法律英语期末考试句子翻译

UNIT ONE CONTRACT LAW

Section A Understanding of Contract

1.They claim that the definition of the American Restatement ignores the bargain—the exchange of equivalents which is the essence of a contract.

法学家们声称《美国合同法重述》忽略了契约的本质，即等价交换是合同的本质。

2.Thus to say that a contract can simply be ―a promise‖ is to overlook the fact that there is ge nerally some act or promise given in return for the other promise before that promise becomes a contract.

因此说合同是一个承诺就忽略了一个事实，即在承诺成为一个合同之前，通常有一些行为或承诺是为了其他承诺做出的。

3.These scholars also argue that all the definitions in terms of promises or agreements presuppose that people only enter into contractual relations after they have made some agreement or promise. 这些学者还是对这些定义持不同观点，他们认为依据合同承诺或契约所作解释的先决条件是当事人业已达成协议或承诺之后构成了合同关系。

4.One is that a person who induces another to rely upon him and change his position, ought not to let that person down, and the other is that a person who does a service to another or renders him some benefit, ought generally to be recompensed for his trouble.

一种观点是诱导他人依赖于他，并促使其改变立场的人，不应该让人失望。另一种观点是帮他人的忙，致使其获得利益的人，一般都应该为其所造成的法律纠纷而获得赔偿。

5.After the above discussion we come to know the Contract may be defined as an agreement, a promise or a set of promises, which create legal liabilities rather than moral obligations, enforceable by the law between two or more persons to do or forebear from doing some act or acts；their intentions being to create legal relations and not merely to exchange mutual promises, both having given something, or having promised to give something of value as consideration for any benefit derived from the agreement or the promise except a transaction agreement by deed.

经过以上的讨论我们可以看出合同可能会被定义为协议、承诺，它所产生的是法律义务而非道德义务，可由两个或两个以上的人之间的法律或祖先做一些行为；他们的意图是创设法律关系，而不仅仅交换彼此的承诺，或者承诺给予一些有价值的东西，考虑任何利益的协议或承诺契约交易协议的除外。

6.A transaction by deed derives its legally binding quality from the special way in which it is made rather than from the operation of the contract law.

某项以契约形式的成功交易源于其本身具有法律约束力的特许交易特征，而不是合同法的操作。

7.The definition of contract in the Chinese contract law stresses its functions,saying that a contract is the manifestation of intention to establish, change or terminate the civil relationship between two or more parties.

中国的合同法的定义强调的是合同的功能，指出合同所要表现的形式是确立、改变或终止合同双方或多方的民事关系。

8. Making a contract is a civil juristic act done by both sides. At least two parties shall enter, and express their genuine intention. Otherwise a contract cannot be established. The purpose to make a contract is to bring out a certain civil juristic effect, including establishing, changing or terminating the civil relationship between the two parties. Making a contract is a legal act rather than illegal act. Unlawfully established contracts are null or void. Contractual obligations are often imposed on all

parties.According to the difference among their apperance,it falls into precontractual

obligation,after contractual obligation and the subordinated obligation in contract performing.

签订合同是甲乙双方的民事法律行为所至。至少双方均应积极参与，并表达真实意图。否则合同就不成立。签订合同的目的是为了确立一定的民事法律效力，其中包括双方民事法律关系的确定、变更和终止。签订合同是一种法律行为而不是非法行为。非法订立的合同均为无效合同。合同义务通常是强加给合同各方的。依据产生阶段的不同，合同义务可以分为先合同义务、后合同义务、合同履行中的附随义务三种。

UNIT TWO INTERNATIONAL DIVOICE: LITIGATING MARITAL PROPERTY AND SUPPORT RIGHTS

Section A Jurisdiction and Procedure in International Divorce Litigation

1.A court may also exercise personal jurisdiction based on a respondent's general appearance in a proceeding, and a respondent who files a responsive pleading without objecting to jurisdiction is typically deemed to have waived any of these defenses.

