大学英语读书笔记.doc
大学英语
（读书笔记）
姓名：_________
________年___月___日
大学英语
一、时态
（一）一般现在时
1.基本用法
（1）其表现在的事实或状态。
I know you’re busy.
(2)表经常或反复发生的动作。
He smokes a lot.
（3）自然现象或永恒真理。
Gases expand when heated.
（4）表现在时刻发生的动作。
如运动解说、演示说明、动作描述、剧情介绍等等。
（5）一般现在时表示将来情况。
The plane takes off at 11∶30 and arrives in Shanghai at 13∶20.
The show begins at seven and ends at ten.
※主句可用将来时或含有情态动词，从句用一般现在时或其它时态。I’ll give her the telex when she comes.
If we hurry, we may catch the bus.
2.基本结构
(1)主+be(am, is, are)+名（介词短语，代词）
Tomorrow is Saturday.
(2)主+实义动词+宾
I regret my ignorance on the subject.
（3）注意其否定、疑问变化。
Do, don’t, does, doesn’t.
(4)动词的复数即实义动词的变化规则（略）。
第三人称单数形式。
3.与一般现在时适用的状语
Now and then, every,so often,currently,nowadays,these days.
at present, rarely,as a rule etc.
（二）现在进行时
1.基本结构
be(am, is, are)+doing(其为实义动词）
其否定、疑问变化形式。
2.基本用法
（1）表示此时此刻正在进行或发生的动作，其时间状语一般用now, at the moment etc.
(2)表现阶段的一段时间正在进行或发生的动作，但说话的此刻动作不一定正在进行着，时间状语通常为recently, these days etc.
He’s making the plan these days.
(3)现在进行时，表将来时，时间状语有tomorrow, next week等。
如arrive, come, go, get, leave, spend, start, stay, work etc.
I’m seeing my friend this afternoon.
(4)Be doing其动词的变化规则（略）。
3.现在进行时中对动词的要求和限制
（1）如like, want, know等不是动作动词，禁止用进行时态。We’re liking...
Be动词可用于进行时态，即表示一时的表现。
I’m being serious.
我是说正经的。
I’m not being hard on an ybody.
I’m being reasonable.
只是理智行事。
（2）现在进行时可表一个经常性的动作，常表某种情绪。You’re always interrupting me!
He’s always interfering in my affairs.
She’s constantly changing her mind.
区别：
It rains a lot here.(说明事实)
It’s always raining here.（抱怨）
She does fine work at school.
She’s doing fine work in school.
※甚至某些静态动词也可用于现在进行时。
I’m forgetting that I promised to visit him tonight.（三）一般过去时
1.基本用法
（1）常用来表示过去某一时间所发生的动作。
（2）表示在过去一段时间内经常发生的动作或存在的状态。
2.基本结构
(1)主+be动词(was/were)+名（代/介词短语）
（2）主+动词的过去式+宾
(3)动词的过去时变化（略）和含过去时句子的肯定、否定、疑问变化。
did, didn’t, Did...?
e.g.Where were you at that time?
I was sorry to hear that.
Who left the door open?
What did you major in?
Did you go home yesterday? Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.
I didn’t go home yesterday.
3.过去时的句子常带有标志性的时间状语
...yesterday, at that time
...ago, last year, week, just now etc.
4.Ago
(1)多用于过去时。
（2）它所指时间是从现在算起。
It was 20 years ago when Jack was a boy of fifteen.
5.Before
(1)多用于过去完成时
（2）它所指时间是从过去某一时刻算起（可与previously换用）。Last summer, I finally left the firm that I had joined 18 years before.
(四)过去进行时
1.基本用法
表在过去某个时间某事正在进行，过去时间可由一时间状语表示，时间状语并非总是跟着。
2.基本结构
Be(was/were)+doing.
What were you doing when I called you?
3.过去进行时/一般过去时
(1)过去进行时表示一个正在进行尚未完成的动作。
They were building a bridge there.(未必建成）
过去时表示一个业已完成的动作。
They built a bridge there.
(2)但有些动词本身并不表示动作完成，如rain,snow,wear,feel等，这时两种时态都可以，在意思上差别不大。
It rained all day yesterday.
It’s raining all day yesterday.
4.过去进行时
与现在进行时一样，与forever、frequently连用时表厌恶等情绪。
He was always making mistakes.
I was wondering if you could give me a lift.
