翻译与跨文化交

翻译与跨文化交
翻译与跨文化交

JESSICA WAI-YEE YEUNG 楊慧儀

Academic Qualifications

2002Ph.D., Middlesex University (School of Fine Arts and Performing Arts Studies), London

1997M.Phil., The University of Hong Kong (Department of Comparative Literature)

1990 B.A.(Hons), Major in Translation (Faculty of Arts), The University of Hong Kong

Capacity

Sept. 2002 – present Hong Kong Baptist University

Assistant Professor and Associate Professor,

Translation Programme,

Department of English Language and Literature;

Associate Director, Centre for Translation (June 2006 –

May 2009) ;

Director of M.A. Programme in Translation and

Bilingual Communication (September 2008 – August

2009)

Courses Taught

At Undergraduate Level

Practical Translation I, II, III

Interpreting I, II

Advanced Interpreting

Drama Translation

English for Translators

Translating Across Media

Translation Theories II

Translation Appreciation, Criticism and Evaluation

Culture and Translation

Gender and Translation

Translation in the Hong Kong Context

Supervision of Translation Honours Projects

Principles and Techniques of Translation (for non-majors)

Intercultural Theatre and Cultural Translation (General Education)

At M.A. Level

Research Methodology for Translation Studies

Bilingual Writing for Creative Industries

Adaptation and Rewriting

East-West Theatre: A Comparative Approach

Dissertation Supervision

Various topics

Scholarly / Creative / Professional Work

Monograph

Ink Dances in Limbo: Gao Xingjian’s Writings as Cultural Translation. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2008.

Book Chapters

〈以翻譯改寫王寶釧的命運:熊式一的Lady Precious Stream〉,《翻譯與跨文化交流》,譚載喜編。上海:上海翻譯出版公司,2012年(即將出版)。

“The Cultural Politics of Translating Kunqu”. In Translating China, Luo Xuanmin and He Yuanjian eds. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Academic Publishing Co., 2009.

“Surtitling for Xiqu”. In Dubbing and Subtitling in a World Context. Kenneth Au ed.

Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 2009.

“Audio Description in the Chinese World”. In Media Accessibility. Aline Ramael, Pilar Orero and Jorge Diaz-Cintas eds. Amsterdam: Rodopi. 2007. 232-244.

〈電影七十二家房客與其他版本間的翻譯性關係〉,《雜嘜時代:文化身份、性別、日常生活實踐與香港電影1970s》,羅貴祥、文潔華編。香港:牛津大學出版社,2005年。頁149-160。

“Hong Kong.” In The World of Theatre. Ian Herbert ed. London and New York: Routledge, 2003. 73-78. (co-author)

“Desiring Shakespeare: Xiqu Adaptation of Macbeth.” In Shakespeare Global/Local: The Hong Kong Imaginary in Transcultural Production. Kwok-kan Tam, Andrew Parkin and Terry Siu-han Yip eds. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2002. 19-28.

“Theatre Criticism in the New Century.” In Theatre Criticism Today. Sanja Nikcevic ed. Zagreb: ITI-UNESCO, 2001. 173-180.

〈高行健的中國情意結〉,《解讀高行健》,林曼叔編。香港:明報出版社,2000年。頁182至189。

Journal Articles

“Danny Yung in Search of Hybrid Matter and Mind: Zuni’s Experimental Xiqu”. In Visual Anthropology. V ol.24(1-2), 2011. 124-138.

〈劇院與銀幕:二十世紀早期京劇兩種新的“感觸結構"〉,《文藝研究》,2010年第2期,頁72 至78。

“The Song of the Earth: An Analysis of Two Interlingual and Intersemiotic Translations”. The Translator. V ol.14, No.2, 2008. 273-294.

〈尋找香港翻譯劇1962-2005:一些資料及現象〉,《香港戲劇學刊》,總第六期,香港:中文大學出版社,2007年。頁 83至88。

〈評《陽光.站長》〉,《香港戲劇學刊》,總第五期, 2005年。頁289至296。(合著)

“The Uses and Abuses of Translation”. In Translation Quarterly. No.36. 2005. 70-89. 〈陳映真劇作《春祭》的一些外緣脈絡〉,《文學世紀》,2004年4月號,頁30至32。

“The Theatre Overflows.” Hong Kong Drama Review V ol. 3 (2002): 27-34.

〈藝術評論與文化評論〉,《明報月刊》,2000年1月號,頁43至45。

Encyclopaedia Entries

“Anthony Chan”; “Joanna Chan”; “Raymond To” and “Danny Yung”. The Encyclopaedia of Modern Drama. Gabrielle Cody and Evert Sprinchorn eds.

