top of the mountain in order that they could get a bird’s-eye view of the city. Take an umbrella in case it rains.

注: 很多词组也可以引导目的状语从句, so that, in order that, lest, in case that, for fear that.

二、 难句分析与突破技巧

第一节 难点语法与难句分析

1）考研英语难点语法

1. 分隔结构

A. 结构性分隔

定语后置

一般的时候，英语中的名词和其后面的定语是相邻的。定语后置的分隔，指的是中心词与其后置的定语被其他成分隔开。

Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pour ing fumes into the air until we know for sure. (2005年阅读理解Text 2)

同位语后置

同位语后置的分隔，是指同位语与其先行词被其他成分隔开，类似于定语从句与其先行词被分难句结构剖析 分隔结构 结构性分隔 否定结构 倒装结构 省略结构 并列平行结构 嵌套结构 修饰性分隔 插入性分隔 倒装性分隔 一般否定 部分否定 完全否定 双重否定 否定转移 全部倒装 部分倒装 并列结构中的省略 状语从句中的省略 名词性从句中的省略 定语从句中的省略

嵌套式定语从句 嵌套式名词性从句 复合型嵌套式从句

隔。

Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts. (2001年完形填空)

多重后置定语

有的时候，一个句子中的中心词后跟不止一个定语，并且这些后置定语被其他定语分隔。(1) This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy. (2001年阅读理解Passage 4) (2) This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of European bank for Television production which，on the model of the European Investments Bank，will handle the finances necessary for production costs. (2005年英译汉)

B. 修饰性分隔

修饰性分隔是指两个语法和语义关系密切的句子成分被起修饰作用的词、短语或从句分隔开来。主要有以下几种：

主谓分隔

为了保持句子平衡，主谓之间插入定语(常为介词短语、分词短语、不定式短语、关系从句) 、状语(常为副词、介词短语或状语从句) 、同位语、插入语等。例如：

A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia，which would offer financial incentives for private industry，is a promising start. (2005年阅读理解Text2)

动宾分隔

本来在英语中，宾语要紧跟谓语动词，但是有时候动词所跟的宾语较长，为保持句子平衡，将状语或补语移至宾语前，宾语的位置发生变化。所谓的宾语后置就是在动词和宾语之间插入其他的成分，从而造成谓语动词和宾语的分隔。

Thus，the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics，is an abstract concept which makes possible immense am ounts of concrete research and under’ standing. (2003年英译汉)

C. 插人性分隔

插入语表示说话者对句中所说内容的态度、看法，起说明、解释的作用。置于句中的可以是副词、从句、独立成分等。

And while Google has been the first to desktop search，many users may still prefer，he says，to wait for Microsoft’s more familiar produc t.

D. 倒装性分隔

倒装性分隔是指为了语法或修辞需要，使用倒装语序，使某些句子成分不在原来的位置上，从而使两个相关的成分分隔开来。

Of every 100 serious crimes committed in America，only 33 are actually reported to the police.

2) 否定结构

英语的否定句的否定范围具有不同的情况，也就具有不同的语义，所以在遇到否定句时，一定要分清其否定的范围，找准否定的对象。

一般否定

我们在研究英语否定句的确切含义时知道，凡是谓语动词被否定，全句的意思也随之被否定，

这种否定叫作“一般否定”。一般否定就是在系动词、助动词或情态动词后加上否定词not。This，he thought，could not be true，because the Origin of Species is one long argument from the beginning to the end，and has convinced many able men。(2008年英译汉)

部分否定

部分否定就是指整个句子所表达的意义或概念不是全部否定，而是既含有部分否定的意思，也含有部分肯定的意思。部分否定句式常常译为不都……、并非……。

1) 带有不定代词或形容词a11，both，each，every，everybody，everyone，everything等在否定句中作主语时，这种句子不是全部否定，而表示部分否定，汉语常翻译成不都是……、并非都……。

2) 在否定句中，带有副词always，wholly，entirely，completely，totally，altogether，everywhere，often，quite，enough等表示部分否定。

3) hardly／scarcely(几乎不)，rarely／seldom(很少，不常)，few／little(没几个，几乎没有) 等表示部分否定。

Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. (2000年阅读理解Passage 4)

完全否定

英语表示完全否定的词有：no，not，never，none，nobody，nothing，nowhere，neither…nor等，表示一切……都不是……。

All the same，no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition：that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. (2000年阅读理解Passage 3)

双重否定

双重否定句最主要的功能就是通过两个否定词在句子中互相抵消其否定的含义，从而实现否定+否定二肯定来加强句子的肯定语气，这样的双重否定句被称之为肯定型双重否定句。用双重否定句进行肯定，语气上肯定有加重。

As a linguist，he acknowledges that all varieties of human language，including non-standard ones like Black English，can be powerfully expressive－there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. (2005年阅读理解Text4)

否定转移

否定转移指否定形式在谓语动词，而否定的信息焦点却在状语和表语，或否定形式在主句，而否定的信息焦点却在从句。例如：

I’m not anticipating that such a simple question will be beyond your understanding. 我料想这么简单的问题你不会不懂。