5.主从句中过去进行时的体现
(1)While后跟从句时，从句中须是延续性动词，但when之后的动词则短暂性动词或延续性动词都可以。
(2)过去时中的两个动作，习惯上一个用一般过去时，另一个用过去进行时。
动用较长用过去进行时，动作较短用一般过去时，两个动作可能同时开始，但不同时结束。
When someone knocked at the door, I was having supper.
When I was attending the class, he upset the cup.
(3)由于分工的不同，两个动作的起始和结束时间几乎相同时，均用过去进行时。
When I was listening to the radio, my sister was dancing.
My mother was cooking while I was doing my homework.
(4)两个动作在同时段进行，先发生的动作用过去进行时，后发生的动作用一般过去时。
两个动作在时间上一先一后。
The telephone rang when I was opening the door.
我正开门时电话铃响了。
When the telephone was ringing, I opened the door.
电话正响时我开了门。
6.切记瞬间动词没有进行时态
两个动作同时发生，延续性动词用进行时态，瞬间动词使用过去时。（五）现在完成时
1.基本用法
(1)在过去不确定时间里发生的并与现在有着某种联系的动作，体现的是影响或结果。
（2）动作开始于过去并持续到现在的动作。（现在完成进行时）。2.基本结构
主+have(has)+动词的过分
注意其肯定、否定、疑问变化，动词的过去分词变化规律（略）。3.现在完成时的时间状语
Already,yet,just,recently,so far,for,since,up to now,in the past 2 years.
I’ve worked in the company for 2 years.
(1)如果完成时句子中后跟(for+一般时间）时，其谓语动词须是持续性动词;但如若后面未跟一段时间则可以用短暂性动词；如果完成句是否定句且谓语是短暂性动词，则后可跟一段时间。
They’ve come to visit us from time to time.
(2)相关动词的相应转换
borrow→keep(have)
come back→be back
He died 5 years ago.
He has been dead for 5 years.
He left his hometown many years ago
He has been away for many years.
4.相关难点
（1）have gone(to)have been(to)
(2)完成时与since(从句)
一般since从句中用的都是短暂性动词的过去时。
He has been ill since I saw him last.
(3)如若since从句中用的是持续性动词（静态动词）的过去时，则含义不同，其表示从句动作的完成或结束。
The house has been in bad repair since he lived in it.
The house has been in bad repair since he moved out.
I haven’t eaten snails since I was a student at Indiana University.
I haven’t eaten snails since I left Indiana University.
(4)如若since从句中的动作或状态延续到说话时间，通常要用持续性动词或表状态动词的现在完成时。
He has written to me frequenthy since I was ill.
自从病愈以来……
He has written to me frequenthy since I have been ill.
自从我生病以来……
I haven’t seen you since I’ve been back.
I haven’t seen you since I was back.
(5)区别
The house has been in bad repair since he lived in it.
The house has been in bad repair since he has lived in it.
He has stayed here for 3 hours.
He stayed here (since) 3 hours ago.
He has stayed here since 3 O’clo ck.
(6)在表示“第……次做某事”时常使用现在完成时。
It’s the 1st good meal I’ve had for ages.
It’s the 3rd time this has happened.
It’ll be the 1st time I’ve spoken in public.
(7)如果It之后的be动词用的是was,则that分句中通常用过去完成时。It was the 1st time he hadn’t worked on Saturday.
It was the 1st time she’d been at a summer school and she thoroughly enjoyed it.(六)现在完成进行时
1.基本用法
从过去某时起一直持续的动作，一般是为了强调动作正在进行或反复。
I have been washing all morning.
He’s been watching television all day.
2.基本结构
现在完成时S+have(has)+动词过去分词
（现在完成进行时）+S+have(has)+been+动词ing，其否定，疑问变化。
3.特点
(1)其多与how long或long、all一起用。
All night long this has been going on.
How long have you been reading that book?
(2)有时表示的是动作的反复而非一直在持续。
We’ve all along been making mistakes like this.
Has it been causing problems?
(3)现在完成时常常倾向动作业已完成。
现在完成进行时大多都表示动作还在进行或反复。
She has painted her room.
She has been painting her room.(可能还未漆完)
I’ve read a book.
I’ve been reading a book.
(4)有些静态动词只能用于现在完成时，一般不用于现在完成进行时。I’ve known him for many years.
They’ve been married for 50 years.
This has lasted for a long time.
(5)在强调动作持续时间的长度时，特别是有long、how long这类状语时，常用现在完成进行时。
（七）过去完成时
1.概念
（1）表示过去某时之前业已发生的动作，发生在前面的用过去完成
时，发生在后面的用一般过去时。
（2）在过去某时之前，动作已经完成或结束。
（3）造成的是对过去的影响或结果，与现在没有关系。
（4）过去完成时一般都有过去时相衬托。
2.基本结构
S+had+动词的过分（P.P.）
When I got to the station the train had left.