New York: Columbia University Press, 2007. (co-author)

Editorial Work

林克歡著,《香港戲劇,戲劇香港》,香港:牛津大學出版社,2007年。240頁。《香港戲劇學刊》(附編者序),第六期,香港:中文大學出版社,2007年。356頁。

《香港戲劇學刊》(附編者序),第五期,香港:中文大學出版社,2005年。437頁。

《落地開花:香港劇本叢書1999》(附編者序)。香港:國際演藝評論家協會(香港分會),2000年。368頁。

《允執厥中:劇場與中國性》。香港:國際演藝評論家協會(香港分會),2000年。

75頁。

《我的名字不是布萊希特:香港布萊希特演出及研究》。香港:國際演藝評論家

協會(香港分會),1999年。190頁。(合編)

《香港戲劇山海經:香港劇壇1997》。香港:國際演藝評論家協會(香港分會),1999年。177頁。(合編)

《詰問與嬉戲:林克歡藝術評論集》。香港:國際演藝評論家協會(香港分會),1999年。199頁。(合編)

Translations (Chinese to English)

Surtitles of Kunqu and Jingju for the Second Hong Kong Chinese Opera Festival: Full text of Romance of Western Chamber《西廂記》. Short pieces To the Banquet Unarmed《單刀會》, Overturning the Chariots《挑華車》, Famen Temple《法門寺》, Stopping the Horse《擋馬》. Extracts from The Tragedy of Dou E《竇娥冤》, The Legend of the White Snake《白蛇傳》, The Palace of Longevity《長生殿》, Judge Pao Executing Chen Shimei《鍘美案》, The Phoenix Returning to her Nest《鳳還巢》, The Iron Headgear《鐵冠圖》. Commissioned and presented by the Leisure and Cultural Services Department of the HKSAR. Staged at the Hong Kong Cultural Centre Grand Theatre. June 2011.

Surtitles of Jingju extracts The Embroidered Purse《鎖麟囊》, Empress He Castigating the Empreror in Court《賀後罵殿》, The Spring Dream《春閨夢》, and Tears on the Barren Hills《荒山淚》. Used as surtitles for the opening programme of the first Chinese Opera Festival presented by the LCSD, HKSAR. Performed on 4th–6th June 2010. Commissioned by the LCSD, HKSAR.

Two Girls from Ngau Tau Kok. 《牛頭角兩條女》. A play by Amy Chan and Janet Tam. Translated for BBC Radio: World Plays Series. Comissioned by RTHK4.

Broadcast on 5th March 2003 on BBC Radio World Channel. Anthologised in City Stage: Hong Kong Playwriting in English. Mike Ingham and Xu Xi eds.

Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2005.

Surtitles of Kunju extracts Kneeling by the Pond《跪池》, Drafting the Petition《寫狀》,Petitioner Pulled in and the Reunion 《三拉團圓》,and Wu Song and Pan Jinlian《武松與潘金蓮》. Used as surtitles in a production by The Hong Kong Jingju and Kunju Arts Association. Presented by the Leisure and Cultural Services Department, HKSAR. Performed on 24th – 26th December, 2003 at the Hong Kong City Hall Theatre. Commissioned by the LCSD, HKSAR.

Surtitles of Kunju A Walk in the Garden, the Interrupted Dream《遊園驚夢》, The Jade Hairpin《玉簪記》, and Zhong Kui Marrying His Sister Off《鍾馗嫁妹》.

Used as surtitles of a production by the Hong Kong Tang’s Beijing and Kun Opera Company. Presented by the Leisure and Cultural Services Department, HKSAR. Performed on 19th – 21st November, 2002 at Hong Kong City Hall Theatre. Commissioned by the LCSD, HKSAR.

“An Informal Retrospective” 〈即興回顧〉. Introduction of a book by Chen Danqing.

Commissioned by The Hong Kong University Press. In Ackar Abbas, Chen Danqing: Painting After Tiananmen. Hong Kong: The Hong Kong University Press, 1995. 14-20.

Translations (English to Chinese)

Surtitles of DESH for the Asia premiere of a dance drama by Akram Khan.

Commissioned by the Leisure and Cultural Services Department of the HKSAR as the closing programme of the World Cultures Festival 2011. Performed on 18th-19th November at Kwai Tsing Theatre Auditorium.

The Park《公園裡》. A play by Botho Strauss. Chinese translation commissioned by the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts for a production by the Academy.

Performed at the Studio Theatre of the Academy, 18th-21st May 2011.

