美国文学史及选读17世纪的名词解释
17世纪的名词解释
1. Elegy: In Greek and Roman times, the term elegy was used to refer to any poem composed in elegiac meter. Since the 17th century, elegy has typically been used to refer to reflective poems that lament the loss of something or someone, or loss or death more generally, although in Elizabethan times it was also use to refer to certain love poems. Elegies written in English frequently take the form of the pastoral elegy.
2. Pamphlet: Originally a pamphlet was a sort of treatise or tract. It then came to mean a short work written on a topical subject on which an author feels strongly. Many outstanding writers have used the pamphlet to express vigorous political or religious views.
3. Assonance: Assonance is the repetition of identical or similar vowels-especially in stressed syllables-in a sequence of nearby words.
4. Stanza: A stanza is a grouping of the verse lines in a poem, often set off by a space in the printed text. Usually the stanzas of a given poem are marked by a recurrent pattern of rhyme and are also uniform in the number and length of the component lines.
5. Folktale: Folktale, strictly defined, is a short narrative in prose of unknown authorship which has been transmitted orally; many of these tales eventually achieve written form. The term, however, is often extended to include stories invented by a known author which have been picked up and repeatedly narrated by word of mouth as well as in written form.
6. Hyperbole: It is bold overstatement, or the extravagant exaggeration of fact or possibility.
7. Prose poems: Prose poems are densely compact, pronouncedly rhythmic, and highly sonorous compositions which are written as a continuous sequence of sentences without line break.
8. Conceit: From the Italian concetto (meaning idea or concept), it refers to an unusually far-fetched or elaborate metaphor or simile presenting a surprisingly apt parallel between two apparently dissimilar things or feeling. Poetic conceits are prominent in Elizabethan love sonnets and metaphysical poetry. Conceits often employ the devices of hyperbole, paradox and oxymoron.
9. Pastoral: The originator of the pastoral was the Greek poet Theocritus, who in the third century B.C. wrote poems representing the life of Sicilian shepherds. (Pastor is Latin for “shepherd.”) It is a deliberately conventional poem expressing an urban poet’s nostalgic image of the peace and simplicity of the life of shepherds and other rural folk in an idealized natural setting.
10. Diction: The term diction signifies the types of words, phrases, and sentence structures, and sometimes also of figurative language, that constitute any work of literature. A writer’s diction can be analyzed under a great variety of categories, such as the degree to which the vocabulary and phrasing is abstract or concrete, Latin or Anglo-Saxon in origin, colloquial of formal, technical or common.
11. Metaphysical poetry: It is a term that can be applied to any poetry that deals with philosophical or spiritual matters but that is generally limited to works written by a specific group of 17th century poets who are linked by style and modes of poetic organization. Common elements include the following: (1) an analytical approach to subject matter; (2) colloquial language ;( 3) rhythmic patterns that are often rough or irregular, and (4) the metaphysical conceit, a figurative device used to capture thought and emotion as accurately as possible.
12. Fable: A fable is also called an apologue. It is short narrative, in prose or verse, which exemplifies an abstract moral thesis or principle of human behavior; usually, at its conclusion, either the narrator or one of the characters states the moral in the form of an epigram.
13. Parable: A parable is a very short narrative about human beings presented so as to stress the tacit analogy, or parallel, with a general thesis or lesson that the narrator is trying to bring home to his audience. The parable was one of Jesus’ favorite devices as a teacher.
14. Masques (or Masks): The masque was inaugurated in Renaissance Italy and flourished in England during the reigns of Elizabeth I. It was an elaborate form of court entertainment that combined poetic drama, music, song, dance, splendid costuming, and stage spectacle. A plot—often slight, and mainly mythological and allegorical—served to hold together these diverse elements. The speaking characters, who wore masks
(hence the title), were often played by amateurs who belonged to courtly society. The play concluded with a dance in which the players doffed their masks and were joined by the audience.