法庭还可以基于被告出现在诉讼程序的事实或者其在答辩状中没有提出管辖权异议而获得

应诉管辖权。

2.Before relying on Burnham-type service to confer personal jurisdiction on the court, counsel should be aware that foreign jurisdictions may refuse to enforce a decree entered on this basis, as tag jurisdiction is widely rejected outside the United States.

在依此判例赋予法院属人管辖权之前，律师应该意识到外国司法机关可能拒绝执行这种判决，因为美国以外的国家普遍不承认“接触的管辖权”。

3.Beyond the question of jurisdiction, due process requires that a respondent must be afforded notice and an opportunity for a hearing, even in the context of an ex-parte divorce.

撇开管辖权的问题，即使是在单方面的离婚诉讼中，正当法律程序也要求给予被告观看和听证的机会。

4.The question of whether substituted service is permitted is determined by the law of the forum, but the means utilized must also comply with the laws of the country in which service is made.

州法律将决定是否允许替代送达,但是所运用的这些方法必须遵守传票送达国国家的法律。5.Service of process on an individual in a foreign country is subject to both the law of the state where the action has been filed and any applicable provisions of foreign or international law.

对身在国外的个人进行送达受州法律以及可引用的外国法和国际法条款的约束。

6.From the perspective of courts in the United States, financial orders that satisfied jurisdictional rules in the country where they were entered, but which were not based on facts that would give rise to personal jurisdiction over the respondent spouse, would not satisfy the due process requirements for recognition and enforcement in the United States.

从美国法院的角度来看,财产判决虽然符合作出判决的国家的管辖权规则，但却不是基于引

起对被告的属人管辖权的事实，这会因不符合法定诉讼程序的要求而不被认可和执行。

7.Under this rule of divisible divorce jurisdiction, an ex-parte divorce decree based on the petitioner's domicile or residence within the forum state is entitled to full faith and credit in every state. Court orders concerning marital property and support rights are not entitled to full faith and credit, however, unless the forum court had personal jurisdiction over the respondent. Based on the same policies, courts in the United States give effect to many foreign ex-parte divorce decrees as a matter of comity, but do not recognize and enforce financial orders entered by a foreign court unless that court had full personal jurisdiction.

在可分割的离婚诉讼管辖权原则下，州法院基于原告在法院所在国的住所或居住地而作出的单方面离婚判决在每个州都能得到充分信任（效力）。但若涉及婚姻财产分割和抚养义务时，只有该管辖法院对原被告双方都有属人管辖权时，其判决才会被信任和认可。基于上述规则，美国法院以礼让规则承认很多国外单方离婚判决的效力，但并不承认和执行外国法院作出的财产判决，除非该法院已经具有完全的属人管辖权。

UNIT THREE A FAMILY LAW PERSPECTIVE ON PARENTAL INCARCERATION Section A Family Law and Child Development

1.Family law is unique among American legal fields in making children's interests paramount, as it does in the context of custody disputes between a child's legal parents.

当儿童的法定父母因监护权发生纠纷时，在整个美国法律领域中，只有婚姻家庭法是优先保护儿童利益的。

2.By elevating children's interests over other concerns, custody courts provide an unparalleled examination of children's development, and how that development is affected by each child's placement in one or another caretaking environment.

通过权衡儿童各方面的利益，家事法院制定了一套审查儿童未来发展及如何通过安置儿童的监护环境影响该发展的规则。

3.Courts assessing children's best interests in order to resolve custody disputes take for granted that the ways in which children are brought up will shape the type of adults they become.

法院在解决监护权纠纷时，是通过预测儿童在该照管下将被塑造成何种类型之成人，来评估儿童利益之最大化的。

While custody courts care about children's day-to-day happiness, they are especially concerned with how children's current experience will affect their future. The custody literature therefore provides extensive analysis of the ways in which childhood experience and early caregiving arrangements can alter a child's course of development into adulthood, for better or for worse.