Surtitles of Prometheus Bound 《普羅米修斯之縛》. A play by Aeschylus. Chinese translation of English version used as surtitles in a production by The National Theatre of Greece. Commissioned by the LCSD, HKSAR. Performed at the Hong Kong City Hall Theatre on 1st-3rd November, 2007. (co-translator) Surtitles of Arlecchino: Servant of Two Masters 《一僕二主》. A play by Carlo Goldoni. Chinese translation of English version used as surtitles in a production by Piccolo Theatro di Milano. Commissioned by the LCSD, HKSAR. Performed at the Hong Kong Shatin City Hall Auditorium on 26th-28th October, 2007.

(co-translator)

Ohio Impromptu《愛荷華即興速寫》. A play by Samuel Beckett. Commissioned by Theatre Action Theatre Company. Produced by Theatre Action for The Samuel Beckett Centenary at the Hong Kong Fringe Club. Performed in April 2006.

Commissioned by Theatre Action.

Book Review

“How to Do Things with Translation: Robinson and the Performative Approach”. In Translation Quarterly. No.37. 2005. 86-90.

Selected Creative Writings

The Yellow Wallpaper. A play in Chinese and English versions produced by Theatre Action in April 2002. English version anthologised in City Stage: Hong Kong Playwriting in English. Mike Ingham and Xu Xi eds. Hong Kong: The Hong Kong University Press, 2005. 256-264. (co-author)

〈畏高〉(短篇小說),《文學世紀》。2004年2月號。香港。

〈重生〉(短篇小說),《星島日報》。1992年6月8日。香港。

〈嘆十聲〉(短篇小說),《香港小說1990-1993》,黎海華編。香港﹕三聯出版社,1994年。頁206至218。

Selected Stage Works

Directing, script-writing and Performing in Sand/Moon: Jamming Muqam. Premiered in the New Vision Festival in Kwai Tsing Blackbox Theatre. November, 2010. Performing in the role “Madame” in a sign language version of Jean Genet’s play Les Bonnes for Theatre of the Silence and Theatre Action. Presented by “French May” Art Festival. Premiered in Hong Kong in May, 2008.

Performing in title role “Woman” in a restaged version of the solo drama production The Yellow Wallpaper in Hong Kong City Festival. January, 2007. The performance was selected for presentation by the “Singapore Spotlight Hong Kong Festival” at Singapore SubStation Theatre on 3rd-4th February, 2007 for two shows. An earlier version of the show was staged in McAuley Theatre, Hong Kong Arts Centre. Presented by Theatre Action. June, 2002.

Performing in title role “Woman” in bilingual versions of Samuel Beckett’s short Rockaby《搖搖一生》in a production for “The Samuel Beckett Centenary” at the Hong Kong Fringe Club. Presented by Theatre Action. April, 2006.

Performing in the role “Ophelia” in Shakespeare’s Hamlet at the Shouson Theatre, Hong Kong Arts Centre. Presented by Theatre Action. May, 2004.

Performing in title role “Baal” in a bilingual version of Bertolt Brecht’s Baal in China Youth Art Experimental Theatre, Beijing, for The “Brecht Centenary Festival in China”. Produced by Theatre Action. Presented by China Youth Art Theatre.

October, 1998.

Performing in title role “Gregor” in Steven Berkoff’s Metamorphosis in Star Alliance Theatre, Hong Kong Fringe Club. Presented by Theatre Action. June, 1997.

Conference Presentation

4th July 2012 (forthcoming)

“Intangible Cultural Heritage as an Institution Intended by UNESCO and Practiced in China”. Paper to be presented at Crossroads Conference. Paris.

16th June 2011

“Experimentation of Kunqu as Intangible Cultural Heritage”. Speech delivered at the Forum ‘Site.Memory’. Tokyo.

3rd June 2011

“Non-Government Organisations and Intangible Cultural Heritage”. Paper presented at the Second Forum on Intangible Cultural Heritage. Hong Kong.

18th December 2010

“Post-structuralist Translation Theories in China”. Paper presented at The Fourth Lingnan-Tsinghua Symposium on Translation Studies: entitled “Translation and Context. Hong Kong.

15th May 2009

〈劇院與熒幕:二十世紀早期京劇兩種新的感觸結構〉,第三屆京劇學研討會,北京。

8th November 2007

“Training for Audiovisual Translation”. Participated in panel discussion. 2nd International Conference on Media for All: Text on Screen, Text on Air. Leiria, Portugal.