3）倒装结构；

倒装句的产生是为了平衡句子结构，或者是为了强调句子的某一部分特意将其提前，将其放置在引人注目的首要地方。倒装结构可分为主谓倒装和非主谓倒装。而主谓倒装又可分为完全倒装和部分倒装，完全倒装顾名思义指整个谓语全部放在主语的前面，而部分倒装通常指只将谓语的一部分，通常是助动词、系动词或情态动词放置于主语之前。

全部倒装

全部倒装也叫完全倒装。英语中，出于行文需要，主要是为了强调，可以将表示位置及处所的

介词短语或副词置于句首。状语前置时，句子的主语和谓语要调换位置，构成倒装句。有时句子主语很长，而谓语较短，采用倒装结构还可以起到平衡句子的作用；有时为了强调或者为了使句子平衡或者为了使上下文连接得更加紧密，就将表语和地点状语(多为介词短语) 置于句首，谓语动词也常置于主语前，构成完全倒装。

完全倒装时谓语动词完全置于主语前，其中主语必须是名词，若为代词则不倒装，这种结构中谓语部分无助动词(d。，have) 和情态动词，但可以有连系动词be。须用完全倒装的情况有：

1) 当句首为副词out，in，up，down，off，here，there等，且主语为名词时，应用完全倒装。

2) 当表示地点的介词短语位于句首，且主语为名词时，应用完全倒装。

3) 在there be结构中，there为引导词，be动词之后为句子的主语，属完全倒装，be应与主语保持一致。除be以外，能与there连用的动词还有seem，exist，happen，appear，live，stand 等。

4) 作表语的形容词、过去分词等较短，而主语相对比较长，为了保持句子平衡而将表语前置时，句子的主谓也应完全倒装。

Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals，are her increased opportunities for stress. (2008年阅读理解Text l)

部分倒装：

部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do，does或did，并将其置于主语之前。主要有以下几种形式：1) 在正式文体中，如果never，seldom，rarely，little，hardly，scarcely，no sooner，no longer，nowhere等含有否定意义的副词位于句首，则其后的句子要用部分倒装。对于not…until句型，当not…until位于句首时，其后的主句要用倒装语序。某些起副词作用的介问短语，由于含有否定词，若位于句首，其后要用部分倒装。

2) so，neither，nor表示也、也不的句子要部分倒装。

3) so…that…句型中的so位于句首时，需倒装。

当so…that…结构中的so连同它所直接修饰的成分共同位于句首表示强调时，主句要进行倒装(that后面的结果状语从句不倒装)。so后面跟形容词或副词，such也有相似的用法，但such后面跟名词。

4) only在句首要倒装的情况。

only置于句首，后面跟副词、介词短语、状语从句，强调方式状语、条件状语、地点状语、时间状语等状语时，主句要进行部分倒装，助动词提前。

5) as，though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前(形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前)。

6) 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were，had，should等词，可将if省略，把were，had，should移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。

Only gradually was the by product of the institution noted，and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. (2009年英译汉)

4）省略结构

英语文章中的省略需遵守两个原则：一是这个成分可有可无，或者是多余的，总之就是少了它之后不会改变原文的意思，二是省略的成分已经在上下文中得到了充分的体现。

并列结构中的省略

在并列句中，后面的分句中和上文重合的部分往往要被省略掉。在英译汉时要注意将省略的部分翻译出来。

Until these issues are resolved，a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected，and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. (2002年英译汉)

状语从句中的省略

在时间、地点、条件、让步、方式状语从句中，如果从句的主语与主句的主语相一致(或为it)，而从句的谓语又含有be(包括连系动词be和助动词be)，则可把主语+be省略掉。

(1) Many others，while not addicted or mentally ill，simply lack the everyday survival skills needed to turn their lives around. (2006年完形填空)

名词性从句中的省略

在名词性从句中，尤其是在宾语从句中，引导词that可以省略；如果一个动词后接两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，第一个宾语从句的that可以省略，第二个则不能省略。

whether. . . or not中or not也常被省略掉。当然，名词性从句中也包含其他部分的省略情形。

A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will，for example，cause problems in 2010，while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids. (2001年英译汉)

定语从句中的省略

that／which作为关系代词引导限制性定语从句，如果在定语从句中作主语则一定不能省略；如果作宾语则可以省略。

(1) While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery，they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create. (2008年阅读理解Text4)

5）并列平行结构

英语中两个或两个以上意义相关、层次相同、句法功能也相同，并且由并列连词或其他并列手段连接起来的语法结构序列叫做并列结构。常用并列连词有：and，or，but，so，yet，nor；常用关联并列连词有：both…and，not…but，not…nor，not only…but also，either. . . or，neither. . . nor；常用近乎并列连词有：as well as，as much as，rather than，more than等。

并列平行结构可以是词和词的并列、词组和词组的并列，也可以是分句和分句的并列或从句和从句的并列。在考研英语中，并列平行结构是个难点也是重点。因为一般来说，有并列的句子，就会考查到代词指代或省略。因此，首先应该根据并列连词判断出并列关系，理清并列连词连接的并列成分是什么，省略成分是什么。但是，有些并列连接不是那么明显，需要仔细地辨别。