美国文学史及选读试卷 (1)
美国文学史及选读试卷 Ⅰ.Each of the following statements below is followed by four alternatives. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. (60points in all, 2 for each) 1. Which of following can be said of the common features which are shared by the English and American Romanticists ? A. An increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions. B. An increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. C. An increasing emphasis on the desire to return to nature. D. both A and B. 2. Which of the following statements about the Romantic period in the history of American literature is NOT true? （） A. In most of the American writings of this period there was a new emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. B. The writers of this period placed an increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions and displayed an increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters. C. There was a strong tendency to exalt the individual and the common man. D. Most heroes and heroines in the writings of this period exhibited extremes of reason and nationality. 3.______ is unanimously agreed to be the summit of the American Romanticism in the history of American literature. A. New England Transcendentalism B. England Transcendentalism C. the Harlem Renaissance D. New Transcendentalism 4.Hawthorn e’s unique gift was for the creation of ______ which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature. A. symbolic stories B. romantic stories
外国文学史(下)名词解释汇总
长河小说 1.20世纪欧美现实主义文学时期产生的，通过一两个人的一生经历去反映一个时代的变迁的多卷本小说。优点是描写集中，容量较大。 2.罗兰认为，生活就像一条长河那样，连续不断地流动，小说也应反映这种丰富、博大、不停地发展的状态。 3.这种“长河小说”，气势雄浑，具有史诗的规模。同时，发展脉络清楚，一气呵成，从结构上来说显得更为完整。 愤怒的青年 1.20世纪欧美现实主义文学的一个文学派别。这个派别的作家塑造了一种新的任务类型：他们是出身工人家庭或中下层社会的大学毕业生，所受的教育高于所出身的阶层，可是他们并不想成为绅士；他们对掌权者的特殊享受津津乐道，但又把权力看成可笑而又不道德的游戏。这是一种反英雄人物。 2.代表作品有艾米斯的《幸运的吉姆》，约翰·奥斯本的《愤怒的回顾》 迷惘的一代 1.20世纪20年代产生于美国的文学流派，海明威在《太阳照样升起》的题词中引用斯泰恩的一句话：你们都是迷惘的一代，该流派因此而得名。 2.特点是痛恨帝国主义战争，关心战后青年一代的命运，反映当时美国青年普遍的迷惘情绪，以此为出发点，表现帝国主义精神危机。 3.代表作家海明威和菲次杰拉德，代表作品是海明威的《太阳照样升起》。 冰山原则 A.1932年海明威在《午后之死》中第一次提出文学创作的“冰山原则” B.即用简洁的文字塑造鲜明的形象，并且把自己的感受和思想最大限度地藏在形象中，使之情感丰富却含而不露，思想深沉且隐而不晦，让读者通过鲜明形象的感受去发掘作品的思想意义。 C.简洁的文字、鲜明的形象、丰富的情感和深刻的思想构成冰山原则的四要素，也是海明威的基本创作风格。 D.代表作品有海明威的《老人与海》《乞力马扎罗山上的雪》 硬汉形象 1.海明威作品中出现的一系列人物形象。这些人物有拳击师、斗牛士、猎人、渔人等，他们都具有一种百折不挠、坚强不屈的性格，面对暴力和死亡，面对不可改变的命运，都表现出一种从容、镇定的意志力，保持了人的尊严和勇气。 2.代表人物有《打不败的人》中的斗牛士曼努尔，《丧钟为谁而鸣》的乔丹，《老人与海》的老渔夫桑地亚哥。 解冻文学
美国文学史及选读期末复习题
1.Captain John Smith became the first American writer. 2.The puritans looked upon themselves as a chosen people. is an annual collection of proverbs written by Benjamin Franklin. 4.Thomas Paine’s famous pamphlet Common Sense boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”. 5.Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston.
