采矿工程 毕业设计_外文翻译 英译汉 中英文

ROOM-AND-PILLAR METHOD OF OPEN-STOPE MINING

空场采矿法中的房柱采矿法

Chapter 1.A Classification of the Room-and-Pillar Method of Open-Stope Mining

第一部分，空场采矿的房柱法的分类

OPEN STOPING

空场采矿法

An open stope is an underground cavity from which the initial ore has been mined. Caving of the opening is prevented (at least temporarily) by support from the unmined ore or waste left in the stope,in the form of pillars,and the stope walls (also called ribs or abutments). In addition to this primary may also be required using rockbolts , reinforcing rods, split pipes ,or shotcrete to stabilize the rock surface immediately adjacent to the opening. The secondary reinforcement procedure does not preclude the method classified as open stoping.

露天采场台阶是开采了地下矿石后形成的地下洞室。通过块矿或采场的支柱和（也称为肋或肩）采场墙形式的废料的支持来（至少是暂时的）预防放顶煤的开幕。除了这个，可能还需要使用锚杆，钢筋棒，分流管，或喷浆，以稳定紧邻开幕的岩石表面。二次加固过程不排除归类为开放式回采方法。

There are many forms of open-stope mining used to extract the initial material from mine .Having once established that the mineral and waste rock are competent enough to use an open-stoping method ,and assuming that the reserve is not classified as gassy, the form which the method will take is primarily determined by the dip and thickness of the reserve .How these two factors affect the selection of the open-stope mining is discussed in a later chapter . At this point it will suffice to say that the classification of the open-stope mining system which follows is based on whether dry , broken material flows by gravity or whether it must be moved by non gravity methods where energy must be supplied to move the material.

这里有许多空场采矿法用于才出地下的矿石。一旦确立，矿物和废石足以胜任使用开放式回采方法，并假设储备不归类为高瓦斯，该方法将采取的形式主要取决于浸和储备的厚度。在后面一章，将讨论了这两个因素如何影响采场采矿法的选择。在这一点上就足以说的露天采场采矿系统的分类，根据是否干燥，破碎的物料通过重力或是否流动，它必须由非重力能源必须提供移动材料的方法提

出。

Room-and Pillar-Mining

房柱采矿法

Room-and-pillar mining is an open-stoping method where mining progresses in a nearly horizontal or low angle direction by opening multiple stopes or rooms, leaving solid material to act as pillars to support the vertical load. Since the direction of excavation ( angle of dip ) is below that which would cause the dry material to flow by gravity to a draw point or gathering point, the material must be loaded in the room where it was extracted and transported to a point where it will flow, either by gravity or mechanical means, to a central gathering point to be taken out of the mine. This is an important aspect of room-and-pillar mining which differentiates the system from other open-stope mining methods which rely heavily upon gravity to transport ore from where it was broken to a lower elevation, usually through a draw point .There are many variations of the method which go by a names in local districts: breast stoping , breast-and-bench stoping, board-and-pillar, stall-and-pillar, and panel-and-pillar are all basically open-stope room-and-pillar mining.

房柱采矿是空场采矿法挖掘凡进步近水平或低角度方向通过打开多个采场或房间，离开固体材料采取行动，以支持垂直负载的支柱。自开挖方向（倾角）以下，这会导致干料流重力平局点或聚会点，矿石必须先储存在矿房，在那里通过重力或机械手段被提取并运送到矿井旁的储矿仓，然后要向提升井运输。这是一个房柱采矿法区分从其它空场采矿方法一个依据，依靠重力运输矿石到海拔较低的水平，通常这是绘制点制度的一个重要方面。空场采矿法有许多形式，如全面采矿法，留矿采矿法，分段采矿法，阶段矿房法等都是空场采矿法的一种形式。In some instances detailed stope planning is almost nonexistent ;I .e., the operator simple follows the visual pay values , leaves pillars only where necessary ,and tries to locate them in the zones of lower value . This method of mining is as old as the beginning of underground mining itself ,dating back thousands of years .Early in the history of mining in this country ,the term ”gophering”was used to describe this method (peele,1941). The term is appropriate , for it brings to mind the exact results of this type of system-a random and irregular room-and-pillar mine.

详细的采场的规划，在某些情况下几乎是不存在的，在实际操作中一般按如下要求如下，只有在必要时保留支柱，并试图找到矿石品味较低的区域作为矿柱。这种地下采矿方法本身就是很古老的，可以追溯到几千年。早在这个国家的采矿

历史上，术语“gophering”被用来描述这种采矿方法（peele，1941）。这一词是恰当的，因为它使我想起这种类型系统随机和不规则的房间和支柱矿确切的结果。

In other instances where the mineral values are consistent both in physical dimcnsions and quality, , the mine layout can be planned to the last detail ,, resulting in a uniform room-and-pillar mine. Coal , trona, gilsonite, potash, oil shale , salt, limestone ,and sandstone mines can usually follow such a system. Today, most metal mines using a room-and-pillar operation try tomine as regular a pattern as possible but deviation in height , width, thickness, dip, and grade of the ore results in comparable deviation in the mine plan.

