lecture2
Lecture Two A Contrastive Study of Chinese and English 只赢得：几杵疏钟，半江渔
火，两行秋雁，一枕清霜。
There left behind are bronze bells heard occasionallyand fishing boats with flickering lamps seen in the middle of the lake, wild geese leaving in a hurry in two files in autumn, and only frosted snow all over the terrains in winter.
What remains is only sparse bells ringing in cold hills, fishermen ' s lantern lights by riverside, two rows of wild geese flying in autumn sky and a dreary dream of hoary winter frost. 知己知彼，百战不殆；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼不知己，每战必殆。
You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself. You will win one battle and lose another if you know yourself but leave yourself in the dark about the enemy. You will lose every battle if you leave both the enemy and yourself in the dark.
From Structure
1. 英语有形态变化 ,汉语没有严格意义的形态变化 .
English : gender, number, case, tense, voice, mood, degree of comparison, person and parts of speech. 汉语 : 数量助词 ,动态助词 ,结构助词
He is a professional. He is a loose man. He served as a call boy when he was 19.
She is a professional. She is a loose woman. She served as a call girl when she was 19.
2. 英语经常使用定冠词和不定冠词
I have lived here for more than a year. I have lived here fore more than one year.
It isn ' t going to rain today, is it? Just think it over. All right, let ' s make it tomorrow. Let 's go. 打吧 ,打不下去 ;跑吧 ,跑不了 ,敌人只好投降 .
Unable to fight on or to escape, the enemy were forced to surrender.
3. 英语常用介词 ,汉语则少用介词 .
What is he at? 他正在干什么 ?
John voted with the Tories. John 投票支持保守党 .
He is a man above vulgar interests. 他是一个脱离了低级趣味的人
It looks as if we are in for a storm. 看来我们免不了要碰上一场暴风雨了 .
If a man couldn ' t walk into a room and tell who was for him and who was against him, then he wasn ' t much of a politic 。要是一个人不能一上任就看出谁支持他
,
谁反对他 ,那他就不配搞政治 From Intonation
1. 英语是语调语言 ,语音表意手段主要是语调和重音 .
You said he would COME.
YOU said he would come.
You said HE would come.
out of question out of
the question 2.汉语有丰
富多彩的助词 吧 今天不会下雨吧
你好好想想吧 !
明天就明天吧 .
咱们走吧 . take a chair take the chair
You SAID he would come.
You SAID he would COME
2. 汉语是声调语言，语音表意手段主要是声调.
我的衣服/我的姨夫 我爱马/我挨骂 我叫他去。
I ' II ask him to go.
I ' ll go and call him.
我想起来了。
I ' ll get up.
I ' ve thought it out..
3. 汉语注重音节均匀，成双成对 ：对偶，排比，反复，叠音
She had such a kindly, smiling, tender, gentle, generous heart of her own. A new kind of aircraft -small, cheap, pilotless -is attracting increasing attention.
The onlooker sees most of the game.
重重叠叠山，曲曲弯弯路，叮叮咚咚泉，高高下下树
Escalating mountains, meandering paths, tinkling springs and interspersing trees.
It was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming down. It was a day compounded from silences of bee and flower and ocean and land,
which were not silences at all, but motions, stirs, flutters, risings, fallings, each in its
own time and matchless rhythm.
绿草萋萋，白云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，这日子是如此的清新。春花不语，海 波声歇，大
地音寂， 这日子是如此的安静。然而并非安静，因为万物以其特
有的节奏，或动，或摇，或震，或起，或伏。
In-class exercises
We will not attack unless we are attacked.人不犯我，我不犯人；人若犯我，我必犯人。
As you sow, so will you reap.种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆
He is smart as a rule, but this time a fool.聪明一世，糊涂一时
Once a certain limit is reached, a change in the opposite direction is inevitable 物极必 反
Birds of the same feather flock togethei 物 以类聚，人以群分
Right here.
What is said cannot be unsaid Seeing is believing A miss is as good as a mile. Fine feathers make fine birds. From Meaning
1. Chinese grammar is flexible while English grammar is rigid.
1).汉语是意合，以神统形,注重逻辑，隐形连贯.