has been called the “Father of American Poetry”. 7.In Washington I rving’s appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature. 8.Cooper’s enduring fame rests on his William Cullen Bryant’s wok. is considered “father of American detective stories and American gothic stories”. 10.Emerson believed above all in
外国文学下名词解释简答论述
含泪的笑是对果戈理讽刺艺术的概括，果戈理的作品往往采取讽刺的手法描写庄园地主的庸俗腐败，空虚无聊同时也抨击封建官僚的贪污受贿，敲诈勒索，如在《密尔格拉得》所包括的四篇小说之一的《旧式地主》中，既对地主阶级精神空虚、无聊，予以嘲讽，又有所同情，即“哀其不幸，怒其不争”别林斯基因此称这种风格为“含泪的笑”。精神苦刑法是鲁迅对俄国作家陀思妥耶夫斯基心理描写特点的一种评价，罗勋认为陀思妥耶夫斯基在小说中以严酷的拷问官出现，桎梏了精神的苦刑，吧人物放在万难忍受的境遇里试炼，层层剖析他们的灵魂，让他们经受精神上的痛苦磨练，他善于表现人物在异常状态中，在无法解脱的矛盾中，激烈的内心斗争和高度紧张的情绪变化（即变态心理，绝望情绪），拉斯科尼科夫的形象就是精神苦刑法的具体体现。 小说突出集中地反映了作者对人类存在的哲理思考。 1在外省小城中，卡拉马佐夫一家父子围绕金钱，女人而产生的激烈斗争。 2卡拉马佐夫一家：马卡拉马佐夫、伊凡和斯麦尔佳科夫是人性恶的代表，他们放弃信仰、自食其果。德米特里是现实人性的代表，他因为没有放弃信仰而得救。阿辽沙是人性善的代表，他所指引人类的出路是忍耐、顺从。 3作者通过人类灵魂的搏斗，揭示他眼中的整个人类社会现实的内在本质。 "卡拉马佐夫气质"是俄罗斯文学"俄罗斯性格"题材诸多"性格"类型中的一种,它是俄罗斯民族性格在文学中的审美提炼,具有"所多玛的灵魂"、"阴郁的怀疑"、"迷失后的皈依"和"历久弥坚的信仰"等复杂的文化构成。它是俄罗斯深邃的宗教文化与原始自然力和欧洲文明疾患共同作用的结果。深刻地反映了俄罗斯民族在社会转型期间的价值危机和精神困惑。欲望与毁灭，兄弟间是热情、理想主义，父亲是贪婪，占有，最终都与世格格不入。 卡拉马佐夫性格、 《卡拉玛佐夫兄弟》（1880）写卡拉马佐夫父子、兄弟之间围绕金钱、女人产生的激烈的矛盾斗争，以此为中心事件，广泛描写社会生活，全面体现了作家的政治思想、宗教哲学，道德观念。这个道德沦丧，人欲横流的地主之家，其成员为了各自私利，勾心斗角，分崩离析，性格也各不相同，但却有一种共同的精神气质把他们捆绑在一起，这就是文学史上称之为的“卡拉马佐夫气质”（或称性格），即俄国农奴主制度和资产阶级种种丑恶的精神气质的总和——那就是卑鄙无耻，自私自利，野蛮残暴，放肆淫逸，腐化堕落的集中表现。这一家人的充满仇恨，矛盾的多层次对照的丑恶关系是资产阶级和封建农奴主阶级的丑恶本质在俄国农奴制改革后所产生的混杂畸形关系的反映。是俄国社会生活的一个缩影。 人间喜剧， 《人间喜剧》是欧洲文学史宏伟纪念碑。是巴尔扎克1829－1848年所写的全部作品的总称，由巴尔扎克在1842年受《神曲》（原名《神圣的喜剧》）启示所概括提出的。《人间喜剧》棉鞋了人在金钱腐蚀下的异化和堕落，反映了资产阶级的罪恶发家史和贵族阶级的落寞衰亡史。所谓“人间”，即作者所处的19世纪法国社会，所谓“喜剧”，即这个社会中形形色色的世态人生，含有讽刺批判的意味。 巴尔扎克把《人间喜剧》分类整理为三大A、风俗研究（67部）B、哲学（哲理）研究（22部）C、分析研究（2部，另有3部只有题目没有动笔）人间喜剧》创造了两种方法： 第一种是分类整理法：第二种是人物再现法： 1、浪漫主义浪漫主义是18世纪末兴起于德国，并在19世纪初期盛行于欧美各国的一种文学思潮。即虚构，想像，神奇，描述美丽自然景观的文学。它是法国革命开始的名族民主革命新时代的产物，在德国古典哲学，空想社会理论和伤感文学的基础上，与古典主义的斗争中发展起来的。浪漫主义作家偏重于表现主观理想，他们的作品想像丰富，具有强烈的主观抒情色彩；对丑恶的的社会现实的厌恶使他们往往寄情山水，讴歌自然；浪漫主义作家批判古典主义的清规戒律，重视中世纪的民间文学，提出“回到中世纪”的口号；作品追求离奇的情节和强烈的艺术效果，主人公常常活动于奇异的自然环境或富有异国情调的遥远的部落。浪漫主义文学的主要成就是诗歌，其次是戏剧和小说。代表作家有：拜伦、雨果、普希金、惠特曼等。 湖畔派：三诗人指的是华兹华斯、柯尔律治和骚塞。