在其他情况下，矿物的价值在物理性质和质量哪是一致的，矿山布局可以同时规划的最后细节、统一房柱结构。煤炭、天然碱、沥青、钾肥，油母页岩、盐、石灰岩和砂岩地雷通常可以按照这样的系统。今天，人们想把房柱采矿法作为金属矿开采的一种模式，但是矿体的垂直高度，宽度，厚度，倾角在实际矿山中变化很大。

Variations of the Room-and-pillar System

各式各样的房主采矿系统

It is necessary to briefly describe some of the many variations of the room-and-pillar system of mining, enabling the reader to fully explore the concepts and become familiar with the terminology used before going on to the details of mine design.

有必要简要介绍一些房主采矿系统的多中变化，使读者充分了解概念和熟悉的术语使用前，矿井设计细节。

Full-Face Slicing:If in the process of opening the rooms the total vertical extent of the mineral values of the particular seam or strata or extracted from the advance of one vertical face, the term used to describe this is full-face slicing .This face is also known as the “breast.”

全断面采矿法：如果在开放的矿房在垂直范围内有特殊煤层或岩层或从一个垂直面提前采出的矿产值的过程中，使用的术语来形容这种全断面采矿。这个断面也被称为“工作面”。

There is no mineral of economic value intentionally left either in the floor or the roof (back) to be mined later .To be able to extract the fall-face height in one pass, the mining equipment must obviously be designed to reach as high as the back . In an appalachian coal mine ,this may be all of 660.4 mm(26 in.) ; for a future oil shale

property of mines where the mining face gets over 6.09 to 6.7 m (20 to 22 ft), the tendency is to divide the face into more than one pass. Over this height, it becomes difficult to properly see and remove loose rock from the back with a hand “mining bar”. Where the process of taking down loose rock has become mechanized , higher full-face mining can be safely practiced . Most eastern and mid western coal seams and western uranium ,trona, and potash seams in the United States are easily reached in a single face; many limestone, lead,and zinc mines must resort, at least in part, to”multiple-slicing” to remove all the minerals of value.

没有经济价值的矿物或有意留在矿房顶部或(后留在顶部作为支撑，然后回采的。能够提取的下降高度,在面对一个合格的采矿设备,显然必须是旨在达到高的背。在一个阿巴拉契亚煤矿,这可能是所有的为660.4mm(26);为今后油页岩的采矿面对得到超过6.09至6.7米(20至22英尺),目前的趋势是,分成多个通行证。在这高度，从后面适当地看和去除宽松岩石用手“挖掘栏”变得难。在该进程下采取的松散岩已成为机械化、可以安全地实行。提高全面采矿煤层最东部和中西部和西部的铀矿，天然碱，钾肥在美国的接缝很容易达到一个单一的面孔，许多石灰石，铅，锌矿山必须采取，至少部分，以“多片”值中删除的所有矿物质。Multiple Slicing ( also known as multiple-pass mining): In many cases it is not practical to carry the full vertical height of mining horizon as a full face .The face is divided into parts known as breast , bench ,and/or brow . Ideally, if the operator knows the vertical extent of the mineralized, he will drill and blast the first pass at the top of the zone , thereby creating the breast stope at the elevation where the permanent “back” (roof) will be . this allows easy access to remove any “loose’ slabs of rock from the back while the rock is within easy reach and to secure the back with reinforcement bolts or pins if necessary. The process of scaling loose rock from either the roof ,pillars, brow, bench, or breast is in some districts referred to as “mining loose.’

多个切片（又称多通采矿）：在很多情况下，作为一个完整的工作面进行充分挖掘地平线的垂直高度是不实际。工作面被分为矿房，台阶，和陡坡。理想情况下，如果操作员知道垂直的矿化程度、他将钻取高度第一个通过在区域的顶部，然后便于下一步的回采工作。这可以方便从后面去除任何“松散岩砖，而近在咫尺的岩石，并确保如果有必要的加固螺栓或销回。从顶板，矿柱，坡顶，台阶还有巷道宽松的地方落下松散的岩石，这些地区被称为“采矿宽松区”。Years ago , breast-and-bench stoping was practiced in a somewhat different fashion

than it is today. The benches were very narrow , which allowed most of the fly rock from the breast to be blasted onto the floor of the stope , leaving very little rock lying on the benches.

年前，前进式开采和替补回采比现在有不同的方式实行。台阶很窄，这使得大多数飞岩从工作面飞到采场的地板上，陡坡上留下很少的被炸开岩石。

Fig. I ( Anon. ,1972) illustrates a more typical stope for today trackless mining where again the breast the “heading” is carried at the top of the mineral zone but the benches are wide and , in effect, can serve as simultaneous levels of mining activity. The floor of each of a dipping ore body , or the lower benches may be advanced through the upper floors reflecting a thick, flat ore body. Working such an ore body in horizontal clices in a downward direction is known as “underhand stoping.”

