考研辅导：长难句分析与翻译

既要提高英语水平又能帮助通过考试

A.不要一味做模拟试题

B.根据自身情况合理安排

C.维持正常学习

坚持背诵：最有效的笨办法，但要聪明地学会聪明地使用笨办法

背诵材料的选择既要注重语言（规范）也要注重内容（心智成熟）又要是切身的（不切身的知识永远是身外之物）

坚持阅读：注意语块、句子结构（一定要超越单词层面）、锻炼思维（作者如何展

开论证）

适当阅读较难的文章：吃透每一个句子

一、长难句分析

造成阅读困难的原因

1.词汇（包括词组、习惯表达、一词多义等）

2.句子结构复杂或句型特殊

3.缺乏相关背景知识

4.本身理解能力（自身心智不足、思想能力低下、阅历缺乏等）

其中1、2是语言因素，3、4则为非语言因素。

长难句的理解

英语句子结构特点——节外生枝

树形结构tree-like language

汉语句子结构——按事物世纪发生顺序（时间顺序、逻辑顺序等）自左至右线性铺陈，竹形结构bamboo-like language

英语句子以谓语动词为中心，以主谓（宾）结构为主干，再借助关系代词、从属连词、非限定形式等进行空间搭架，且句尾开放。这种环环相扣、层层叠加的构句方式常

会使英语句子修饰关系复杂、并列成分繁多。另外，句子末端重量的要求以及插入语的

频繁使用又会造成句子内部各成分之间搭配关系、修饰关系得表层分隔。这些因素再加

上为避免重复而采用的指代、替代与省略以及倒装等语法手段均会给阅读者带来相当大

的阅读理解困难。

所以，对长、难句要仔细分析句子基本结构，理清句子内部各部分之间的关系。

扩展机制：

The gnat bit the cat.

The gnat bit the cat which scratched the elephant.

The gnat bit the cat which scratched the elephant which collapsed.

（虫咬了猫。猫抓了象。象倒下了。）

This is the cat.

This is the cat that killed the rat.

This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt.

This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house.

This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that Jack built.

This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that was built by Jack who is the son of my father’s friend who is now working in the company for which I have been working for a few years. 有条理。

干得有条理。

一切干得有条理。

他把一切干得有条理。

没想到他把一切干得有条理。

她没想到他把一切干得有条理。

她说她没想到他把一切干得有条理。

将一句句长句、难句掰扯得明明白白，你的英语水平不想提高也难。

句子结构分析：

1. It is that unique self-definition which has given us an exceptional appeal ------- but it has imposed on

us a special obligation, to take on those moral duties which, when assumed, seem invariably I our own best interest. (美国前总统卡特1977年就职演说)

正是这种独特的自我定义使我们具有特别的吸引力，但是这也使我们必须承担特别的义务，即承担那种一旦承担以后看来总是符合我们自己的最大利益的道德责任。

2. The second aspect is the application by all members of society, from the government official to the

ordinary citizens, of the special methods of though and action that scientists use in their work.

第二方面是使用科学家们在工作中所运用的特殊的思想方法和行动方法。社会所有成员，从政府官员到普通老百姓，都要使用这些方法。

3. In England the court is empowered to order anyone who is convicted of an offense that could be

punished with imprisonment to perform up to 240 hours of unpaid work for the community, usually over a period of not more than 12 months.

4. The president said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterday’s election results that

he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat, which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of log-held superiority in the House.

5. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades

in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy.

6. V ocabulary study through word lists and dictionaries, as practiced in school, poses new problems,

primarily because of the mechanics of dictionary study as opposed to interaction with responsive adults.

7. A newly issued report reveals in facts and figures what should have been known in principle, that

quite a lot of business companies are going to go bankrupt during the coming decade, as tariff walls are progressively dismantled.

8. Some countries allow courts to disqualify from driving those offenders who have used motor vehicles

in commission of the crime for which they are being sentenced, with the aim of hindering the offenders from committing further such offenses.