他们对资本主义文明及人与人之间的现金交易关系极为反感，向往中古时期的封建社会。他们曾隐居于英国西北部的湖区，由是得名“湖畔派”。华兹华斯和柯勒律治合著的《抒情歌谣集》，在诗歌创作上，标志着英国浪漫主义文学的正式形成。华兹华斯的（《抒情歌谣集》序言）（1800），中强调想象和情感对诗歌创作的的重要性。他们的诗作或讴歌宗法式的农村生活和自然风景，或描写奇异神秘的故事和异国风光，一般都是远离社会斗争的题材。他们常常是通过缅怀中古时代的“纯朴”来否定丑恶的城市文明。例柯勒律治的《《老水手》）， 在《恰尔德。哈洛尔德游记》中恰尔德。哈洛尔德是一个出具“拜伦式英雄”的特点的形象。 拜伦式英雄指拜伦作品中的主人公们——他们是高傲坚强的而又孤独忧郁的叛逆者，他们与罪恶的社会势不两
美国文学史及选读复习重点
Captain John Smith (first American writer). Anne Bradstreet；The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America （colonists living） Edward Taylor(the best puritan poet) John Cotton ”the Patriarch of New England” teacher spiritual leader Benjamin Franklin The Autobiography Poor Richard’s Almanack Thomas Jefferson： Political Career Thoughts The Declaration of Independence we hold truth to be self-evidence Philip Freneau“Father of American Poetry” The Wild Honey Suckle American Romanticism optimism and hope Nationalism Washington Irving“Father of American Literature short story”The first “Pure Writer” A History of New York The Sketch Book marked the beginning of American Romanticism! “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”Rip Van Winkle James Fenimore Cooper Father of American sea and frontier novels Leather stocking Tales The Last of the Mohicans The Pioneers The Prairie The Pathfinder The Deerslayer Edgar Allan Poe father of detective story and horror fiction Tales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque “MS. Found in a Bottle” “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” “The Fall of the House of Usher”“The Masque of the Red Death”“The
华师自考美国文学史及选读试题
美国文学史及选读试题 I. Multiple Choice 10’ 1. Who is different from others according to the division of writing period? A. Washington Irving B.William Cullen Bryant C. Captain John Smith D. James Fenimore Cooper 2. The American Romantic Period lasted roughly from ____ to ____. A. 1798-1832 B. 1810-1860 C. 1860-1864 D. 1776-1783 3. How many syllables are there in this first line of Raven? (“Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,”) A. 