图片一，更典型的采场说明了今天的无轨采矿再次进行矿产区的顶部的“标题”，但工作面宽，可起到作为采矿活动的水平工作面的作用。底板倾斜矿体，或更低的工作面，可以提前通过反映了一个厚厚的，扁平矿体上部。工作这种矿物体在横向在一个方向向下是称为“地下回采。

Roof scaling and reinforcement ( rock bolting) would normally take place from the breast heading as it advances . Where the breast height does not reach the top of the mineralized zone ,an inverted bench can be carried in the roof ( Fig. 2 , Casteel, 1973) . Thus ,” taking down back” is a form of overhand stoping where horizontal slices are removed in an upward direction . In benching , the point where upper floor meets the vertical bench is called the “bluffline”or “bluff”; in taking down back , where the roof of the previous slice meets the vertical face the inverted bench, it is called a “brow line “or “brow.”Many times in irregularly shaped ore bodies ,it becomes necessary to leave the broken rock on stope floor so as to provide a means of gaining access to the height needed to drill and blast successive of the back . The broken “back rock”can provide an excellent surge capacity in times of slack mine production once the top of the ore zone has been reached and the back made secure .But until that time is reached , it also represents inaccessible ore except for any excess ore that must be removed to make room for more broken ore .

顶板缩放和加固(岩锚) 通常会发生打近路之时。在高度不能达到该最高的矿化区、一个倒转台阶可以在顶板(图5)。2、卡斯蒂尔,1973年)。因此，"下向回采"是一种在形式上回采水平向上的方向的矿体。在台阶开采过程中，顶板与台阶接触的点被称为峭壁，在回采过程中，其回采的过程中的垂直于工作面的面，

又叫’陡坡线“或”陡坡“。许多情况下，对采不规则的矿体时留下一些矿石，来作为打钻孔或时会采用的。破碎的"返回岩"可以提供良好的浪涌能力倍的可宽延时间矿山生产一旦达到矿带的顶部与作出安全的背面。但直到那个时候，它还代表无法访问矿石除外，任何多余的矿石，使矿石更破碎的余地。

The mine in Fig .3(Anon.,19720) has been worked in the same fashion illustrated in Fig .1. There is some degree of uniformity in the size and spacing of pillars , but the uniformity often yields to the necessity of maintaining ore grade control . Consequently, the over all shape of the mineral zone dictates the irregular shape of the existing mine . The large “bars’ were left either because of low-ground ore or because they were needed for ground stability.

在图0.3（anon.，19720）矿井已在图0.1所示的相同的方式工作。有某种程度的规模和支柱间距均匀性，但均匀性往往产生维护矿石品位控制的必要性。因此，现有矿山的不规则形状决定所有的矿产区的形状。因为地底上的矿石或地面稳定的需要，因为他们留下的大“支柱”。

Other Concepts of Room-and-Pillar Mines: There several concepts suggested in room-and-pillar mining which call for leaving long “bar pillars” on a regular basic for various reasons. This is common practice in softer and weaker materials such as coal, potash ,or shale ,but it has not been widely adopted in the United States for use in hard rock mines .Such a system ,but designed for an entirely different reason, is shown in Fig. 4.This scheme might be needed where there is a need for the underground space to be utilized in an industrial development (Christiansen and Scott, 1975).This method of mining creates a series of parallel rooms almost completely separated from each other by continuous “rib pillars” . Where large areas are mined for industrial stone ,and it is unlikely that one occupant could utilize the entire area, then this method has the advantage of creating rooms without the necessity of constructing partitions after mining .

房柱采矿法的其他概念：由于人们习惯的原因，这里有许多被人们长时间不用的房柱法。在柔软和较弱的材料，如煤炭，钾肥，或页岩，这是常见的做法，但还没有在美国被广泛采用硬岩矿山使用。这样一个系统，但设计一个完全不同的原因，显示图4。这项计划，可能是要在地下空间利用（克里斯蒂安森和斯科特，1975年）工业发展中应用。这种方法的采矿造成一系列平行的客房几乎完全分开的每个其他不断「肋支柱"。大面积的工业石材开采，和一个可以利用整个地区，这是不可能的，那么这种方法具有的优势，就是没有开采后的分区建

设的必要性。

Still another mining plan , shown in Fig.5 and known as “stope-and-pillar,”was used at Elliot Lake(Hedley,1972 ). Here ,the panels were laid out in a series of 30.48- m( 100-ft) stopes and 30.48- m (100-ft) pillars. There pillars were left by mining the stopes out 15.24 m (50-ft) on each side of a predevelopment inclined drift.