(1) He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely，hut he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence，and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. (2008年英译汉)

6）嵌套结构

一个从句还可以嵌套在另外一个从句中，形成了多重嵌套。在多重嵌套的复合句中，区分清楚各个从句的边界是英语句子处理的一个核心问题，也是一个非常困难的问题，直接影响到整个

句子的理解。

英语中的从句多重嵌套的表现形式多样，主要是集中在定语从句和名词性从句中。

嵌套式定语从句

嵌套式定语从句是指一个句子中定语从句中套定语从句的情况。这种结构中的定语从句其实拆开来也是一个独立的定语从句，只不过一个定语从句在另一个定语从句之中而已。

Likewise in the east were the Seljuk Turks who had infiltrated from their Central Asian homeland into the Islamic Empire where they were employed as mercenaries by the Baghdad caliphs.

嵌套式名词性从句

名词性从句分为四种类型：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。在主语从句中包含同位语从句，宾语从句中包含主语从句、同位语从句和表语从句，同位语从句中包含宾语从句、表语从句的情形都比较常见，构成了英语中更为复杂的复合句式。

(1) That means (that) a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught，so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. (2006年阅读理解Text 3)

复合型嵌套式从句

名词性从句中嵌套定语从句或状语从句

(2) But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future，and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions. (2005年阅读理解Text 2)

定语从句中嵌套名词性从句或状语从句

(1) He asserted，also，that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited，for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. (2008年英译汉)

状语从句中嵌套定语从句或名词性从句

(1) If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young. (2009年英译汉)

2）考研英语难句分析

考研英语中的难句都具有以下特点：

1. 从句多且长

Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. (2002年阅读理解Text 1)

2. 从句套从句

(2) A survey of new stories in l996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well，from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research. (1998年阅读理解Passage 3)

3. 冗长的插入成分

With regard to Futurist poetry，however，the case is rather difficult，for whatever Futurist poetry may be－even admitting that the theory on which on is based may be right-it can hardly be classed as Literature. (2000年阅读理解Passage 3)

4. 非谓语动词和独立主格结构的干扰

5. 复杂结构众多

It’s a theory to which many economists subscribe，but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. (2003年阅读理解Text)

第二节考研英语难句突破步骤

要想突破考研英语难句，可从下面几点着手。

1.

1) 如果引导词前面是个名词，则要根据情况来判断是定语从句还是同位语从句；

2) 如果引导词前面是实义动词，说明这个从句是宾语从句；

3) 如果引导词前面是系动词，说明这个从句是表语从句；

4) 如果谓语动词前面是状语从句的引导词，说明这个从句是状语从句；

如果顺着谓语动词往前找，却没有引导词，说明这是主句的谓语动词，那么它的前面就是主语，后面就应该是宾语或表语了。

This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in，a fact under－lined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50％took a lossinl989. (2005年英译汉)

2. 常见的并列连词有：and，but，yet，or，so，for，not only…but also…，neither…nor，to get her with 等等。有这些单词的句子里一般就有并列结构存在，并且很可能存在着省略现象，因此注意要推断出省略的成分。

They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing) man of traditional theory，and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. (2002年英译汉)

从句就是”引导词+句子”，所以，找到引导词就找到了从句，再根据引导词前的单词确定其是什么从句。

名词性从句的连接词：that，what(ever)，who(ever)，where，when，why，how，whether. . . or not 等。

定语从句的关系代词和关系副词：that，which，who，whom，whose，as，when，where，why 等。

状语从句的关系连接词：when，while，as，though，although，where，even if等。

Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which，in its strongest form，states that language imprisons the mind，and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. (2004年英译汉)

4.

一般的长句子中，名词一般作主语或宾语，其后一般都有修饰限定成分，即定语或同位语。Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we call expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. (2001年英译汉)

5.

－个句子的主句最重要的特征就是有完整的主谓结构，尤其是要有独立的谓语部分。do／does 和is／am／are的各种时态变化都可以作谓语，但是单纯的to do／doing／done和to be／being 的形式是不可以作谓语的。一个看似句子的结构。如果没有独立的谓语部分，那它就不是一个句子，而是分词短语或者独立主格结构。

经典例句：With as many as 120 varieties in existence，discovering how cancer works is not easy。

英语复合句中存在很多的复杂结构，如倒装、强调、省略、插人等等。首先要了解认识这些结构的特点，其次要会确认和应对。比如说插人结构，读句子时，先不要理会插入语，先把主句的意思看完。然后再看插入部分。

第三节考研英语难句实例剖析

在实际的阅读过程中，我们常常会碰到一个句子中既有从句又有插入成分，还有分词状语或者独立主格结构，这样的句子就属于很复杂的句子。

阅读这种句子的正确方法是：

Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans，he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment－although no one had proposed to do so －and asked an independent panel of expels chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy On human cloning. (1999年阅读理解Passage4)