I had been at the bus stop for over one hour when a bus finally came.
I had wanted to attend the meeting, but I fell ill.(未完成)
3.难点
（1）当几个动作用and，then, but等连词时，因为有动作先后顺序，须用一般过去时。
He stood up, took his coat and went out.
(2)如果有after, before, as soon as等连用，且清楚有动作先后，从句一般用过去时或过去完成时。
I told them the news after you (had) left.
As soon as I (had) put the phone down it rang again.
They had already sold it when I asked the price of that car.
(3)注意固定搭配
hardly...when..., no sooner...than, scarcely...when etc.
He had hardly arrived when it began to snow.
We’d scarcely arrived when she started crying.
(4)用于hope, intend, mean, think等词的过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望。
We had thought to return early but they wouldn’t let us go.
(5)用于expect, hope, want, think等词的过去时，表示“比……”。
It was easier than I had thought.
We arrived earlier than we had expected.
The place wasn’t as clean as we had wanted it to be.（八）过去完成进行时
1.概念
(1)表示到过去某个时刻此动作还在进行。
（2）用在从句中，从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前而对其有影响。
①At last the bus came, I had been waiting for half an hour.
②Until then she had been loving her daughter.
③Her eyes were red. It was obvious she had been crying.
④I heard you’d been looking for me.
2.基本结构
S+had+been+doing注意其否定、疑问形式。
3.现在完成进行时/过去完成进行时
He’s been smoking for 20 years.
He’s still smoking.
He’d been smoking for 20 years when he decided to give it up.
至过去某个时刻还在进行某动作。
4.过去完成时/过去完成进行时
By last week she had collected 2000 stamps.(已完成)
She had been collecting stamps all these years.(未必完成)
She had been painting the door all afternoon.(未必完成)
（九）一般将来时
1.概念
表示将要发生的事，一般与表将来意义的时间状语连用。
时间状语tomorrow, (this) next year, in two days, in the future etc.
2.基本结构
第一人称I（we）+will(shall)+v.
注意其否定、疑问式。
其他人称S+will+v.
注意其否定、疑问式。
will→won’tshall→shan’t
3.其它表示将来时的结构
（1）Be going to结构
（2）现在进行时
（3）一般现在时（一般为短暂性动词leave start etc)
(4)Be to+动词原形
Be+不定式结构（之前的动词时有讲）
(5)Be about to do sth
表即将发生的动作
（6）Be due to do sth
(按时间表)将……It’s due to be completed in 2010. (7)Be on the point of doing sth
正要做某事。
(十)将来进行时
1.基本用法
在将来某个时间某动作将正在进行。
This time next week I’ll be lying on the beach.
2.基本结构
S+will(shall)+be+doing注意其否定、疑问变化形式。
3.将来进行时/现在进行时
有时可以互换
4.将来时/将来进行时
Mary won’t pay this bill.
表示意愿。
Mary won’t be paying this bill.
单纯谈未来情况。
（十一）将来完成时
1.基本用法
表示到将来某动作业已完成或产生某种影响结果。
2.基本结构
S+will(shall)+have+动词的过去分词
e.g By the end of the trip, she’ll have travelled more than 3,000 miles. I’ll have retired by the year of 2010.
二、从句
(一)定语从句
1.定语表示法
(1)形容词
She’s a responsible girl.
(2)代词
This could change our lives.
(3)数词
She bought 2 kilos of apples.
(4)名词或名词所有格
What’s your government’s view about it?
(5)不定式
There are lots of things to be done.
(6)分词
There’s a door leading to the garden.
(7)介词短词
That has no relation to the matter under discussion.
(8)副词
The buildings around were badly damaged.
(9)词组或合成词
They were mostly well to do farmers.
2.定语从句
限定（制）性定语从句/非限定（制）性定语从句
在主从复合句中，由一个句子充当定语，此从句为定语从句，起修饰限定作用。
（1）先行词
被修饰限定的名词或代词
（2）关系代词
其作用：①连接主从句；②在从句中担当成分。
有that, who, what, whose, which etc.
关系副词
when, where, why etc.
3.定语从句
定语从句中关系代（副）词与先行词的正确搭配。
（1）当先行词是人时且关系代词作主语时。
人+who(that)+动词
who较正式,都不能省。
The man who stole your car has been arrested.
I have a sister who (that) lives in Mars.