还有开采方案，如图5所示，被称为“空场采矿法，在埃利奥特湖（赫德利，1972年）”。在这里，面板，奠定了在一系列30.48米（100英尺）采场和30.48米（100英尺）的支柱。离开挖掘出15.24米（50英尺）的采场的前期开发斜巷两侧有柱子。

Finally, we come to the most common of all room-and-pillar mining systems and that which is basic to most coal mining in the United States .There are many different development plans ysed throughout the county, different primarily in pillar size and shape ,entry size, shape and number of parallel entries that must be developed simultaneously through the mine. Fig. 6 and 7 are typical (paulick,1963 ).They show not only different schemes of seam development , but also a difference in the method used for mining the pillars while retreating from the mining area.

终于，我们来到最常见的所有房柱采矿系统，这是在美国的大部分煤炭基本开采方法。有许多不同的发展计划全县主要支柱的大小和形状的不同，项目的大小，形状和平行条目的数量必须同时通过矿山开发。图6日和7日是典型的（paulick，1963）。它们显示不同方案的煤层发展，不仅用于同时退出采区开采支柱的方法的不同。

Structural Character of Deposits Minable by Room-and-Pillar

房柱采矿法的结构特征

If most mining engineers were asked to describe ore bodies applicable to room-and-pillar mining ,there first response would probably be to describe them as any ore body which is large, flat , and in competent rock . Certainly , there are some of the ideal conditions which make room-and-pillar mining relatively efficient; however ,they are by no means the limiting criteria from which room-and-pillar mining should be selected.

大多数采矿工程师如果被要求描述那些矿体适用房柱开采，那他们的第一反应可能会是任何大矿体，矿体倾角小，和岩石稳固来说。当然，有一些理想的条件下，相对高效的房和柱采矿，他们绝不是限制标准应选择从哪个房柱采矿。

The discussion of the physical properties of ore and waste given subsequently is intended to make clear to the reader why room-and-pillar mining has such a broad application .Any criteria considered in determining the type of mining method used must ,in the final analysis , include all of the following factors: safety ; optimal mineral recovery; a mining environment consistent with current social , political, and legal requirements; and an operation which returns the highest economic gain.

矿石和废物在以后提出的物理性能的讨论的目的是明确的读者，为什么房间支柱挖掘具有广泛的应用。在确定采矿使用的方法的种类考虑的所有标准必须，在最后的分析，包括所有跟随的因素：安全; 优选的矿物补救; 采矿环境一致与当前社会，政治和法律规定; 并且退回最高的经济获取的操作。

Strength of Rock Mass: While the subject of rock mechanics is covered in great detail in section 7 of this text, some aspects of will be briefly mentioned here as the subject relates to open-stope mining .

岩体的强度，而覆盖在该文本第7条很详细的岩石力学问题，某些方面将简要地提到为主题涉及到露天采场采矿。

The earth composition consists of a number of materials , each having its own physical properties .There materials are arranged in the earth crust in various forms: solid or broken mass, homogeneous or nonhomgeneous , rock mass subjected to tectonic stress or rock free from tectonic stress, etc .However , as rock is normally encountered in mining , it is equilibrium with the other forces of nature . The mine engineer contemplating the design of an open-stope system must assess the general magnitude of these forces , as well as the strength of the mass of material that will be exposed by the opening . Accordingly , he will design his extraction opening in such a way as to preserve the structure of the opening long enough to successfully complete the extraction . This , by our original description of an open stope , as well as mine practice and mining regulations , may or may not include roof and pillar reinforcement . Also , it may or may not include yielding rock structures that are gradually failing at a carefully monitored rate . In fact , when one looks at the broad spectrum of materials that are commonly mined by room-and-pillar methods ,from all types of “host”rocks ranging in strength of 275.7 to 344.7MPa (40,000 to 50,000 psi )down to 27.5 to 34.4MPa (4,000 to 5,000) , and at mining depths varying from around 15 m(50 ft) down to over 914m(3000ft ) ,one begins to realize that with today methods of reinforcing the rock mass-or by using the design tools of rock mechanics

in developing such systems as the pressure arch panel and pillar systems , or the use of a yielding structure or mechanical which at a predetermined rate eventually fail-it seems that nearly any rock that will sustain a development opening without immediate major support could probably be mined by some form of room-and-pillar mining .This is not to say that it would always be wise to do so –indeed, it becomes a matter of sufficient total recovery of the mineral as well as selecting the method which will yield the greatest financial gain . Yet , there is sufficient evidence of the use of room-and-pillar mining methods in fairly weak materials that leads one to conclude that the rock need not be entirely competent .Examples of this are seen in many of the salt mines , the sandstone mining of New Mexico and Wyoming uranium districts , some of the brecciated riff zone structures of the New Lead Belt in Missouri , the mining at depth of the Nonesuch shale at White Pine , and the potash beds of Saskatchewan . Later in this section , methods of reinforcing rock and details of room-and-pillar layouts as well as the percent of allowable extraction of the reserve , will be covered .

