2017年中山大学833英语语言文学考研真题及详解【圣才出品】

2017年中山大学833英语语言文学考研真题及详解

Part ⅠLinguistics (75 points)

1. Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols, with stress marking where necessary. (20 points)

Example: see /si?/; below / b?'l??/

(1) thank

【答案】/θ??k/

(2) curious

【答案】/'kj??ri?s/

(3) butcher

【答案】/'b?t??(r)/

(4) washed

【答案】/w??t/

(5) competence

【答案】/'k?mp?t?ns/

(6) singer

【答案】/'s???(r)/

(7) column

【答案】/'k?l?m/

(8) chimney

【答案】/'t??mni/

(9) expertise

【答案】/?eksp?:'ti:z/

(10) confused

【答案】/k?n'fju:zd/

2. Fill in the following blanks. (10 points)

(1) When languages share major features that transcend families it may be useful to

arrange them by such features rather than by family. This is the study of _____. 【答案】language

【解析】Linguistics is the scientific study of language.

(2) A principal distinction between morphology and syntax is that the former is

concerned with the internal composition of a word, whereas the latter is concerned with _____ of words.

【答案】combinations

【解析】Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning- morphemes and word -formation processes. Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structure.

(3) _____ _____ is the accent of Standard English in the United Kingdom, with a

relationship to regional accents similar to the relationship in other European languages between their standard varieties and their regional forms.

【答案】Received pronunciation

【解析】Received pronunciation is an accent of Standard English in the United Kingdom, and is defined as “the standard accent of English as spoken in the south of England”.

(4) Cognates are words that have a _____ etymological origin.

【答案】common

【解析】A word is cognate with another if both derive from the same word in an ancestral language.

(5) A _____ condition is a condition that must apply before an utterance can constitute a speech act.

【答案】felicity

【解析】Though performatives cannot be true or false, there are still conditions for them to meet to be appropriate or felicitous. These conditions are called felicity conditions.

(6) Embedding is the _____ of one clause within another.

【答案】inclusion

【解析】Embedding refers to the means by which one clause is included in the sentence (main clause) in syntactic subordination.

(7) Language is a form of human communication by means of a system of _____

principally transmitted by vocal sounds.

【答案】symbols

【解析】Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

(8) The means employed by a language to indicate the relationship between the

elements of a sentence include _____ _____, a case system, prepositions and particles.

【答案】relative clause

【解析】The elements of a sentence can be linked grammatically by means of relative clause, a case system, prepositions and particles.

(9) _____ refers to the way that a word has a form appropriate to the number or

gender of the noun or pronoun it relates to.

【答案】Agreement

【解析】Agreement or concord is defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another., shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category (or categories).

(10) When we consider how language has changed over time we are looking at it

from a _____ point of view.

【答案】diachronic

【解析】When we study language developments through time, it is called diachronic linguistics. It focuses on the differences in two or more than two states of language over decades or centuries.

3. Define the following terms. (25 points)

(1) assimilation

【答案】Sounds belonging to one word or one syllable can cause changes in sounds

belonging to neighboring words or syllables. This is called assimilation. For example, in English the negative prefix occurs as im- before words such as possible: impossible. As “possible”starts with a bilabial sound, the prefix im- ends in a bilabial sound. Before words like tolerant, however, the prefix is in-: intolerant. As “tolerant” starts with an alveolar sound, the prefix in- ends in an alveolar sound. As the following sounds bring about the change, this process is called regressive assimilation. On the other hand, the difference between the [s] in the English word cats and the [z] in the English word “dogs”is an example of progressive assimilation because the preceding sounds bring about the change.

(2) performative utterance

【答案】Austin distinguishes two types of sentences: performatives and constatives. Some sentences do not describe things. They cannot be said to be true or false. The uttering of these sentences is, or is a part of, the doing of an action. So they are called performatives. Although performatives cannot be true or false, there are still conditions for them to meet to be appropriate or felicitous. And these conditions are called felicity conditions.

(3) mood

【答案】Mood is one of the realization means of interpersonal function. Mood shows what role the speaker selects in the speech situation and what he assigns to the addressee. If the speaker selects the imperative mood, he assumes the role of