9. So far as is known, all tradition-bound peoples solve their economic problems today much as they

did 10,000 years or perhaps 10,000 centuries ago ---- adapting by migration or movement to changes

I season or climate, sustaining themselves by hunting and gathering or by slash-and-burn agriculture,

and distributing their output by reference to well-defined social claims.

10. If you think as much of others as of yourself, you will not make any of theses mistakes.

11. For this reason also the writer, like any other artists, has no resting place, no crowd or movement in

which he may take comfort, no judgment from outside which can replace the judgment from within. For this reason also like any other artists,

the writer, has no resting place,

no crowd or movement, no judgment

from outside

in which he may take comfort

which can replace the judgment from within 由于这个原因，如同任何艺术家一样，作家没有地方可以安妥自己的灵魂，没有人群、

没有活动，他可从中找到安慰，也没有外界的评判可以取代他自己内心的评判。

12. I merely desired to point out the principal reason which I believe exists for the greater exaggeration

which is occasionally to be observed in the estimate of the importance of the contradiction between

我的意思哪，是有些出名的思想家把当今的宗教和当今的科学之间的矛盾说得太夸张了，其实不然。

（*我仅仅想要指出，有名气的思想家想出的理论所说的当今宗教和当今科学之间的矛盾的

重要性的估计里偶尔被人看出的我相信存在着的较大的夸张的主要理由而已。）

（*出名的思想家把当今宗教和当今科学之间的矛盾，偶尔估计过高，我仅仅想指出他们这

种看法的主要理由是什么而已。）

13. When I walked into the Chief’s office, I saw from the look on his face that he was not going to give

me good news.

14. Money acts as a store of wealth. It is difficult to imagine saving under a barter（物物交换）system. No

one engaged on only one stage in the manufacture of a product could save part of his output, since he would be producing nothing complete.

15. Any kind of camera will do that has a shutter that can be made to remain open for a time exposure.

16. He who is pleased with nobody is much more unhappy than he with whom nobody is pleased.

17. The theory is of great importance that the hotter a body is, the more energy it radiates.

18. How many of us, attending, say, a lecture that doesn’t interest us, can keep our minds from

wondering?

19. There is no way in which, if the society of which we are a part begins to go to pieces, we can help

going to pieces ourselves.

20. The puma left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits.

21. Specialization, which is vital to an advanced economy, is encouraged, because people whose output is

not a complete product but only a part of one in which many others are involved can be paid an amount equivalent to their share of the product.

22. Electronics has made possible a new kind of higher education and research.

23. Among the drives which they took was one to Russell Square to the house of the Sedleys, for many

notes had passed, as may be imagined, between the two dear friends, since Becky came to town.

24. Idealists have objected to the practice of camping, as to the packaged tour, that the traveler abroad

thereby denies himself the opportunity of getting to know the people of the country visited.

25. It was at this point that news arrived which was spread among the many creditors of the colonel in

Paris, and caused them great satisfaction.

26. Many sweet little appeals, half tender, half joking, did Miss Sharp make to Jos about the dishes at

dinner, for she was now very friendly with all the family.

27. It seems as if some hidden mechanism has enabled a man of genius smoothly and easily, and all

unknown to himself, to arrive at definite conclusions beneath the threshold of consciousness.

28. The best thing that could happen in the next generation, the thing that would make most people happy,

individually and collectively, would be a return to this faith that all men, no matter who they are or how much they know, can tell one another something.

29. Despite the idea, which has grown like a cancer among us, that scientists and humanists cannot

converse, I believe that if they ever honestly try to talk together, they will have no real difficulty and will discover that they share many problems which can be to their mutual benefit.

30. Usually that which a man calls fate is a web of his own weaving, from threads of his own spinning.

31. Imagine the effect on a reasonably advanced technological society, one that still does not possess the

bomb, of making it aware of the possibility, of supplying sufficient details to enable the thing to be constructed.