地球成分组成的材料的数量，每个有它自己的物理性质，化学性质的材料，在地壳中的各种形式的安排：固体或破损的程度，同质化或者非齐次，岩体受构造应力或岩石构造应力等。然而，岩石通常是自然的挖掘中遇到时，是自然的与其他势力平衡。正在考虑的稳固性系统设计的矿山工程师必须评估这些力量的一般程度，以及质量将公开的开放的材料的强度。因此,他将设计其开采开放的方式,保持开放的结构很长时间,可以成功地完成的开采。这由我们原始的描述的露天采场台阶，以及矿山开采的实践与法规，可能包含或不包含房柱加固。此外，它可能包含或不包含高产严密监视的速度逐渐发生故障的岩石结构。事实上，当一个着眼于通常由房间和支柱方法开采275.7实力344.7mpa（40,000至50,000 PSI）下降到27.5不等的“主机”岩石类型，材料的广谱34.4mpa（4000?5000），开采深度约15米（50英尺）从不同超过914米（3000英尺），人们开始认识到与今天的方法，加强质量或使用的设计工具的岩石岩石力学发展等系统的压力拱面板和支柱系统，或使用高产制结构或机械的预定率在最终失败似乎，几乎任何岩石将维持不立即主要支持的开发开放，很可能一些房间和支柱采矿的形式进行开采。这并不是说，它总是这样做，确实是明智的，它变成了足够的矿物质，以及选择的方法，这将产生最大的经济收益的总回收率的问题。然而，有足够的证据房柱采矿方法在相当弱的岩石中使用，岩石不必完全承受。这样的例子在许多盐矿，新墨西哥和怀俄明州的铀区，角砾即兴在密苏里州的新的领导带区结构的

砂岩开采，在开采深度的典范页岩白松，萨斯喀彻温省的钾肥床。稍后在本节中的方法加强岩石和细节的房间和支柱的百分比的设计以及允许提取的准备金,将涵盖。

Effect of Size , Shape ,and Thickness of Mass: According to an industry study (Dravo , 1974), 15 of the 23 largest noncoal mines in the United States use room-and-pillar mining . Obviously ,it is adaptable to very large mineral reserves. One has the means of opening many production areas by merely extending the lateral extent of the mine without the necessity of deepening the shaft and rebuilding the ore handing and hoising systems in the process .

大小，形状，厚度的影响：根据行业研究（dravo，1974年），在美国使用房柱式开采的23个最大的非煤矿山15。显然，这是适应非常大的矿产储量。一个只是延长没有深化轴的必要性煤矿的横向范围和重建的矿石移交过程中提升系统开放许多生产领域的手段。

While many of the mines use room-and-pillar methods , a large percentage of very small mines also use them .In fact , while the size of the mass to be mined does affect the size of the operating mine , it has no effect on whether or not it is advisable to use room-and-pillar mining . Many a small room-and-pillar zinc mine has been operated in the Illinois-Wisconsin area ,as well as in the old Tri-State district of Missouri , Oklahoma , and Kansas. Yet ,the same basic system is operating at White Pine where as much as 20 407.5t/d(22,500 stpd0has been produced .

而许多矿山使用房柱采矿的方法，很大比例的一个非常小的矿山还可以使用他们。事实上，同时被开采量的大小不影响经营煤矿的大小，它有没有效果，不论它是建议使用房间和支柱采矿。许多小房柱铅锌矿已在伊利诺伊州，威斯康星州的矿山使用，以及在老的三州地区的密苏里州，俄克拉何马州，州和堪萨斯州。然而，相同的基本制度，经营白松多达20407.5吨/ D（22,500 stpd0has制作）。If the mineral to be mined is dipping steeply enough that the material will flow by gravity , and at the same time is very thick or very thin (narrow) , the reserve is not one which should be mined by room-and-pillar methods . Other than these limitations related to the shape of the deposit and where single entries can be used , room-and-pillar mining is flexible enough in both the horizontal and vertical directions too follow the outlines of all other mineral reserves . To the extent that the extracted material can be loaded and moved from where it is broken by mechanical equipment and where competent pillars can be formed (or reinforced ), the shape of

the mineral body to be mined will not preclude the selection of room-and-pillar mining . There are a few examples which will illustrate this flexibility .To mine the zinc reserves of eastern Tennessee , the room-and-pillar mining system must be flexible enough to follow the narrow ore stringers formed by fracture filling , which often lead to collapsed dome structures .To mine these massive structures, the stoping has to expand horizontally and vertically in order to extract the full height and width of the mineralized zone .In a similar mining situation in portions of the Bonne Terre mine of the Old Lead Belt of Missouri , vertical pillars as high as 60.96 m (200 ft) were left after many mining slices were removed. At the Iron Mountain mine near Pilot Knob ,MO ,an ore body the shape of the an inverted bowl was successfully mined by room-and-pillar methods.