30th June 2007

“Adapting, Translating and Performing The Yellow Wallpaper”. Conference on Staging Translated Plays: Adaptation, Translation and Multimediality. Norwich, U.K.

29th May 2007

“Politicising the Liminal Space: two case studies from Hong Kong”. 1st International Forum on Translation/Interpreting and Social Activism. Granada, Spain.

24th August 2006

〈尋找香港翻譯劇1962-2002:一些資料和分析〉,「他山之石:戲劇學術

研討會」。香港中文大學及南京大學主辦。香港。

13th July, 2006

“Audio Description: How many ways of seeing do we allow?” International Association for Translation and Intercultural Studies 2nd Conference: Intervention in Translation, Interpreting and Intercultural Encounters. Cape Town, South Africa.

17th August 2004

“From Babel to Blarney: The House of 72 Tenants.” International Conference of Hong Kong Cinema in the 1970s. Hong Kong.

18th July 2004

“A Critique on Sunshine, Station Master.” International Conference of Chinese Language Theatre. Hong Kong. (co-author)

4th January, 2004

The Transference of Memes in Intercultural and Inter-semiotic Translation in the Dance Performance of Mahler’s Song of the Earth. International Conference of Consciousness Studies. Organised by the International Association of Indian Philosophy. Calcutta, India. (co-author)

3rd November 2003

“Theatre as a Force of Social Change”. International Association of Theatre Critics Congress. Bucharest, Romania. (co-author)

28th December 2002

《七十年代以後香港翻譯劇》,「第三屆華文戲劇學術研討會」。澳門。

19th October 2001

“Subtitling and Translation for Xiqu in the Theatre.” International Conference on Dubbing and Subtitling in a World Context. Hong Kong.

7th September 2001

〈劇場溢出來:香港對西方戲劇的接收〉,「第一屆香港華文戲劇學術研討會」。香港。

Research Grants

“4 Cantonese Yueju: Critical Studies and Translation”. Funded by the Home Affairs Bureau of the HKSAR. Started in March 2012.

“A Critical Analysis on the Current Conditions of Performing The Twelve Uyghur Muqam”. An FRG II started in September 2011.

“An Interdisciplinary Approach to Xiqu Studies”. FRG Cat I. Award in October 2009. “Audience Development as Cultural Policy of Hong Kong since 1997”. Public Policy Research Grant. Awarded in August 2009. Participate as Co-investigator.

“The Theatrical Works of Gus Mok Chiu-yu”. Funded by the Hong Kong Arts Development Council. Awarded in December 2008.

“Hong Kong Drama Translation from 1962 to the Present”. FRG Cat I. Continuation of a Cat II grant. Awarded in May 2007.

“A Catalogue of Hong Kong Theatre Productions in Major Performing Venues from 1962-2006”. Funded by Hong Kong Arts Development Council. Awarded in May 2006.

“Hong Kong Drama Translation from 1962 to the Present”. FRG Cat II. Awarded in August 2005.

“A Study on Gao Xingjian’s Works with an Emphasis on their Intercultural Reception through Translation”. FRG Cat II. Awarded in October 2005.

“Developing Teaching Materials of Audio Description for Interpreting Subjects”. A Teaching Development Grant. Awarded in March 2005.

Professional and Community Service

2011 – 2012 External Examiner of Ph.D. and M.Phil. Examinations, Department of Translation, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.

2010 – 2011 External Examiner of M.Phil. Examination, Programme of

Translation, The University of Hong Kong

2009 – 2012 External Examiner of MFA Programme, The Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts

2009 – 2010 Member, Board of Directors, CforCulture Arts Magazine; funded

by The HK Arts Development Council

2006 – Present Member, Editorial Advisory Committee, New Voice: an on-line journal of Translation and Interpreting Studies. Published by the

International Association for Translation and Intercultural Studies. 2005 – Present Book Reviews Editor, Translation Quarterly. Published by the Hong Kong Translation Society

2006 – 2009 External Examiner, Degree Programme in Translation, Open University

2006 – 2008 Member of the Drama Committee and the Festival Committee of the Leisure and Cultural Services Department, appointed by The

Home Affairs Bureau

2004 – 2006 Member, Executive Committee, Hong Kong Translation Society 2004 –2006 External Examiner, Diploma Programme in Translation and

Interpretation, Caritas Francis Hsu College

2001 –2006 Member of the Hong Kong Arts Development Council, appointed by the HKSAR Chief Executive