32. He mentally visualizes a complex form from all round itself; he knows while he looks at one side what

the other side is like.

33. A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances

deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities.

34. Change comes heartbreakingly slowly after endless debate. But those changes which finally become the

law of the land do so eventually with the work, the thought, and the consent of a nationwide majority.

35. At the age of twelve years, the human body is at its most vigorous. It has yet to reach its full size and

strength, and its owner his or her full intelligence; but at this age the likelihood of death is least.

36. The Victorians, realizing that the greatest happiness accorded（给予）to man is that provided by a happy

marriage, endeavored to pretend that all their marriages were happy. We, for our part, admitting the fact that no feat（技艺）of intelligence and character is so exacting（严格的）as that required of two people who desire to live permanently together on the basis of amity（友善）are obsessed by（被困扰）the problem of how to render（使得）the basic facts of cohabitation（同居）simpler and more reasonable, in order that unhappy marriages may less frequently result. The Victorians would have considered it “painful”or “unpleasant”were one to point out that only four marriages out of every ten are anything but forced servitudes（奴役）. We ourselves start from this very assumption and try to build from it a theory of more sensible relations between the sexes. Of all forms of arrant（彻头彻尾的）untruthfulness Victorian optimism appears to me to have been the most cowardly and the most damaging.

37. What people fear when they engage in the struggle for life is not that they will fail to get their breakfast

next morning, but that they will fail to outshine(胜过) their neighbor.

38. The man who is born with a talent which he has meant to use finds his greatest happiness in using it.

39. Remember when life’s path is steep to keep your mind even.

49. A practical result of becoming free to use one’s mind is that one tends then to find the world intelligible in

many, if not all, of its part.

41. When one has had to work hard to get money, why should he impose on himself the further hardship of

trying to save it?

42．During the nineteenth century, she argue, the concept of the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present day notion of the “useless” child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to its parents, is yet considered emotionally “priceless”.

43. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufacturers

and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what.

44. The pursuit of private interests with as little interference as possible from government was seen as the road

to human happiness and progress rather than the public obligation and involvement in the collective community that emphasized by the Greeks.

45. The event marked the end of an extended effort by William Barton Rogers, M. I. T.’s founder and first

president, to create a new kind of educational institution relevant to the times and to the country’s need, where young men and women would be educated in the application as well as the acquisition of knowledge.

46. Thus in addition to the chances of going away from the right path outlined above, the scientific

investigators shares with the ordinary citizen the possibilities of falling into errors of reasoning in the ways we have just indicated, and many others as well.

47. One need only ask first-year university students what music they listen to, how much of it and what it

means to them, in order to discover that the phenomenon is universal in America, which begins in

adolescence or a bit before and continues through the college years.

48. Mr. President and Gentlemen,

I greet you on the re-commencement of our literary year. Our anniversary is one of hope, and,

perhaps, not enough of labor. We do not meet for games of strength or skill, for the recitation of histories, tragedies, and odes（颂诗，颂歌）, like the ancient Greeks; for parliaments(集会) of love and poesy（诗歌）, like the Troubadours（中世纪浪漫诗人）; nor for the advancement of science, like our cotemporaries in the British and European capitals. Thus far, our holiday has been simply a friendly sign of the survival of the love of letters amongst a people too busy to give to letters any more. As such, it is precious as the sign of an indestructible instinct. Perhaps the time is already come, when it ought to be, and will be, something else; when the sluggard（懒惰的）intellect of this continent will look from under its iron lids （眼睑=eyelids）, and fill the postponed expectation of the world with something better than the exertions(行使，发挥) of mechanical skill. Our day of dependence, our long apprenticeship to the learning of other lands, draws to a close. The millions, that around us are rushing into life, cannot always be fed on the sere（干枯的，枯萎的）remains of foreign harvests. Events, actions arise, that must be sung, that will sing themselves. Who can doubt, that poetry will revive and lead in a new age, as the star in the constellation （星系）Harp, which now flames in our zenith（天顶）, astronomers announce, shall one day be the pole-star（北极星）for a thousand years?