如果倾角允许，被采下的矿石依靠重力，与此同时，矿体的厚度比较薄或窄，这样的矿不适合使用房柱采矿法。有关矿床的形状，并在单一条件可以使用这些限制以外，房柱挖掘具有足够的灵活性，在水平和垂直方向所有其他矿产资源储量的轮廓。在某种程度上提取的材料可以从它由机械设备的地方是残破的，并且哪里被装载和被移动能干柱子可以被形成(或加强)，矿物身体的形状将被开采不会阻止房柱采矿的选择。有几个例子，来说明这种灵活性挖掘田纳西州东部，锌的储量室和支柱挖掘系统必须足够灵活，遵循纵梁断裂充填形成狭窄的矿石，这往往导致倒塌的穹顶结构。对我的这些巨型的结构，顶蚀作用必须水平地扩展和为了垂直提取矿化的区域的充分的高度和宽度。邦特尔煤矿密苏里老领导带的部分中类似的挖掘情况下，许多挖掘切片被删除后留下垂直支柱高达60.96 米（200 英尺）。在试点旋钮附近的铁山矿，钼矿体的一个像倒置的碗的形状矿体，成功使用房柱采矿法开采。矿化带的厚度和影响的房间和支柱采煤方法的选择如何，它已经指出，极厚的区域，可开采，但在大多数情况下，支柱恶化成为关键问题。在较厚的采矿区之一支柱直径必须增加或支柱必须是钢筋或两者兼而有之。这取决于许多因素内的开采计划，在岩石上的固有骨折，支柱设计强度负荷比。

As to the thickness of the mineralized zone and how this affects the selection of the room-and-pillar mining method, it has already been point out that extremely thick zones can be mined but in most cases ,pillar deterioration becomes the critical problem. In the thicker mining zones either pillar diameter must be increased or pillars must be reinforced-or both . This depends on many factors within the mining scheme ,the inherent fractures in the rock , and the strength-to-load ratio of the pillar

design .

作为矿化带的厚度和影响的房间和支柱采煤方法的选择如何，它已经指出，极厚的区域，可开采，但在大多数情况下，支柱恶化成为关键问题。在较厚的采矿区之一，支柱直径必须增加或支柱必须是钢筋或两者兼而有之。这取决于许多因素内的开采计划，在岩石上的固有骨折，支柱设计强度负荷比。

Deteriorating pillar problems will certainly be encountered in trying to mine some of the thick coal seams of western United States by conventional room-and-pillar methods .Still, thick seam extraction, leaving tall pillars, can be mined successfully ; but it becomes a matter of permissible extraction ratio and/or pillar reinforcement.There are reported examples of successfully mined dipping beds of up to 0.52rad (30) and up to 91.44 m (300ft) thick by a room-and-pillar system .Horizontal rooms in both strike and dip directions are driven ,forming superimposed and matched pillars at varying elevations(Dravo , 1974).

在美国西部的厚煤层，支柱问题的恶化将肯定会遇到在试图挖掘一些传统的房柱式方法。仍然,厚缝采掘、离开支柱,可以成功地开采;但它成为一个问题的可允许提取比率及/或加强支柱。有报道成功的例子的雷浸渍病床最多0.52 RAD(30),京畿9144万平方米(300平方呎)厚的一个房间和支柱系统。在倾斜方向的水平房间驱动，形成叠加和匹配（Dravo，1974年）不同海拔的支柱At the other extreme , the very thin seams offer special problems to any conventional mining system ; however ,mining seams as low as 711.2mm(28 in.) are common in room-and-pillar coal mines throughout Appalachia .It was not long ago that seams as low as 304.8mm(12 in) were mined in Holland by utilizing scrapers to move the coal to the haulage entry. But by today standards –working conditions and high labor costs-there is definitely limit as to how low one can successfully carry on room-and-pillar mining .

在另一个极端，极薄煤层开采提供特殊问题的任何常规挖掘系统；不过，共同在阿巴拉契亚整个房柱煤矿煤层开采低至711.2 毫米（28 英寸）。这不是很久以前低为304.8毫米（12）煤层开采利用刮刀移动煤炭运输进入荷兰。但用今天的标准的工作条件和高劳动成本有多低，可以成功地进行房间和支柱采矿肯定是有限制。

Dip of Mass to Mined :The dip of the mineralized mass to be mined very strength affects whether or not the mining method would be classified as a room-and-pillar system . For further information , in determining what the mining method would be

when the dip is steep enough for the broken material to move by gravity from the point where it is broken , and whether the breast , back , and floor are competent enough to stand in an open-stope mining method , see the chapter on open stoping in this section.