11 B. 12 C. 13 D. 16 4. What dominated the Puritan phase of American writing? A. theology B. literature C. esthetics D. revolution 5. At the initial period of the spread of ideas of the Enlightenment was largely due to ____. A. typography B. journalism C. revolution D. the development of paper-making industry 6. Who has been called the “Father of American Literature”? A. Walt Scott B. Geoffrey Chaucer
外国文学名词解释全新
1、人物再现法 它是巴尔扎克在《人间喜剧》中所运用的艺术手法，他通过顺叙、倒叙、对比、侧写等再现方式，让同一个人物在不同的作品中反复出现。《人间喜剧》中的再现人物共有400多个，散见在75部作品之中。这样前后呼应，相互联系，既将数量庞大的作品联结组合成一个统一的整体，同时又刻画出了人物性格发展的全过程。 2、社会问题剧 1868—1891年，挪威剧作家易卜生用散文写了9部以社会和家庭问题为内容的现实主义戏剧；这些剧本分两类：一类处理社会政治问题，如《青年同盟》、《社会支柱》等；一类处理婚姻家庭问题，如《玩偶之家》等；这些作品大胆揭露资产阶级道德的堕落、婚姻的不合理、家庭生活的虚伪、思想的庸俗偏狭及资产阶级民主政治的破产；“社会问题剧”以其丰富的社会内容和高度的艺术技巧震动了西方舞台，引起一场戏剧革命。 3、自然派 是俄国19世纪40－50年代形成的现实主义文学流派的别称，奠基人是果戈理，名称由别林斯基提出；自然派的特点是，真实地反映现实生活，批判黑暗腐朽的专制农奴制，描写下层小人物的不幸命运，具有民主主义和人道主义倾向；果戈理是当时现实主义文学的盟主，自他以后的一系列现实主义作家屠格涅夫、赫尔岑、冈察洛夫、涅克拉索夫等都是自然派作家。 4、多余人 19 世纪30年代以后俄国文学史中出现的一类贵族青年典型；他们受过启蒙思想的影响，不满现实，但贵族生活方式使他们缺乏明确的目标，最终一事无成。成为“永远不会站在政府方面”，同时也“永远不能够站到人民方面”的“多余人”；普希金笔下的奥涅金成为俄国文学史上第一个“多余人”的形象，莱蒙托夫笔下的毕巧林，屠格涅夫笔下的罗亭，冈察洛夫笔下的奥勃洛摩夫等人都属于这一类典型。 5、托尔斯泰主义 是托尔斯泰晚年提出的所谓拯救俄国人民和人类的政治和道德主张；它的基本内容是“勿以暴力抗恶”、“道德自我完善”和“博爱”，其核心是“不以暴力抗恶”。托尔斯泰主义是空想的，客观上有麻醉人民、阻碍革命发展的消极作用，但作为资产阶级革命快要到来时人民思想和情绪的表现者，托尔斯泰的出发点是伟大的。 6、冰山原则
美国文学史及选读期末复习题
1.C aptain John Smith became the first American writer. 2.T he puritans looked upon themselves as a chosen people. collection of proverbs written by Benjamin Franklin. 4.T homas Paine’s famous pamphlet Common Sense boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”.
5.T homas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston. has been called the “Father of American Poetry”. 7.I n Washington Irving’s appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.
8.C ooper’s enduring fame rests on his frontier stories, especially the five novels that comprise the is perhaps the peak of William Cullen Bryant’s wok. “father of American detective stories and American gothic stories”.
美国文学史及选读考研复习笔记6.