(2)当先行词是人时且关系代词作宾语时。
人+who (whom/ that)+主+及物动词
人+who (whom/ that)+主+不及物动词+介词
The man (whom) I saw told me to come here.
The man with whom I travelled couldn’t speak English.
He’s the thief (whom) I caught yesterday.
(3)当先行词是人且关系代词作定语时，这种情况很特殊，whose不能省略。
人+whose+名+动词
People whose rents have been raised can appeal.
The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him.
(4)先行词是物时且关系代词作主语时
物+which/that+动词
关系代词都不能省
This is the parrot which always sings at night.
This’s the film th at created a great sensation.
(5)先行词是物时且关系代词作宾语时。
物+which(that)+主+及物动词
都可以省略。
It’s the best hotel (that) I know.
The book (which) they sent me is very good.
(6)先行词是物时且关系代词作介词宾语时。
物+介词+which+主+动词
此种情况相当特殊，介词后只能用which.
This is the pan on which I fried the eggs.
The agency from which me bought our tickets is bankrupt.
※以上情况可以改作用that引导的定语从句，此时that都可省略。This is the pan (that) I fried the eggs on.
The agency (that) we bought our tickets from is bankrupt.
(7)关系副词引起的定语从句。
When
There’re times when such things are ne cessary.
Where
This is the village where he was born.
where可省。
Why
Give me one reason why we should help them.
4.非限定性定语从句中的正确搭配
(1)它对所有修饰的先行词没有起修饰限定的作用，而只是补充说明，把它拿掉，主句照样成立；其一般都与先行词之间有逗号隔开。who
I’ve invited Diana, who lives in the next flat.
whom
Mr Green, for whom I was working, was very generous.
whose
Mrs Green, whose daughter is in college, is trying to get a job.
which
She gave me this sweater, which she had knitted herself.
(2)which, whom等可以和of等介词一起连用。
The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.
I picked up the peaches, some of which were badly bruised.
Her sons, both of whom work abroad, rang her up this morning.
I met the fruit pickers, several of whom were university students. Gieorge, with whom I played tennis on sunday, was thinner than me. This I did at 9 o’clock, after which I sat reading the paper.
Ashdown forest, through which we’ll be driving, isn’t a forest any longer. His house, for which he paid ＄10,000, is now worth ＄50,000.
(3)which有时代表的是前面句子的全部或部分意思。
Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous.
Rats ran about the attic all night, which kept me awake.
He invited us to dinner, which was very kind of him.
有时which还可在从句中作定语。
He adviced me to hide behind the door, which advice I took at once. (4)关系副词也可以引起非限定性定语从句。
We’ll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. She was working in Nokia, where she went daily in a bus.
We went up to the roof, from where we had a good view of the procession.