跨文化交际与翻译

Intercultural communication and translation Intercultural communication mainly refers to the communication between the native speakers and non-native speakers, as well as the communication between people who differ in any aspect of language or culture background. Due to the differences in surroundings, societies and religions of different ethnic groups, each language community results in its own code of language, social culture, customs and practices and so on. Intercultural communication studies situations when people from different culture backgrounds interact. Aside from language, IC focuses on social attributes, thought patterns and the cultures of different groups of people. IC also involves understanding the different cultures, languages and customs of people from other countries. There are three formats of IC: interracial communication (when source and receiver are different races), interethnic communication (situation in which the parties are of the same race but of different ethnic origins) and intracultural communication (communication between members of the same culture including racial, ethnic and other co-cultures). The term translation itself has several meanings: it can refer to the general subject field, the product (the text that has been translated) or the process (the act of producing the translation, otherwise known as translating). The process of translating between two different written languages involves the translator changing an original written text (the source text) in the original verbal language (the source language) into a written text (the target text) in a different verbal language (the target language). This type corresponds to “interlingual translation” and is one of the three Roman Jakobson in his seminal paper. Jakobson’s categories are: 1. Intralingual translation, or “rewording”– an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language; 2. Interlingual translation, or “translation proper”–an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language; 3. Intersemiotic translation, or “transmutation”– an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign systems. Intralingual translation would occur when we rephrase an expression or text in the same language to explain or clarify something we might have said or written. Intersemiotic translation would occur if a written text were translated, for example, into music, film or painting. It is interlingual translation which is the traditional, although by no means exclusive, focus of translation studies. It is easily seen that the three forms of intercultural communication and the three types of translation are partly corresponding to each other, especially interracial communication and interlingual translation which both attach attention on the communication between native and non-native, and where different cultures of different countries play more important role. To conduct effective intercultural communication, one has to understand the differences between the different nations and then to look for them and pay attention to in every cross-cultural communication situation. By doing this, the high-context communicators can learn to use and respond words, emotions, postures differently, and low-context communicators can learn to

中西文化差异与跨文化翻译

*[收稿日期]2011-10-18 [作者简介]王黎丽(1981-),女,辽宁鞍山人,辽宁对外经贸学院教师,讲师,辽宁师范大学教育学硕士,研究方向英语教育。 一、引言 随着社会的进步与经济的发展,尤其在中国加入WTO 之后,跨国、跨种族、跨文化的交流变得越来越广泛与频繁。从不同民族间的相互交流与商业往来看,文化交流与文化融合在一定程度上已经渗透到人民生活的每一个方面。当一个亚洲人到了欧洲或者一个中国人去了英国,再或者一个美国人来到中国时,当他们之间能够顺利交流时,他们并没有意识到国与国之间存在的界限。只有当他们遇到一些麻烦时,他们才会发现不同文化之间存在差异。 尽管人们通过各种各样的方式传播文化和促进文化交流,但语言的使用是必不可少的。语言是载体,是容器,是文化传播的工具。为了在跨文化交际中实现语言作为桥梁与纽带的作用,并使外国人熟悉本国文化,人们应该利用语言开展翻译。当今科技的发展把计算机引入了翻译领域。没有语言,很难将跨文化交流变成现实。 二、文化,语言与翻译(一)文化 文化是一个极其复杂的概念。它包含了世界万物,物质的和精神的。从广义上讲,文化可以划分为三类:物质文化,指所有产品;机构文化,指各种各样 的体系及相关理论,例如社会体系、宗教体系、教育体系和语言体系;精神文化,指人们精神、行为、思想、信仰和价值观。 有人认为“文化”是一个外来词,很久以前来自于德语“kultur ”,指的是土地的开垦、植物的培育和思维的培养,特别是培养艺术能力、道德素质和天赋。从跨文化交际的角度看,“文化”一词出现在中国,是从上世纪八十年代中国改革开放开始。当时,中国人意识到在与其他国家的文化交流过程中,由于文化的不同,使得这些交流存在着很多的障碍。同时在大学教育中,包括中等专业教育,由文化差异引起的文化冲突已经越来越明显,很多荒谬的错误导致了交流的失败。据说,文化冲突曾经造成了经济损失。(金惠康,2001) “文化”一词,看上去似乎很难定义,很多的研究者都试图去解释它,包括人类学家、社会学家、心理学家以及其他学者。人类学家Malinowski 在他的著作《On Culture 》中指出:文化是人类身体或者灵魂 的习惯,包括一系列的方法和习俗,可以直接或间接满足人类的需要,所有的文化要素都是动态的、有效的。(李延林,2006) 总之,从广义和狭义上讲,文化都是一个复杂的 中西文化差异与跨文化翻译 王黎丽 (辽宁对外经贸学院 辽宁·大连 116052) 【摘要】翻译是跨文化的交流活动,不同国家、民族间的文化交流和渗透,都离不开翻译活动,英汉语 言之间的文化差异对翻译活动的影响是极其重要的。文化翻译是在文化研究的大语境下来考察翻译,即对文化以及语言的“表层”与“深层”结构进行研究,探索文化与翻译的内在联系和客观规律。翻译的目的和特点是语言文化的交流,熟悉两种文化和掌握两种语言同样重要。因此,本文着重讨论中西文化的差异,将英汉两种语言受文化差异影响二产生的不同表达方式进行比较,进而指出如何在翻译中进行合理恰当的文化转换,完成翻译的文化交流之使命。 【关键词】文化差异跨文化翻译 文化载体 【中图分类号】H315.9 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】1009-8534(2012)01-0048-02 第15卷·第1期 2012年2月 宿州教育学院学报Journal of Suzhou Education Institute Vol .15,No.1Feb .2012 48