动用大规模开采矿化质量的倾角开采颇具实力的影响采矿方法是否会被归类为一个房柱系统。进一步的信息，确定采矿方法将移动破碎物料从那里被打破重力足够陡峭的倾角时，台阶，背部和顶板是否有能力足以承受在露天采场采矿方法，请参阅章开放回采本节。

The so-called “cascade mining “used at Mufulira , the panel-and-pillar method used between sublevels of the Soumont mine in Normandy , the pillar-and-chambering system used at the Konrad mine in West Germany , and the flat hole benching method drilled from Alimak climbers at the Denison mine in Canada , are all examples of open stoping of steeply dipping ore bodies which result in a combination of open rooms or chambers and pillars . However , the cascade mining at Mufulira also removes the pillar almost immediately in a second cycle of mining which then allows the hanging wall to cave as the mining retreats along the strike . If the dip is not steep enough for the broken rock to move by gravity , mechanical methods must be employed to move the ore from the room where it was extracted .This results in men and/or machinery reentering the stopes after blasting and remaining there at least until the material is removed . This aspect of room-and-pillar mining differentiates it from other open-stope methods .Because of this , safety precautions must be taken in the pillar design ventilation requirements the roof control plan , and the necessity of roof and pillar scaling .In other open-stope methods the material can flow out of the stoping area by gravity ,and men equipment do not have to be exposed to the open stopes .

所谓的“连带采矿"在穆富利拉铜矿公司使用,所谓的条带开采在诺曼底公司的矿山使用, 康拉德在西德矿，平洞钻在加拿大丹尼森矿钳工的方法，从阿利马克登山，使用的房主采矿系统，是所有房主采矿开采的陡倾矿体回采导致组合的例子。然而，穆富利拉级联采矿删除支柱几乎立即在第二个周期的开采，然后允许挂壁沿走向开采闭关的洞穴。如果没有足够陡峭的重力移动破碎岩石倾角，必须采用机械方法，从矿石中踩出的矿房移动。这导致人和/或在炸开以后和残余那里至少直到材料取消再进入废坑的机械。这方面的房柱采矿明显区别开采场的其他方法。对此，屋顶和支柱扩展的必要性和顶板控制计划，此方法，也必须在

柱设计通风要求采取安全预防措施。在其他打开废坑方法材料可能流动出于顶蚀作用区域由重力，并且人设备不必须被暴露在开放废坑。

Advantages and Disadvantages of Room-and-Pillar Mining

房柱采矿的利与弊

Before proceeding to the details of mine planning , it is important to understand the advantages and disadvantages of room-and-pillar open-stope mining . Ideally , the mine engineer will plan an operation which will maximize and/or assure the continuation of the system＇s advantages while minimizing or eliminating the known disadvantages .

进行矿山规划的细节之前，重要的是要了解房柱露天采场开采的优势和缺点。理想情况下，采矿工程师计划的操作，这将最大限度地提高和/或保证系统的优势的延续，同时最大限度地减少或消除了已知的缺点。

Major Advantages: There include a high degree of flexibility9 adapting to rapid changes )inherent in the mining plan of a room-and-pillar system, which can be utilized if necessary . However , until such a change is indicated , the system also has the advantage that many aspects of the mining cycle are repetitious .Thus , the system lends itself to mechanization which can be easily learned and steadily improved .

主要优点：包括有高度的灵活性适应迅速变化)的内在的采矿计划一个房柱系统,可以在必要时利用。然而，直到这种变化表明，该系统还具有的优势，许多方面的开采周期是重复的。因此，该系统本身可以很容易地了解到机械化和稳步提高。

The system can be applied as a very selective mining system , leaving waste in pillars , or if the seam thins by lowering and raising the back or floor , depending on the amount of dilution allowed . Yet the same system can be become a bulk mining system , taking everything at a given horizon and thickness and leaving only the remnants of uniform pillars .

系统可以被应用作为一个非常有选择性的采矿系统，留下废石在柱子，或者，如果缝通过降低和培养后面或地板变薄，根据稀释允许的相当数量。但在同一个系统可以成为大量开采系统，在一个给定的地平线和厚度的一切，只留下残余统一的支柱。

The system can be applied to multiple levels simultaneously , in a manner that the operation of one mining level will not affect the structural conditions the other mining level .

该系统可同时应用多层次的方式，一个开采水平的运作，不会影响其他采矿水平的结构性条件。

Where the mineral reserve is large and applicable to room-and-pillar mining , it is usually very easy to develop a rather large number of operating production areas . Furthermore , where the development effort is in the same horizon as the mineral to be mined , some mineral production will result from the development .Likewise if the mine has nongassy classification, the amount of development which will open sufficient working areas can be held to a minimum prior to production .

