2011版《生物学课程标准》50个重要概念

一、科学探究（5个）

01.科学探究是人们获取科学知识、认识世界的重要途径。

02.提出问题是科学探究的前提，解决科学问题常常需要作出假设。

03.科学探究需要通过观察和实验等多种途径来获得事实和证据。设置对照实验，控制单一变量，增加重复

次数等是提高实验结果可靠性的重要途径。

04.科学探究既需要观察和实验，又需要对证据、数据等进行分析和判断。

05.科学探究需要多种方式呈现证据、数据，如采用文字、图表等方式来表述结果，需要与他人交流和合作。

二、生物体的结构层次（6个）

06.细胞是生物体结构和功能的基本单位。

07.动物细胞、植物细胞都具有细胞膜、细胞质、细胞核和线粒体等结构，以进行生命活动。

08.相比于动物细胞，植物细胞具有特殊的细胞结构，例如叶绿体和细胞壁。

09.细胞能进行分裂、分化，以生成更多的不同种类的细胞用于生物体的生长、发育和生殖。

10.一些生物由单细胞构成，一些生物由多细胞构成。

11.多细胞生物体具有一定的结构层次，包括细胞、组织、器官（系统）和生物个体。

三、生物与环境（5个）

12.生物与环境相互依赖、相互影响。

13.一个生态系统包括一定区域内的所有植物、动物、微生物以及非生物环境。

14.依据生物在生态系统中的不同作用，一般可分为生产者、消费者和分解者。

15.生产者通过光合作用把太阳能（光能）转化为化学能，然后通过食物链（网）传给消费者、分解者，在这个过程中进行着物质循环和能量流动。

16.生物圈是最大的生态系统。

四、生物圈中的绿色植物（5个）

17.植物的生存需要阳光、水、空气和无机盐等条件。

18.绿色开花植物的生命周期包括种子萌发、生长、开花、结果与死亡等阶段。

19.绿色植物能利用太阳能（光能），把二氧化碳和水合成贮存了能量的有机物，同时释放氧气。

20.在生物体内，细胞能通过分解糖类等获得能量，同时生成二氧化碳和水。

21.植物在生态系统中扮演重要角色，它能制造有机物和氧气；为动物提供栖息场所；保持水土；为人类提

供许多可利用的资源。

五、生物圈中的人（8个）

22.人体的组织、器官和系统的正常工作为细胞提供了相对稳定的生存条件，包括营养、氧气等以及排除废物。

23.消化系统包括口腔、食道、胃、小肠、肝、胰、大肠和肛门，其主要功能是从食物中获取营养物质，以

备运输到身体的所有细胞中。

24.呼吸系统包括呼吸道和肺，其功能是从大气中摄取代谢所需要的氧气，排出代谢所产生的二氧化碳。

25.血液循环系统包括心脏、动脉、静脉、毛细血管和血液，其功能是运输氧气、二氧化碳、营养物质、废

物和激素等物质。

26.泌尿系统包括肾脏、输尿管、膀胱和尿道，其功能是排除废物和多余的水。

27.神经系统和内分泌系统调节人体对环境变化的反应及生长、发育、生殖等生命活动。

28.人体各个系统相互联系、相互协调以完成生命活动。

29.人类的活动对生物圈有重要影响。

六、动物的运动和行为（3个）

30.动物因逃避敌害、争夺食物和栖息地、完成繁殖所进行的运动，是在神经系统和内分泌系统的调节下，

由骨骼和肌肉共同完成的。

31.动物的行为使其能适应环境的变化，提高其存活和繁殖的机会。

32.动物的行为由先天遗传或后天学习而获得。

七、生物的生殖、发育与遗传（5个）

33.人体的生殖系统可以产生两性生殖细胞，通过受精作用产生新的个体；其分泌的性激素对第二性征的发

育和维持具有重要作用。

34.不同动物发育的方式可能不同。有些动物的幼体与成体形态相似，有些动物的幼体与成体形态差别很大。

35.生物能以不同的方式将遗传信息传递给后代。一些进行无性生殖，后代的遗传信息来自同一亲本；一些

进行有性生殖，后代的遗传信息可来自不同亲本。

36.DNA是主要的遗传物质。基因是包含遗传信息的DNA片段，它们位于细胞的染色体上。

37.遗传性状是由基因控制的，基因携带的遗传信息是可以改变的。

八、生物的多样性（5个）

38.地球上生活着各种各样的生物，可以根据特征将生物进行分类。

39.为了科学地将生物进行分类，弄清生物之间的亲缘关系，生物学家根据生物之间的相似

程度，把它们划分为界、门、纲、目、科、属、种等不同等级。“种”是最基本的分类单位。

40.不同类群的生物各有其特征，在生物圈中具有不同的作用，保护生物的多样性极为重要。

41.地质学、化石记录、解剖学等从不同方面为进化理论提供证据。

42.生物的遗传变异和环境因素的共同作用，导致了生物的进化。

九、生物技术（3个）

43.微生物通常包括病毒、细菌、真菌等类群。

44.发酵技术利用了微生物的特性，通过一定的操作过程生产相应的产品。

45.现代生物技术（克隆、转基因技术）已被用于生产实践，并对个人社会和环境具有影响。

十、健康地生活（5个）

46.青春期生理和心理均出现一系列变化，青春期的生理、心理健康状态影响青少年的成长。

47.按照是否有传染性，可将疾病分为传染性疾病和非传染性疾病。

48.免疫系统可抵抗能引起疾病的微生物、异己物质等。它包括免疫器官、免疫细胞和免疫物质。

49.个人的生活习惯与行为选择能对一生的健康产生积极或消极影响。

50.了解基本的急救方法，能减少伤害或挽救生命。

十个一级主题和50个核心概念精要

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(完整版)裕兴新概念英语第二册笔记第48课

Lesson 48 Did you want to tell me something? 你想对我说什么吗？ Why did the writer become very worried? Dentists always ask questions when it is impossible for you to answer. My dentist had just pulled out one of my teeth and had told me to rest for a while. I tried to say something, but my mouth was full of cotton wool. He knew I collected match boxes and asked me whether my collection was growing. He then asked me how my brother was and whether I liked my new job in London. In answer to these questions I either nodded or made strange noises. Meanwhile, my tongue was busy searching out the hole where the tooth had been. I suddenly felt very worried, but could not say anything. When the dentist at last removed the cotton wool from my mouth, I was able to tell him that he had pulled out the wrong tooth. 参考译文牙科医生们总是在你无法作出回答的时候向你提出问题。我的牙科医生刚刚给我拔掉了一颗牙，叫我休息一会儿。我想说点什么，但我嘴里塞满了药棉。他知道我收集火柴盒，于是问我收藏的米柴盒是否在增加。接着他又问我的兄弟近来如何，问我是否喜欢伦敦的新工作。作为对这些问题的回答，我不是点头，就是发出奇怪的声音。与此同时，我的舌头正在忙着寻找刚拔掉的那颗牙的伤口。我突然非常着急起来，但却什么也说不出来。当那位牙医最后将药棉从我嘴中取出时，我总算有可能告诉他，他拔错了牙。一、New words and expressions 生词和短语 pull 1) v. 拔（草，瓶塞，钉子等），拔掉，拉开例: I spent a whole day pulling weeds. 我花一整天时间来拔草。 pull out a nail 拔出钉子 pull out a stopper 拔出塞子 have the decayed tooth pulled out请（牙医）拔掉蛀牙 pull out the wrong tooth 拔错了牙 eg. This kind of carrot won't pull easily. 这塞种胡萝卜不容易拔。 2) v. 拖，扯，拉 eg. If you want something, pull this cord. pull[pul] 拉drag硬拉 haul 拖拉tug 用力拉 stretch 硬拉长tow 用链子（绳）拖引