汉英跨文化交际翻译中的CHINAENGLISH

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跨文化交际翻译

题名/责任者/语种:跨文化交际翻译/金惠康著/中文 出版发行/载体形态:北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2003 /402页;20厘米ISBN/装订形式/定 价: ISBN:7-5001-1010-3/23.00元 索书号:H315.9/8050 丛编:翻译理论与实务丛书.-() 附注:“十五”国家重点图书 附件: 文摘或提要:本书以实例描写为主,配以适量的理论指导与分析,收集了近二十年来大陆、港、台、澳及海外华人的精彩汉英翻译例证,形成了一个比较统一、规范的汉英对译系统。 跨文化交际翻译 作者:金惠康 书摘 a sea oI people/flames/blood/flags/flowers/happy faces如海般的/如潮一样的人群;火海;血海;旗海;花海;无数幸福的面孔 an ocean of trouble/time/space/cheering 无穷的麻烦;无休止的时间;浩瀚的宇宙;欢乐的海洋 a scene of great rejoicing一片欢腾 a chorus of protest/praise一片抗议之声/赞扬之声 a trove of Chinese porcelain一批中国磁器 a grove of coco(a)nut/hamboo一战挪椿}镌椿 a blaze of lights一片灯火

a mountain of debts/rubbish/money/dirty clothes 债台高筑/gr圾如山;家财万贯;一大堆脏衣服 a mass of images/facts/figures/data大量的图像/事实/数据等 a rain/storm of tears/ashes/arrows/bullets嚎啕大哭;尘土蒙蒙;一阵箭雨,一阵弹雨 a storm of applause/criticism/cheering 一阵暴雨般的掌声;激烈的批评;狂热的欢呼 a gale oflaughter/excitement阵阵欢笑;一阵激动 a flood of tears/words/light/terror 泪如潮涌;滔滔言辞;一片光明;一片恐惧 a store oflearnlng/experience知识渊博;经验丰富 a wealth of experience/data/troubles/good/goods 经验丰富;丰富数据;问题多多;大有好处;商品丰富 a sudeit offood/drug dosage 过量的食品;过量的药品 a succession of defeat接二连三的挫败 a world of goods/food/pleasure/meaning/to do s b a world of good/harm a forest of hllls/nags/chimneys/hands 这些表量的手法也可用复数,像10ts of,tho。。。。d。。f一样.如seas。f,mountains。f,st。r es。f,swamls。f,thunders。f。sh。wers of,in showers,in stores,in numbers。 a(great)number of books许多的书 numbers of peoples许多的民族 a quantity of energy大量的能量 quantities of oxidize大量的氧化酶 an amount of material大量的材料 small amount of water少量的水 l he。mount of energy possessed by a given quantity of radiation depends strictly on it s frequency.一定量的辐射所掘有的能量完全基于其频率。 The total amount of radiation辐射的总量 What’S the size?尺码多少?