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大学英语读书笔记
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大学英语(大二下)课后习题翻译
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社会主义五百年读后感
社会主义五百年读后感 今天党支部给每位党员干部发了一本名为《世界社会主义五百年（党员干部读本）》的书，我随手翻了一下，后来被书中章节所吸引，利用几天的的业余时间，我认真阅读了该书。历史一经发生便凝固在它固定的时间线和空间点上，任凭风起云涌、沧海桑田、思潮变迁，不会再有变化了。 以史为镜，可知兴替，历史需要解读。以下便是本人对的《世界社会主义五百年》读后感： 第一、充分感受《五百年》的重要思想性 《世界社会主义五百年》的可读性很强、该书史论结合、文风通俗，从世界社会主义思想的源头空想社会主义开始讲起，共分六个阶段，概要叙述了世界社会主义波澜壮阔的发展历程，深刻阐明了我们党带领全国各族人民艰苦奋斗、顽强拼搏，在艰辛的探索和实践中，开创和发展了中国特色社会主义。最大的感受不在于千回百转、绝境逢生的曲折情节，也不在于荡气回肠、扼腕长叹的沧桑感慨，而在于追随历史步伐的过程中，进一步加深了对共产党人时代精神的领悟。该书展示的是一幅中国共产党为民族独立、人民解放、国家富强而艰苦奋斗的立体式画卷。 第二、关于对空想社会主义的理解 《世界社会主义五百年》从空想社会主义开始谈起。空想社会主义是科学社会主义的直接思想来源；唯物史观和剩余价值学说两大理论发现使社会主义从空想变成了科学；资本主义基本矛盾的发展，导致社会主义的必然出现。社会主义从空想到科学的发展，与哲学上的变革有着直接联系，没有唯物史观和剩余价值学说的创立，就不可能创立科学社会主义。科学社会主义是“无产阶级运动的理论表现”，它
的任务就是考察“解放世界”这一伟大事业的历史条件和性质，从而使无产阶级认识到自己的行动的条件和性质。因为“完成这一解放世界的事业，是现代无产阶级的历史使命。”科学社会主义是一种内容深刻丰富、逻辑严密和在实践中不断地与时俱进的科学真理。书中还写世界社会主义波澜壮阔的发展历程。我坚信社会主义将在历史的长河中破浪前行，最终战胜资本主义。 第三、充分感受党的心系群众、艰苦奋斗、顽强拼搏的光荣历史《世界社会主义五百年》中写到中国共产党的历史，党的历史，是我们伟大的祖国告别屈辱落后的岁月、迎着民族复兴的曙光奋勇前行历史；是中国人民掌握自己的命运、昂首阔步地迈向现代化梦想的历史；我们党积极应对各种艰难险阻、不断开创各项事业发展新局面。感悟历史，历史是一面映照现实的镜子，也是一本饱含哲理的教科书；勇于实践，实践是检验真理的唯一标准，实践出真知。历史的目光正注视着我们，时代的重任在召唤着我们，让我们继续传承和发扬党的优良传统，坚定信念，艰苦奋斗，“从群众中来，到群众中去”，积极投身实践大潮，抒写属于这个时代的一个个传奇！ 总之，通过对《世界社会主义五百年》的深入阅读与理解，我作为一名党员我将进一步深入学习领会习总书记系列讲话精神，努力学习社会主义发展史，进一步增强中国特色社会主义道路的自信心与决心，时刻牢记自己的历史使命，在各个方面都严格要求自己，不断从思想认识上提高自己，从工作实践中完善自己，使自己成为一名合格的共产党接班人。
英语专业读书笔记
英语专业读书笔记 个人认为，英语的学习归根到底就在于2个词：一是坚持，二是兴趣。以下是英语专业读书笔记，欢迎阅览! 英语专业读书笔记1 而学好英语这门语言，对于我们来说，会有如下好处： 第一、从小培养良好的英语的听说读写的基础，在相关企业迎接更为复杂困难的英语学习大有裨益; 第二、一旦毕业，选择英语类专业工作将使得我们的成功几率大为增加，比如：除了英语类专业之外，相关专业还有：国际经济法专业、国际贸易类、商务专业、医学专业、国际政治专业、历史专业、考古专业、传媒专业、舞蹈专业、财务专业、文学专业、师范专业、数学专业、工程专业、电子专业、生物技术专业、软件和信息技术专业等，都离不开英语的学习或国外文献资料的查阅，没有良好的英语基础，这些专业领域是不会取得重大建树的。 第三、对于某些重点学校，或者与国外建立了友好交流关系的学校，只有那些具有优势英语的学生才有可能被录取参加国外友好学校的交流活动; 第四、即使是有偏科倾向的学生，如果她的英语口语或者写作或者翻译有一技之长，将来即使是没有考上大学，他也会被社会广泛需要的，比如从事翻译、口译、英语教师、幼儿园老师、外贸行业等。
第五、语言好的学生，其右脑的智商相对更高，反应更灵敏、沟通更快捷易懂、给人印象更深刻，在竞争激烈的社会中，更有优势，更容易夺得一些机会。 第六、如果你想将来出国，就不会在语言关方面花费很多金钱、时间和精力去补课，而是一站式通达国外，获得更多良好教育的机会，也更容易引起外国机构的青睐，收到意想不到的效果。 英语专业读书笔记2 这一年的大学英语学习生涯，让我感慨颇多!回想起，当初的上课时的情形，一切是那么的清晰，仿佛就像是发生在昨天一样。 通过这两年在大学的英语学习，我对于目前的大学英语教学方面有以下的看法：虽然在教学内容较单一的情况下，但在英语教学方式方面相对来说，教学形式还是较丰富多彩的，具体地说：在大学英语课堂教学中，老师采用了有趣生动的教学内容呈现形式，如：游戏化地教学活动、小组讨论、课堂辩论、学生上讲台、看音像资料等来传授教学内容。 对这种形式的教学，我觉得很不错! 与我们高中枯燥的英语课堂相比，这种利用各种喜闻乐见的活动教学方式，让教学内容的呈现方式更乐意被我们接受，提高了我们对教学内容的接受程度。当然，采用何种教学形式，取决于学生的年龄、性格特征、班级规模、班风等实际因素。显然采用了合适的教学形式能较大地激发学生学习。