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Smash－and－grab 砸橱窗抢劫 The expensive shops in a famous arcade near Piccadilly were just opening. At this time of the morning, the arcade was almost empty. Mr Taylor, the owner of a jewellery shop was admiring a new window display. Two of his assistants had been working busily since 8 o'clock and had only just finished. Diamond necklaces and rings had been beautifully arranged on a background of black velvet. After gazing at the display for several minutes, Mr Taylor went back into his shop. The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade. It came to a stop outside the jeweler's. One man stayed at the wheel while two others with black stockings over their faces jumped out and smashed the window of the shop with iron bars. While this was going on, Mr Taylor was upstairs. He and his staff began throwing furniture out of the window. Chairs and tables went flying into the arcade. One of the thieves was struck by a heavy statue, but he was too busy helping himself to diamonds to notice any pain. The raid was all over in three minutes, for the men scrambled back into the car and it moved off at a fantastic speed. Just as it was leaving, Mr Taylor rushed out and ran after it throwing ashtrays and vases, but it was impossible to stop the thieves. They had got away with thousands of pounds worth of diamonds. Language points （Attention：The following points are may not covered by the video. It is better for you to watch the video or listen to the MP3 first and try to take notes on your own. Then you may check here to get more details. ） 1, The expensive shops in a famous arcade near Piccadilly were just opening. in a famous arcade near Piccadilly介词短语修饰shops e.g. The shoe shop in my neighborhood was just opening.我家附近的鞋店刚刚开们营业。 2, After gazing at the display for several minutes, Mr. Taylor went back into his shop. after gazing...=after he gazed... 本句运用-ing形式结构，表明其逻辑主语要和主句的主语是一致的。

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新概念英语第三册课文word版

Lesson1 A puma at large Pumas are large, cat-like animals which are found in America. When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously. However, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinarily similar. The hunt for the puma began in a small village where a woman picking blackberries saw 'a large cat' only five yards away from her. It immediately ran away when she saw it, and experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it is cornered（adj.被困得走投无路的）. The search proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning and at another place twenty miles away in the evening. Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits. Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found

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