新编跨文化交际英语教程(许力生) 课后翻译

1.纵观历史,我们可以清楚地看到,各民族与文化由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异,而长久无法互相理解,无法和睦相处。在这种情况下,跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是,人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折,既是个人的,又是全球性的;人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解--从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义甚至到武装冲突,大大小小争端不绝。很显然,文化间以及亚文化间的交往日益增多,这迫切要求我们共同努力,去理解与我们有着天壤之别信仰和文化背景的人们,并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解,我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处;这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定,也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 2.文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序,也即我们“头脑的软件”。但是,我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比,把文化看作是支持软件运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”(Windows)等操作系统一样,使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗,透过它我们可以审视生活的方方面面。一个社会中不同个体的视窗是大不一样的,但都有着一些重要的共同特征。文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般,人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实,从而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中,文化对我们了解自我是必不可少的,就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定群体的共有财产,而不单是个体的特征。社会按照文化设定的程序来运作,这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之涵义的相似性阐释。如果文化是一种心智程序,那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始,文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么以及做些什么。文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样的。文化为我们提供超越个体经验的理想典范,帮助我们决定应该优先考虑什么。文化为我们建立起行为准则,并解释为什么符合这些准则的行为正当、合法。 3.虽然,我们每个人都有各自一套独特的价值观,但在每一文化里,总有弥漫于整个文化之中的普遍的价值观。这些被称作文化价值观文化价值观通常是规范性的,它使文化的成员知道什么是好的和坏的、什么是正确的和错误的、什么是真的和假的、什么是积极的和消极的,等等。文化价值规定了什么是值得为之献身的,什么是值得维护的,什么会危及人们及其社会制度,什么是学习的恰当内容,什么是可讽刺嘲笑的,什么是形成群体团结的途径。文化价值观也指明了文化中的什么行为是举足轻重的,哪些是应当尽力避免的。价值观是人们在做出抉择和解决争端时作为依据的一种习得的规则体系。 跨文化交际的参与者所具有的价值观是十分重要的,因为价值观产生出决定何为正当或不正当社会行为的标准。换言之,价值观有助于人们决定他们的行为方式,以符合他们的价值系统所期望的行为准则。由于文化价值系统之间存在差异,我们可以预见,在相似的情境中,跨文化交际的参与者会表现出并期待着不同的行为。 4. 我们说语言总是模糊的,指的是我们所说所写的东西总不能完全表达我们的意图。我们通过说话和写作所传达的意思不仅仅由词语和句子本身决定,听众和读者的理解也起到了一定的作用。换言之,是交际双方共同创造了语言所表达的意思。语言的模糊性是与生俱来的。为了沟通,我们必须自己推断出对方的意思,除此之外别无他法。在理解别人说话时,我们必须推测这些话的意思。这些推测主要基于以下两个来源:(1)他们所使用的语言;(2)我们的世界知识。