监护法院在关心儿童的日常幸福感的同时，更关注儿童现在的经历会如何影他们的未来。因此，与监护权有关的文献对于孩提时代的经历以及早期关爱环境或好或坏地影响孩子的成长历程的方式给出了大量的分析。

4.The custody literature reflects a consensus that the conditions most likely to foster a child's

well-being are continuity and stability, and that, conversely, any disruption of a child's environment and caretaking arrangement can inflict developmental harm.

有关监护权的文献一致认为，抚养儿童最好的条件是稳定而持续的环境，相反的，任何割裂儿童成长环境与抚养安排的事情都可能对儿童的发展造成损害。

5.Custody courts will discuss with a great degree of nuance—and often with the aid of expert psychological testimony—the harms that disruption of the parent-child tie can inflict on a child given her particular stage of development.

监护权法庭将会进行细微而深入的讨论，经常采用来自心理专家的证词的帮助，以此来说明父母与儿童之间的割裂对儿童成长的特殊时期带来的伤害。

6.Separation of an infant from a parent can disrupt the bonding process that is the foundation of the child's future emotional and intellectual growth, and separation of parent and toddler can impede the toddler's first steps toward autonomy and independence, which the toddler takes by building on the trust developed during the infant-parent bonding process.

将婴儿与父母分离会割裂父母与婴儿相融合的过程，而这个相融合的过程是未来儿童情感和智力发育的基础。将父母和幼儿的分离将会妨碍幼儿走向自我约束与独立自主的第一步，而这一步则是幼儿与父母在相融合过程中建立信任关系的关键。

7.Such deprivation, moreover, is often attended by additional potential harms in the form of frequent moves, educational disruption, and parental stress, each of which, according to the custody case law, can jeopardize a child's emotional and intellectual development, with long-term effects. 像这类（潜在监护人的）破产，往往跟经常性的迁徙、教育中断、紧张的父母关系等因素交织在一起，增加了对儿童的伤害。依照有关监护权的判例法，前述种种因素均能对儿童的情感和智力发展造成持久的影响。

UNIT FOUR SITUATED JUSTICE AND FAIRNESS

section A an analysis of situated justice

1.Scholars find that subjects often express greater concern for a fair process than for the substantive outcome of a legal encounter.

学者们发现,研究对象通常更关注官司中的程序公正而不是实体结果公正。

2. Absent a fair process, respondents view legal outcomes as suspect and lose confidence in the ability of legal institutions to resolve future grievances.

公正程序的缺失使得研究对象们怀疑法律后果,从而对法律部门解决未来法律纠纷的能力丧失信心。

3.Despite Lind and Tylers recognition that there are situationally based differences in the meaning of procedural justice ”，much of the research that has followed their lead is based on discrete and hypothetical encounters with law and legal authorities like the police.

尽管林德和泰勒承认“程序公正的意义因情景差异而不同”,其领导下的研究多半以彼此独立、臆想性的法律纠纷和法律机构如警察局为基础。

4.Results capture research participants' feelings about fairness abstractly and are elicited through either forced -choice surveys and interview protocols or social psychological experiments that use vignettes and simulated conflict.

该研究结论只是抽象性地(不具体)捕获了研究参与者们(研究对象)对公正的感觉,而该结论的获得,要么是通过强迫选择调查和采访协议,要么是通过使用电视短剧和模拟纠纷的社会心理学实验。

5.suffice it to say, much of the procedural justice research assumes that it is the analyst's job to distill the "objective" from the "subjective" thought from action," and process from outcome, regardless of whether these distinctions have any relationship to how actual litigants describe their legal experiences.

不用多说,很多这类程序公正研究都认为,找出主观跟客观、思想与行动、程序与结果的区别,是分析者的职责所在,不论这些差异是否与现实情境中的诉讼当事人如何描述其法律体验有关。

6.To say this a bit differently, we should not rely on a thin operationalization of fairness if we believe that this key concept is culturally thick.