人不犯我，我不犯人。We will not attack unless we are attacked 人到事中迷，就怕没人提.When a man is lost in a labyrinth, what he needs badly is a hint.
实为五十步笑百步是也 .There is no difference but difference of degrees between different degrees of difference and no difference.
2. 英语是形合语言，必须使用关联词，以形式连接词语句
去了也白去。
Even if you go there it wouldn
' t do any good.
无事不登三宝殿。 远在天边，近在眼前。 一言既出，驷马难追。
耳听为虚，眼见为实。
差之毫厘，谬之千里。
佛要金装，人要衣装。
I wouldn ' t come to you if I hadn ' t something to ask of you.
喝水不忘掘井人
When you drink water, think of those who dug the well.
他一家子在这儿，他的房子、地在这儿，他跑？跑了和尚跑不了庙！
Escape? But his home and property can ' t escape. ‘ The monk may run away, but the temple
can' t run with him! '”
2. Chinese language is implicit and concise while English language is explicit and elaborate.
3. Chinese has an overall perspective while English has an individual viewpoint.
英语:重理性、重分析、重个体、严谨
汉语:重感性、重悟性、重整体、含蓄
门吱呀一声开了，进来一个人.
The door squeaks open and in comes a person.
人生来平等。
All men are created equal.
做人难，做女人难，做名女人更难。
It is difficult for everyone to live in this world, esp. a famous woman.
请你画一个大树，树根、树干、树枝、树丫、树叶都必须画全。
Please draw a complete tree, roots and all. （with its roots, trunks, branches, twigs, leaves when those above behave unworthily, those below will do the sam上梁不正下梁歪。Until all is over, ambition never dies.不到黄河心不死。
In-class exercise
Translation skill:
1. 英译汉往往要破句重组。
2. 英语用指物主语的句子，汉译改用指人主语。
3. 汉译要用实词代替英语原句中的虚词（介词等）
In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors.门口放着至少十二
把伞，它们颜色各异，大小不一
Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?我想问你一个问题，这个问题一直困扰着我，你能回答吗？
A strange peace came over her when she was alon当她独自一人的时候，她感至U—种莫名的平静。
Fears began to take entire possession of hii他惊恐万分。
一看到那棵树，我便想起了童年的情景。At the sight the tree, I think of my
childhood.
1840年至1880这四十年中，近一千万移民移居美国。These forty years from 1840 to
1880 brought nearly 10 million immigrants to America.
Pun 双关语: The use of a word in such a way as to suggesttwo or more
meanings or different associations, or the use of two or more words of the same or nearly the same sound with different meanings, so as to produce a humorous
effect.
On Sunday, they pray for you and on Monday they prey on you.
An ambassadoris an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.
We must all hang together, or assuredly we shall all hang separately. (Benjamin
Franklin)
Anagrams变位词
east -seat west -stew south -shout north -thorn
Palindrome 回文： a word or phrase that reads the same backward as forward a Toyota race car Put up if I put up!
Able was I ere I saw Elba.
Madam in Eden, I ' m Adam.
No X in Nixon.
Anticlimax反高潮，突降法
The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.
"Your future depends on your dreams." So go to sleep.
The wise never marry, and when they marry they become otherwise. Love the
neighbor. But dortget caught.
One should love animals. They are so tasty.
Behind every successfulman, there is a woman. And behind every
unsuccessful man, there are two.
Success is a relative term. It brings so many relatives.
Alliteration 头韵
Residents Return to Rubble in Kansas. (MSNBC News, April 26, 2001)
In-class exercise:
Predictably, the winter will be snowy, sleety, and slusth花飘飘，雪雨霏
霏，雪路泥泞
The strength of women comes from the fact that psychology cannot explain us. Men
can be analyze分析, womei… merelyadored 怜惜Penny wise but pound foolish
Change is part of life and the making of character, hon. When things happen that you don ' t like, you have two choices: Ybiutgiet)r bette痛苦不堪，痛快达观
The Gettysburg Address
Abraham Li ncol n
19 November 1863
Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the propositi on that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long en dure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fit and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sen se, we cannot dedicate - we cannot con secrate - we cannot hallow this ground.
The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us - that from these honored dead we take increased
devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion - that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain - that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom - and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from this earth.