跨文化翻译的可达性

全球化的到来促进了世界各国在政治、经济和文化等领域的交流与合作,翻译作为推动各国人民沟通与交流的重要桥梁得到了人们越来越多的关注。尽管多数译者对翻译的准确性给予高度重视,并且力求尽量忠实原语文本,但是目的语读者仍无法很好地理解和接受译本,即跨文化翻译的可达性仍然不高。由此,笔者认为有必要对有效的跨文化翻译以及如何提高跨文化翻译的可达性进行相关讨论。 一、影响跨文化翻译可达性的要素 翻译是一种跨文化的对话活动,但是文化本身的异质性导致不同文化间时常发生碰撞和冲突,从而影响原语信息的有效传递。针对跨文化翻译的信息传递问题,许多语言学家和翻译工作者都进行了深入的探究。美国归化派翻译界理论家Eugene Nida认为:“翻译是用最恰当、自然和对等的语言从语义到文体再现原语的信息。”[1]也就是说,作为翻译主体的译者为了实现翻译目的,应该在尊重翻译对象的前提下发挥主观能动性,其“基本特征是翻译主体自觉的文化意识、文化品格和文化、审美创造性”[2]。 美国翻译理论家Lawrence Venuti认为,翻译对原语文本和目的语文化要双重效忠,这就提醒人们,对于任何文化群体而言,任何诠释都不可能具有终极权威性,诠释总是本土的、依赖外部条件的,哪怕是在极具学术严谨性的社会机构中也是如此[3]。诠释的特性使翻译难以维持对原文本的忠实,为了使目的语读者看不到不可接受的文化内容,译者可以进行适当的补足。 当然,不同文化间可能发生价值冲突,或者目的语本土文化可能一时难以包容原语所代表的本土文化,所以译者若缺乏目的语本土知识,即在特定语境下有关特定文本情境的知识,那么作为文化产品的译本就有可能遭到目的语读者的排斥。这种本土知识的决定性作用要求翻译必须在一定程度的本土层面上进行,因此在某种程度上,翻译就是为目的语读者量身定制的本土化文本[4]。在Venuti看来,翻译拥有形成文化身份的力量,它创造了一种域外文化的代表,同时也构建了一种本土主体性,这种主体性因关照了本土符号和意识形态而使文本得以被理解并发挥文化功能[5]。 由此可知,译者必要的本土知识储备是提高跨文化翻译可达性的决定因素。了解本土实践使译者产生一种参与感,同时帮助其确认翻译问题。译者需要具备必要的本土知识才能进入目的语系统,保证译本在目的语文化中畅通无阻。再者,由于非本土知识未必具有普遍意义,因此识别翻译中何为可用本土语汇的普遍知识显得至关重要。译者的目的语本土视角能使其尽量避免将外部价值观直接强加于目的语读者身上[6]。译者需要理解目的语系统的社会文化传统,方能在文化产品的再造中重现原文本,补足翻译中遗失的文化信息,消除文化差异导致的失衡,将原文本恰如其分地呈现给目的语读者。 二、提高跨文化翻译可达性的技巧 不同文化间的差异使目的语本土知识成为成功跨文化交流的先决条件。对于译者来说,词汇层面的翻译原本较为容易,但是由于文化语境发生了变化,这种翻译却使意义显得难以捉摸[7]。在翻译的过程中,译者需要关注目的语读者所处的文化背景和意识形态,在尽量忠实原文本内容的基础上通过多种翻译技巧提高跨文化翻译的可达性。笔者在此略谈两种常用的技巧,即词语替换性补足和原语文化意象阐释性补足。 总的说来,成功的跨文化翻译要求译者巧妙处理文化差异可能导致的意象失衡,保证目的语读者正确解读译本。如果目的语习语或谚语足以再现原语刻画的文化意象,译者就可以通过简单的词语替换完成翻译。但是,原语与译语之间如果缺乏对等的文化意象,译者就需要通过阐释性补足让目的语读者理解原语所要呈现的文化意象,使其成功传达。 (一)词语替换性补足 所谓替换,指的是目的语系统中已经存在可以轻松“匹配”原语文本项目的选项[8]。为了使原语文本的文化内涵得到更有效的传达,译者可以使用目的语习语或谚语替换原语意象。为了说明这一问题,笔者将引用David Hawkes在“癞蛤蟆想吃天鹅肉”一句中对“天鹅”的翻译以及“情人眼里出西施”一句中对“情人”和“西施”的翻译作为例证。 Vol.33No.11 Nov.2012 第33卷第11期2012年11月 赤峰学院学报(汉文哲学社会科学版) Journal of Chifeng University(Soc.Sci) 浅谈跨文化翻译的可达性 沈悦 (福建师范大学外国语学院,福建福州350007) 摘要:随着全球化不断深入发展,翻译在跨文化交流中发挥了越来越重要的桥梁作用。由于目的语读者在解读译本时受到本土文化和价值观的影响,译者应具备必要的目的语本土知识,并将其运用于翻译过程,译本才能更好地被目的语读者所接受。通过运用词语替换性补足和原语文化意象阐释性补足等技巧,译者可以有效减少文化差异导致的误读,使译本更好地发挥文化功能,提高跨文化翻译的可达性。 关键词:跨文化翻译;可达性;本土知识;补足 中图分类号:H315.9文献标识码:A文章编号:1673-2596(2012)11-0196-02 196 --

新编跨文化交际课后翻译中英对照

Translation1 The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view of history that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a persistent inability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by space, ideology, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about many of human civilization’s failure is that they appear to be personal as well as global. The story of humankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as well as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from simple name-calling to isolationism tr even armed conflict. It is obvious that increases contact with other cultures and subcultures make it imperative for us to make a concerted effort to understand and get along with people whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, through increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neighborhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining would peace. 纵观历史,我们可以清楚地看到,各民族与文化由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异,而长久无法互相理解,无法和睦相处。在这种情况下,跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是,人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折,既是个人的,又是全球性的;人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解--从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义甚至到武装冲突,大大小小争端不绝。 很显然,文化间以及亚文化间的交往日益增多,这迫切要求我们共同努力,去理解与我们有着天壤之别信仰和文化背景的人们,并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解,我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处;这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定,也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 Translation 2 Culture is something referred to as our mental programming, our “software of the mind.”But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run. Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows:it is what enables us to process information in various specific applications. The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture:culture is a mental set of windows through which all of life is viewed. It varies from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with members of a society. Culture is like the water fish swim in--a reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined. It is in the air we breathe and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is to our physical life. Culture is the property of a community people, not simply a characteristic of individuals. Societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean. If culture is mental programming, it is also a mental map of reality. It tells us from early childhood what matters, what o prefer, what to avoid, and what to do. Culture also tells us what ought to be . It gives us assumptions about the ideal beyond what individuals may experience. It helps us in setting priorities. It establishes codes for behavior and provides

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