换句话说,既然这一关键概念有着深厚的文化底蕴,我们就不应该把公正的概念作公式化的肤浅的解读。

7.These constraints can include the opportunities and normative categories that the law establishes; the roles of professionals like judges and lawyers; and material, social, and cultural resources such as well worn organizational routines for managing disputes.

这些限制因素包括法律产生的各种机遇和规范;像法官和律师这样的专业角色;以及物质、社会和文化资源,譬如那些老生常谈的管理纠纷的体制性惯例。

8.To develop a situated justice framework, then, we draw from legal consciousness and cultural sociology to analyze internal schema in their social contexts and from dispute processing to analyze the constraints of legal structures.

为了构建情境公正的理论研究框架,我们按照法律意识和文化社会学来分析其社会情境中的内部模式,按照争议处理程序来分析法律结构的限制性因素。

9.As both the literature on legal consciousness and cultural sociology demonstrate, the ways in which people construct cultural categories are inseparable from the conditions of possibility within their legal, social, economic,and institutional environments.

正如有关法律意识和文化社会学的文献所显示的那样,人们形成文化差异的方式与其法律、社会、经济和制度环境下的可能性条件密切相关。

10.Importantly, a person's legal schema is contingent on the specific contexts in which he or she engages law (or avoids it)- -which includes the legal environment as well as the structure of markets, the workplace, and the government's legal categories and classifications with consequences for everyday behavior.

重要的是,一个人的法律模式取决于其所处(或避免)之具体法律情境——包括法律环境、市场结构、工作场所、政府的法律类别和日常行为的后果。

11.Even when they lack this knowledge, people are reluctant to make a claim because they have insufficient access to lawyers, do not want to be classified as a victim, or doubt whether they deserve legal protections.

使人们缺乏这方面的知识,他们也不愿意提起诉讼,因为他们难以获得律师的帮助,不想被归类为受害者,或者怀疑他们是否应该得到法律保护。

12.Thus, our approach begins with the interpretive assumption that people 'build up”the meanings of their legal encounters through both mundane and extraordinary interactions.

因此,我们的研究方案首先着手于一种阐释性设定,即通过平凡的和非凡的互动,人们逐渐形成了对其法律经历的理解。

13.At a more general level, key cultural constructs like fairness should not be easily dismissed as epiphenomenal window dressing atop the more causal material underpinnings of legal institutions.

在更一般的层面,一些关键文化构想,如公平,不应该被轻易抛弃,仅仅是因为它被看做一种带有副作用的窗口,粉饰了更合因果关系的法律体系的物质基础。

14. As cultural theorists argue, any serious contemporary analysis of how power and inequality are produced and reproduced within institutions such as courts must consider the enactment of cultural concepts.

文化理论家认为,任何正式的当代的对权力和不平等是如何在法院这种机构产生和复制的分析,都必须考虑文化概念的制定。

15.In sum,legal situations and constructs establish the very conditions of possibility that an individual claimant encounters by setting up the arena,the rules ,and the ideological parameters within which participants understand and play the game.

总之，法律制度和结构建立的可能性的条件的个人申请会遭遇到设置舞台上，规则和意识形态参数内，参与者理解和玩游戏的影响。

Applied to the study of employment discrimination, it reveals litigants' conceptions of fairness in the context of their real life institutional encounters with law and the role of these conceptions in

reproducing an unequal legal system.

应用到关于就业歧视的研究,它揭示了现实生活制度与法律的相互作用的背景下当事人的公平观念，以及在重塑一个不平等的法律体系时这些观念的定位。

UNIT FIVE LAW MERCHANT

Section A foundations of the Law Merchant

1. These questions provide an institutional and functional framework within which to consider a variety of autonomy values that impact on the relationship between merchant law and merchant practice.