凡矿产资源储量大、适用于房柱采矿，它通常是很容易发展成为大量的经营生产领域。此外，如果在同一地平线上可开采的矿产开发工作是，将导致一些矿业生产的发展。同样，如果有非煤矿瓦斯分类，开发量，这将打开足够的工作领域可以举行在生产之前最低。

Equipment replacement in the stoping area is easily accomplished as more efficient or dependable equipment becomes available . Also , by comparison tom other stoping methods, equipment maintenance is easier since usually all of the equipment is mobile enough to leave the stoping area and travel to a maintenance area . In some cases , because the materials moving problem is very similar to the same problems encountered in surface operations , the exact equipment can be utilized-minimizing the need for designing and building special underground mining equipment at a higher cost . Equipment can easily be moved from stope to stope thereby maintaining maximum equipment utilization and output . This is in contrast to mining methods where equipment is isolated on one level of mining and cannot be easily moved .

当更加高效率或更加可靠的设备变得可利用，设备替换在顶蚀作用区域容易地被完成。并且，因为通常所有设备是足够流动的离开顶蚀作用区域和到维护地区，移动比较起来汤姆其他顶蚀作用方法，设备维修是更加容易。在某些情况下，因为材料的移动问题，在表面操作遇到了同样的问题是非常相似的，确切的设备可以利用的设计和建设成本较高的特殊地下采矿设备的需求减少。设备可以很容易地从主平巷主平巷,从而维持最高设备利用率和产出。这是在相比之下,开采方法在设备在一个层面是孤立的采矿和不能很容易移动。

The physiological conditions for the noncoal room-and-pillar miners are usually better than for most of the other noncoal mining systems because good ventilation is relatively easy to install and maintain and , with an abundance of equipment in the mine , the places where the equipment operates are normally well lighted . Also nearly

all jobs , even roof scaling and boulder breaking , can be mechanized if it is economical to do so ,and this leaves very little strenuous work for the miner .

为良好的通风是相对容易安装和维护，并拥有丰富的矿山设备，通常好照明设备的操作位置的地方，通常比大多数其他无碳能源开采系统的无碳能源的房间和支柱矿工的生理条件。此外几乎所有作业、甚至屋顶缩放和博尔德打破，可以被机械化如果经济这样做，并且为矿工剩下很少的艰苦工作。

Major Disadvantages :Among the disadvantages is maintenance of the roof of the active areas over prolonged as the mine . because so much roof is exposed as the mine is developed , the maintenance can be a problem of safety as well as of cost .

主要缺点：在缺点之中是活动区域的屋顶的维护被延长作为矿。因为屋顶非常被暴露，当矿被开发，维护可以是安全的问题并且费用较高。

Some “free running “ or swelling ground simply will not stand open for any length of time .Therefore , attempting to mine very incompetent rock by open-stope methods is at best extremely costly and at the worst , a complete failure.

一些“自由运行”或肿胀地面根本不长时间的作为支撑。因此，试图采用空场采矿法采岩石结构不稳定的矿床，其成本是非常高的，在一些情况下，空场采矿法是用都不能用的。

Because of the increased load on the support pillars with depth , the normal is to decrease the extraction ratio by increasing the size of pillars, or decreasing the room size , or both ,resulting in less return to the operation in both product and income .There are various methods of overcoming or mining this disadvantage ,which will be discussed later .

由于在深度支持支柱上增加的负载，正常是要减小提取率的增加的支柱，大小或减少房间的大小，或两者，导致较少返回产品和收入中的操作。有多种方法克服或采矿这方面的缺点,这将在晚些时候进行讨论。

The operation of an efficient room-and-pillar mine today requires a very large capital expenditure outlay for equipment. It seems to be more “ capital intensive” for operating equipment than the other mining methods , since nearly every job is mechanized. However ,a factor which helps to reduce the capital expenditure is the versatility of underground equipment . Also , the higher capital coal is normally compensated for by lower operating cost per ton of mineral produced .

一个高效的房柱采矿法运作到今天，需要非常大的一个设备的资本开支经费。这似乎是更多的“资本密集型”营运设备比其他采矿方法，因为几乎所有的工

作是机械化。然而，这有助于减少资本支出的一个因素是地下设备的多功能性。此外,煤的高资本通常是补偿的每吨矿物生产营运成本。

Because in some mines the rooms become very high , the back can become difficult to maintain . Special equipment which has some form lift must be used to inspect and main such areas. The higher the room ,the greater will be the force of the impact of a piece of falling rock and the greater will be the damage to anything that it hits , This point is an obvious fact of physics , but is often forgotten by those who promote a false sense of security by using or requiring canopies in “high back “.Keeping the back secure is the correct solution to prevent injury and damage.

由于有些矿山的矿房比较高，回采过程中维护工作很困难。必须使用专用设备，具有某种形式的升降机巡查等主要领域。越高的矿房，就会越大一块落的岩石，点击它的任何损害将愈大的撞击力。这一点是物理学的一个显而易见的事实，但常常忘记那些促进使用或要求“高靠背”的檐篷一种虚假的安全感。保持背部的安全是正确的解决方案，以防止伤害和损坏。