History And Anthology of American Literature （6） 附：作者及作品 一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America 1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》 “A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony” 《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》 “A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country” 《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia” 2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford 《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop 《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England” 4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams 《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America” 或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》 Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ” 5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》 ”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America” 二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) ※《自传》“ The Autobiography ” 《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac” 2。托马斯·佩因Thomas Paine (1737-1809) ※《美国危机》“The American Crisis” 《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”《常识》“Common Sense” 《人权》“Rights of Man” 《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason” 《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice” 3。托马斯·杰弗逊Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) ※《独立宣言》“The Declaration of I ndependence” 4。菲利浦·弗瑞诺Philip Freneau (1752-1832) ※《野忍冬花》“The Wild Honey Suckle” ※《印第安人的坟地》“The Indian Burying Ground” ※《致凯提·迪德》“To a Caty-Did” 《想象的力量》“The Power of Fancy” 《夜屋》“The House of Night” 《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship” 《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》 “The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War” 《札记》“Miscellaneous Works” 三、浪漫主义文学The Literature of Romanticism 1。华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving (1783-1859) ※《作者自叙》“The Author’s Account of Himself” ※《睡谷传奇》“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 《见闻札记》“Sketch Book” 《乔纳森·欧尔德斯泰尔》“Jonathan Oldstyle” 《纽约外史》“A History of New York” 《布雷斯布里奇庄园》“Bracebridge Hall” 《旅行者故事》“Tales of Traveller” 《查理二世》或《快乐君主》“Charles the Second” Or “The Merry Monarch” 《克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史》 “A History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus” 《格拉纳达征服编年史》”A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada” 《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》 ”V oyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus” 《阿尔罕布拉》“Alhambra” 《西班牙征服传说》“Legends of the Conquest of Spain” 《草原游记》“A Tour on the Prairies” 《阿斯托里亚》“Astoria” 《博纳维尔船长历险记》“The Adventures of Captain Bonneville” 《奥立弗·戈尔德史密斯》”Life of Oliver Goldsmith” 《乔治·华盛顿传》“Life of George Washington” 2．詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) ※《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《间谍》“The Spy” 《领航者》“The Pilot” 《美国海军》“U.S. Navy” 《皮袜子故事集》“Leather Stocking Tales” 包括《杀鹿者》、《探路人》”The Deerslayer”, ”The Pathfinder” 《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《拓荒者》、《大草原》“The Pioneers”, “The Praire” 3。威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878) ※《死之思考》“Thanatopsis” ※《致水鸟》“To a Waterfowl” 4。埃德加·阿伦·坡Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) ※《给海伦》“To Helen” ※《乌鸦》“The Raven” ※《安娜贝尔·李》“Annabel Lee” ※《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher” 《金瓶子城的方德先生》“Ms. Found in a Bottle” 《述异集》“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque” 5。拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) ※《论自然》“Nature” ※《论自助》“Self-Reliance” 《美国学者》“The American Scholar” 《神学院致辞》“The Divinity School Address” 《随笔集》“Essays” 《代表》“Representative Men” 《英国人》“English Traits” 《诗集》“Poems” 6。亨利·戴维·梭罗Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) ※《沃尔登我生活的地方我为何生活》 1