这些问题提供了一个整套体制和功能上的框架，在这个框架内去考虑影响商事法和商业惯例之间关系的各种自主观。

2 .The eighteenth-century jurist, William Blackstone, grounded the post-medieval Law Merchant of his day in merchant custom, which he viewed as universal in application, independent of municipal

law and local rules,and guided by the demands of transnational trade.

十八世纪的法学家威廉?布莱克斯通,奠定了后中世纪商业习惯法的基础，他认为这部法律是能够普遍适用的，独立于国内法和地方统治者的,并能够指导跨国贸易的需求。

3.Blackstone’s view of the L aw Merchant arguably was inspired as much by how he thought it ought to function as how it operated in fact.

布莱克斯通的商法观可以说来源于他对商法应该具备怎样的功能以及商法实际上的运作情况的想象。

4.His portrayal of it as autonomous from municipal law reflects his concern that it should not be subject to municipal demands that might otherwise stratify and destabilize it.

他对商法是独立于国内法的这一描述反应了他的关注即商法不应服从地方自治的需求,否则可能会导致分层并动摇商法。

5.His depiction of it as a uniform body of transnational law based on merchant practice represents it as a stable regulatory system suited to England's position as a maritime power.

他对商法的描述是:作为建立在商业惯例上跨国法律的统一体的一部分,代表了它作为一个牢固的监管系统,它是适合于英国这个海洋大国的。

6.Consider the proposition that Law Merchant courts provide merchants with prompt, expeditious, and expert justice.

考虑商事法庭为商人们提供讯捷的、快速的和熟练的司法判决的这个提议。

7. A hypothesis favoring both the procedural and substantive autonomy of the Law Merchant is that judges who have an understanding of merchant practice are best equipped to understand disputes between other merchants and to tailor their decisions to accord with reasonable merchant expectations.

商法的程序过程和实体自治支撑着一种假设理论。即,熟知商业习惯的法官能够很好地理解商人们之间的争议,并能够确保他的裁判符合商人的商业预期。

8.The further hypothesis is that, in combining mercantile and adjudicative experience, they deliver informed and orderly remedies befitting the needs of the merchant parties. Illustrating such remedies are those delivered by Piepoudre Courts, in which the mayor of the town, the bailiff of a borough, or a steward presided at the market fair.

进一步的假设是:他们结合商业的和裁判的经验,提供符合商家各方的需求的正规的和有序的补救方法。说明这种补救方法是由Piepoudre法院提供,其中市场的公平由市长、区执行官员

或者集市的公会来主持。

9. A challenge to these hypotheses is that Law Merchant judges were not invariably merchants themselves, but included local officials, clerics, and influential members of local communities, whose primary assets were reverence, respectability, or holding an office within a local authority. 这些假设面临着一个挑战,即商事法官并不总是商人本身,而且还包括地方官员,神职人员,以及当地社区受到敬畏,尊敬,或控制一个政府官员的地方权威具有影响力的成员。

10.A further challenge is that the law in Law Merchant was not autonomous from other bodies

of law. Concepts like ex aequo et bono were espoused in Roman and canon law well before the Law Merchant, and they were propagated by merchant and non merchant courts alike.

怼独立的商法的另一项挑战是,商法的“法”并不是自发地来自于其他部门法。像公平合理原则这一概念，在商人法之前就在罗马法和教会法中得到信奉，并且通过商业的和非商业的法庭传播。

11.Another challenge to the independence of Law Merchant justice was the interplay between local and itinerant influences on deliberations before merchant courts. Rulings of merchant courts also varied from win–lose determinations to facilitation between merchant parties.

对独立的商法的正义的另一项挑战是在商事法庭审议之前局部的正义和流动的正义间的相互影响。商事法院的判决也是根据简易化的输赢的决定而在各方之间有差别。

12.In granting licenses and exemptions to merchant guilds, fairs, markets, and towns local authorities sought to maintain stable relationships between merchants and the local community, to promote domestic employment and industry, and to preserve local law from foreign influences.

被授予执照和豁免权的商人公会,展销会,集贸市场及地方当局应试图保持商人和当地社区之间稳定的合作关系,以促进国内就业和工业,并保护地方法律不受外国法律的影响。

13. A romantic image of Law Merchant justice is of politically connected merchants exerting influence through their surrogates in the courts of kings and through their economic impact over guilds, fairs, and markets.

商法的浪漫形象,是通过政治关联的商家通过他们在国王法院的代理人和他们在行业协会,展览会和市场经济的影响力来施加影响。

14.Merchant judges employ informal proceedings to respond to the immediate demands of merchants, such as by considering trade usages of merchants who dealt in perishable goods, and by reacting to fluctuating prices or irregular sources of supply in volatile markets.

商事法官通过采取非正式程序来满足商人的迫切需求。他们会援引有关易损货物的商业惯例,也会顾及动荡市场上股东价格和非常规原料供应因素。

UNIT SIX COMMON EUROPEAN SALES LAW

Section A The substantive scope of the CESL

1.In some respects, the substantive scope of the regime set out in the CESL reflects the restrictions as to the subject-matter of the contracts for which it is available, as can be seen in those of its provisions governing the obligations and remedies of parties to the particular types of contract in question(Parts IV and V of the CESL).

在某些方面,欧洲统一销售法中的实体法范围制度的设立反映了对该合同标的物的限定是可行的,可以从其规定的义务和当事人救济问题的特定类型的合同体现出来(欧洲统一销售法的第IV和V部分)。

2.First, while the CESL contains rules governing the formation of a contract(containing rules on

pre-contractual information and on offer and acceptance ), it does not contain any rule governing the relations between parties who have not or have not quite concluded a contract:

首先,虽然欧洲统一销售法包含管理合同成立的规则(包含在先合同信息规则和对要约和承诺规则),它不包含关于双方当事人之间没有缔结合同关系的任何规则。

3.In particular, the CESL imposes a number of duties of pre-contractual information owed by one contracting party to another and then provides that a party which has failed to comply with any duty to provide pre-contractual information is liable for any loss caused to the other party by such a failure.

特别地,欧洲统一销售法对一些先合同信息即由缔约一方应承担未能为对方提供售前合同信息而造成其任何损失产生的责任。

4.Recital 27 states that ?the matters of a contractual or non-contractual nature that are not addressed‘in the CESL: …include legal personality, the invalidity of a contract arising from lack of capacity, illegality or immorality, the determination of the language of the contract,matters of non-discrimination, representation, plurality of debtors and creditors, change of parties including assignment, set-off and merger,property law including the transfer of ownership, intellectual property law and the law of torts. Furthermore, the issue of whether concurrent contractual and non-contractual liability claims can be pursued together falls outside the scope of the Common European Sales Law. 详述27条明确指出,在欧洲统一销售法中,以下关于契约性或非契约性的问题?未明确规定:...包括主体资格问题,由于缺乏相应的法律行为能力,或者因非法或不道德,或者因缺乏意思表示能力而导致无效合同,关于非歧视性问题、代表性问题,存在多个债务人和债权人的问题,合同各方转让、抵销,包括所有权转移的物权法以及知识产权法和侵权法的相关问题。

5.It will be noticed that the list is explicitly stated as being an inclusive rather than an exclusive one,and some of its contents give rise to uncertainty (how can the law of torts be altogether excluded from the scope of the instrument given the inclusion of liability for breach of pre-contractual information duties? ) and substantive difficulty (as in the case of the exclusion of ?illegality or immorality).

应当注意到,该列表被明确声明其为一个包容而非排他性的,并且它的一些内容引起不确定性(为什么侵权法被完全排除在其给予的范围列入违反先合同义务的信息?)和实质性的困难(如’非法或不道德')的排斥的情况。

6. Issues within the scope of the Common European Sales Law but not expressly settled by it are to be settled in accordance with the objectives and the principles underlying it and all its provisions, without recourse to the national law that would be applicable in the absence of an agreement to use the Common European Sales Law or to any other law.