美国文学史及选读考试整理
Washington Irving Bracebridge Hall 布雷斯布里奇田庄 (1822) The Legend of Sleepy Hollow Tales of a Traveller 旅客谈 (1824) Christopher Columbus (1828) c. writing characteristics (1) humorous: the function of his writing is to amuse, to entertain instead of teaching or instruction (2) vivid and true character portrayal (3) finished (refined) and musical language, thus regarded as “the Amn. Goldsmith ” d. analysis on The Legend of Sleepy Hollow(选自the sketch book 见闻札记 ) 1. the story:setting,character, plot 2. theme:conflicts and praise conflict betw. Ichabod and Brom conflict betw. the village and the outside world James Fenimore Cooper The Spy (1821): a historical novel The Pilot (1824): a sea novel Leatherstocking Tales 皮裹腿故事集(1823-1841): frontier novels The Last Mohicans (1826) (Colonial War betw. Britain and France) e. writing features: strong points: we can see a variety of incidents and tensions, complicated plot and structure and a beautiful description of nature. Weak points: characterization is weak. There is unsatisfactory description of characters (esp. female). He is not free from syntactical awkwardness, heavy-handed attempt at humor. “Where Irving excels Cooper is weak.” Dialect is not authentic. Edgar Allan Poe The Fall of the House Usher Feature: i. brevity (15 pages) ii. Single effect iii. originality in theme To Helen It was inspired by the beauty of the mother of a schoolmate of Poe in Richmond, Virginia. The poem is famous for a number of things: 1. its rhyme scheme: ababb 2. its varied line lengths 3. its metaphor of a travel on the sea 4. its oft-quoted lines: "To the glory that was Greece,/And the grandeur that was Rome." theme: praise the ideal love and beauty and ancient Greek and Roman civilizations The Raven 乌鸦 theme: the lament over the death of a beautiful woman tone: melancholy Transcendentalism (essayists, poets, novelists) Their journal is “The Dial ” . Definition: Transcendentalism is idealism. (Emerson) b. features (1) stress on Oversoul, that is spirit. (2) stress the importance of individual. (3) fresh conception of nature. c. significance (1) inspired a whole generation of writers such as Whitman, Melville and Dickinson. (2) dresses man ’s subjective initiative as opposed to materialism. (3) liberated people from Calvin ’s original sin d. limitation (1) shallow: cut off from real life or reality; initiated by the rich, they were limited in a certain circle. So, in some degree, they have been cut off from social life and can ’t understand the sufferings of the common people. (2) inward contradiction: gain knowledge by intuition, shows its idealistic aspect. R.W. Emerson (Ralph Waldo) Nature (1836): the Bible of New England transcendentalism The American Scholar (1837): "America's Declaration of Intellectual The Divinity School Address 神学院致辞 (1838) Essays (1841/1847) Representative Men (1850) English Traits (1856)
外国文学史(下)名词解释+简答+论述题
一、名词解释 1、威塞克斯小说 威塞克斯是英国后期批判现实主义作家哈代家乡-----英国西南部农村的古称。哈代以此为背景，写了一系列小说，反映资本主义入侵农村的情况以及广大破产农民的悲惨生活。1912年，哈代在编撰自己的散文全集是，把这些小说称为“性格和环境小说”。其中著名作品有《绿萌下》、《远离尘嚣》、《还乡》、《卡斯特桥市长》、《德伯家的苔丝》。 2、“多余人” 出现在俄国文学中的一个艺术形象.沙皇专制下的农奴制社会政治、经济、文化都很落后，优秀的知识分子受西方启蒙思想的影响，试图有所作为，但又找不到出路，于是苦闷、彷徨、忧郁、痛苦。他们大都富有才华，不满现状，愤世嫉俗，同时又性格脆弱，对人生采取消极态度。他们有时寻找刺激，在伤害别人的同时也伤害自己，有时沉溺于无奈伤感情绪中不可自拔，成为社会的“多余人”。著名形象有奥涅金，毕巧林等。 俄国文学史的“多余人”形象系列 第一个“多余人”典型代表是普希金的《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金》 第二个“多余人”是莱蒙托夫《当代英雄》中的毕巧林 第三个是屠格涅夫《罗亭》中的罗亭 最后一个塑造“多余人”形象的是冈察洛夫的《奥勃洛摩夫》 “奥勃洛摩夫性格”：懒惰、麻木、没有自信、贪图享乐、对生活缺乏激情 3、小人物 19世纪俄国批判现实主义文学作品中所塑造的一批生活在底层的小人物的典型形象。他们在社会中官阶，地位极低下，生活困苦，但又逆来顺受，安分守己，性格儒弱，胆小怕事；因此成为“小人物”统治下被侮辱的牺牲者。 俄国文学史上的“小人物”系列： 1.普希金《驿站长》中的淮林 2.果戈理《外套》中的亚卡基 3.陀斯妥耶夫斯基《穷人》的杰武什金 4.契诃夫《万卡》的万卡 4、忏悔的贵族 主要出现在19世纪俄国文学史中，一般是理想的贵族知识分子，他们思想进步，有较高的精神追求，但是由于腐朽堕落的贵族生活环境对他们的影响，有意无意也就会做下一些事，伤害了别人。当他们在特殊事件的触发下，认识到自己自私行为的恶果后，即会产生忏悔的心理变化，忏悔自己的所作所为，最终转本立场，批评贵族阶级的罪恶本质，如《复活》中的聂赫留朵夫。 5、社会问题剧（欧洲现代戏剧之父：易卜生） 是易卜生在19世纪中后期所创作的旨在提出社会问题的剧本。他以资产阶级民主主义立场出发，透过资本主义社会虚伪的外衣，揭示出种种黑暗和罪恶，从而提出许多重大的社会问题，代表作有《社会支柱》、《玩偶之家》等。 6、“长河小说” 由法国作家罗曼·罗兰从《约翰·克里斯朵夫》开创。它以小说的主人公的个人生涯为主线，构成基本情节。其他次要人物虽然各有独特的命运，但需依赖主线存在，不能独立成篇。小说的框架结构宛如一条由许多支流汇聚而成的大河，奔腾向前。这一新的体裁继承了古代流浪汉小说，对后面作家产生了巨大影响。 7、“迷惘的一代”——“迷惘的”的文学主题