CESL范围内的问题,并非由CESL解决而是按照其目标与基本原则来解决,它所规定的问题的解决,不诉诸国家法律,这将是一个协议使用CESL或者任何其他适用法律的缺失。

7. The economic objectives of the CESL rest on the possibility for a trader to do business cross-border on a single, uniform legal basis and, therefore, a single set of standard terms.How does the Proposal envisage that this will be achieved at a technical level,especially given the qualifications on choice of a law under the Rome I Regulation.

CESL的经济目标为商人跨界做生意,制定单独的,统一的法律依据提供了可能性,因此,可以设立单套标准条款。

8.The agreement to use the Common European Sales Law should be a choice exercised within the scope of the respective national law which is applicable pursuant to the Rome I Regulation or, in

relation to pre-contractual information duties,pursuant to the Rome II Regulation, or any other relevant conflict of law rule.

使用CESL的协议应是在各自国家法律的范围内行使的选择,依照罗马法I规则,或在有关合同前信息的职责,依照罗马II规则,或任何其他有关法律冲突的规则。

UNIT Eight ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND THE ESPOO CONVENTION

Section A The obligation to do an EIA

1.Uruguayan law nevertheless required an EIA for a project of this kind and one was duly carried out by Botnia, the company which owned the plant, and two further EIAs were also produced by consultants actingfor the International Finance Corporation (IFC), which funded the construction work.

然而，乌拉圭法律要求对这类建设项目作一份《环境影响评价》报告。拥有这家工厂的波特尼亚公司曾按要求做过一份《环境影响评价》报告。同时，为该建设项目提供资金的国际金融公司聘请的咨询公司也做了两份《环境影响评价》报告。

2. The obligation to protect and preserve, under Article 41(a) of the Statute[of the River Uruguay]l, has to be interpreted in accordance with a practice, which in recent years has gained so much acceptance amongStates //that it may now be considered a requirement under general international law to undertake an environmental impact assessment where there is a risk that the proposed industrial activity may have a significant adverse impact in a transboundary context, in particular, on a shared resource. (A-2)

依据《乌拉圭河公约》第四十一条第一款的规定: 环境保护的义务需按照近几年成员国业已达成的共识所形成的惯例来解释。由于评估的风险对计划中的工业建设活动，尤其是那些跨境环境下共享资源的项目可能产生实质性的负面影响，所以成员国现在可以按照一般国际法的规则考虑担《环境影响评价》中要求的义务。

3. Either way, the Court has now confirmed that in appropriate circumstances an EIA must be carried out prior to the implementation of a project that is likely to cause significant transboundary harm.

不管怎样，现在法院坚持认为在特定的环境中必须先期进行《环境影响评价》报告，然后再开始执行那些可能造成实质性跨国环境危害的工程项目。

4.The practice of the parties in MOX Plant and Pulp Mills cases similarly shows that, where activities with a known risk of potentially significant pollution are involved, the necessity of an EIA can be presumed, even if the actual risk is a small one.

由于生产活动带来了众所周知的潜在实质危害，即使这种真实危害微小，但混合氧化物燃烧工厂和纸浆厂的当事各方都证实了《环境影响评价》报告的必要性推定。

5. The Court's subsequent reference to an EIA taking place before implementation of the project also leaves open the possibility that in some cases an EIA may occur in several stages一for example in schemes which require an "initial environmental examination' followed by a full EIA only if a likelihood of significant harm is then identified.

法院判决的后继参考作用产生在项目实际执行之前，这也就为有些案例的《环境影响评价》分阶段实施留下了更多的可能性。比如，如果产生实质危害的可能性得以确认，这些策划项目要求除一份完整的《环境影响评价》报告之后还须附上一份《初期环境检测报告》。