美国文学史及选读试卷 (4)
美国文学史及选读试卷 Ⅰ. Multiple choices. (60 points in total, 2 for each) 1. The Romantic Period in American literature started from the publication of Washington Irving's ______ and ended with Whitman's Leaves of Grass. A. The Sketch Book B. Tales of a Traveller C. A History of New York D. The Scarlet Letter 2. At the middle of 19th century, America witnessed a cultural flowering which is called “_____”. A. the English Renaissance B. the Second Renaissance C. the American Renaissance D. the Salem Renaissance 3. As a philosophical and literary movement, the main issues involved in the debate of Transcendentalism are generally concerning ______. A. nature , man and the universe B. the relationship between man and woman C. the development of Romanticism in American literature D. the cold, rigid rationalism of Unitarianism 14. In the following statements, _________ is NOT true about Washington Irving’s famous story “Rip Van Winkle.” A. The story is not only well-kno wn for Rip’s 20-year sleep but also considered a model of perfect English in American literature. B. The story is set against the background of the inevitably changing America. C. The social conservatism and literary preference for the past is revealed, to some extent, in the story. D. Irving describes Rip’s response and reaction in a dramatic way, so that we see clearly both the narrator and Irving agree on the preferability of the present to the past. 15. Ralph Waldo Emerson’s essay Experience is a serous discussion about the conflict between _________ and ordinary life.
美国文学史及选读试卷评分标准(A卷)
苏州科技学院期末考试试题（卷） 评分标准及标准答案 A卷 院系：专业：考试科目：美国文学史及选读考试形式：闭卷考试时间： 100 分钟 I.Blanks: (10%)(每题1分，共10分，答错不给分) 1. American literature 2. English 3. Puritans 4. short story 5. Autobiography 6. Philip Freneau 7. Washington Irving 8. Edgar Allan Poe 9. The Scarlet Letter II.Multiple Choice: ( 20%)(每题1分，共20分，答错不给分) 1. A 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. A 6. C 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. D 11. A 12. B 13. B 14. B 15. C 16.C 17. B 18. A 19. C 20. D III.Identification (20%)（每题1分，共20分，答错不给分） 1.James Fenimore Cooper 2.Washington Irving 3.Anne Bradstreet 4.Michael Wigglesworth 5.Washington Irving 6.James Fenimore Cooper 7.Philip Freneau 8.William Cullen Bryant
9.Edgar Allan Poe 10.Edgar Allan Poe 11.Nathaniel Hawthorne 12.Edgar Allan Poe 13.Anne Bradstreet 14.Washington Irving 15.James Fenimore Cooper 16.Philip Freneau 17.William Cullen Bryant 18.Edgar Allan Poe 19.Nathaniel Hawthorne 20.Philip Freneau IV.Terms (20%)（每题4分，共20分） 1. Poor Richard’s Almanac key words: Benjamin Franklin, sayings, hard work, thrift, Puritan, quotes, printed himself, etc. 2. Leatherstocking Tales Key words: Cooper, five novels, Natty Bumppo, frontier, frontiersman, life from youth to old age, The Pioneer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Prairie, The Pathfinder, The Deerslayer, etc. 3. Puritanism key words: Calvin, purify, hard work, thrift, predestination, salvation, sin, God, from England to America, immigration, etc. 4. Benjamin Franklin key words: statesman, scientist and writer, Autobiography, Poor Richard’s Almanac, puritan, hard work and thrift, successful, contributions, printer, etc. V.Appreciation (10%)（每题5分，共10分） Part A a)Philip Freneau’s（1分）The Wild Honey Suckle （1分） b)It is written in iambic tetrameter, the rhyme scheme is ababcc. （1分） c)“Little being” refers to the wild honey suckle. （1分）“But an hour” means the lifespan of a flower is very short. （1分）