(“The American Scholar”An Oration delivered by Kalph Waldo Emerson (1803-1812) before the Phi Beta Kappa Society, at Cambridge, August 31, 1837 ------1837年8月31日在麻省剑桥城美国大学生联谊会Phi Beta Kappa Society发表的演说，被称为美国知识界的“独立宣言”）（美国伟大的思想家，演说家、诗人，散文家，美国超验主义的旗手，“美国民族精神之父”“美国精神的先知”，“美国的孔子”）会长，诸位：

我们今年的文艺工作又开始了，我向你们致敬。这是一个满有希望的周年纪念日，但有待努力的地方也许仍然很多。我们聚集在一起，并非为了较力或较技，也不是来朗诵历史、悲剧和诗赋，像古代的希腊人一样；也不是为了恋爱与诗歌而集会，像中世纪的浪漫诗人一样；也不是为了科学的进展，像英国与欧洲各国都会的现代人一样。到现在为止，我们这个假日只是一种友善的表示，说明我们这个民族虽然过分忙碌，没有余闲欣赏文学，对于文艺的爱好依然存在。就连这样，这一天也是宝贵的，因为它表示文艺的爱好是一种无法毁灭的本能。但是它应当更进一步-----也许现在已经到了时候了；美洲懒散的智力将要由它的铁眼睑下面望开去，使这世界对于它久未兑现的期望得到满足，比机械技巧方面的成就得到更好的东西。我们依赖别人的日子，对于其他国土的学识悠长的学习时期，将近结束了。我们四周有亿万青年正向人生里面冲进来，不能永远用异邦残剩的干枯的谷粮来喂他们。某些事件，行动发生了，这些事件，行动是必须被讴歌的，它们本身讴歌自己。

谁会怀疑诗歌将要复兴，导入一个新时代；就像天琴星座中，现在在天顶上发光的那一颗星，天文学家宣布说，它有一天将要成为海行者标志的北极星，达一千年之久。--------张爱玲译

尊敬的会长先生，女士们，先生们：

我谨向你们恭贺一个新的文学年的开始。我们的周年活动反映着我们对未来的希望，尽管我们还有很多工作要做。我们的庆祝不像希腊人的运动会，为了比赛力气和运动技巧，或者是为了朗诵史诗、悲剧和合唱；也不像中世纪的浪漫诗人，大声吟唱情诗；也不像眼下英国或欧洲的同时代人，为了促进科学的进步，召开各种各样的峰会。到现在为止，我们的活动只是一种象征，表明我们的人民虽然工作繁忙，无暇顾及文学创作，但在心中仍然保留着对文学的热爱。正因为如此，这样的庆祝活动是值得我们倍加珍惜的，它说明热爱文学是一种无法消灭的本能。

我们这块大陆将要睁开它的睡眼，运用它那懒散的智慧，来满足世人对它多年的期望。美国人除了机器、技术方面有所创见外，他们还会有更好的东西献给全世界。我们依赖别人的日子，做他

国学徒的时代即将走到历史的尽头。在我们周围，千百万青年正投入到火热的生活，他们不能老是依赖国外文化营养的“残羹冷炙”过活。谁能够怀疑诗歌不会复兴，不会进入一个发展的新时代？就像天文学家发现的那颗在天琴中闪闪发亮的星星，谁能说它不会演变成一颗闪耀千年的恒星呢？

----------金叶译

二、翻译法

将英文译成中文再由中文回译成英文，在翻译实践中悉心体会英汉的差异，在实践中发现英语的特点/规则，排除汉语的干扰。

汉语：现实语言

英语：现实语法语言

不经过翻译法（不是教学翻译）的英语学习终究是肤浅的，只能学一点英语的皮毛，不可能登堂入室。）

教材上的翻译练习（教学翻译）是为了某个语法点或语言点而设计（编造），不是真实语言材料，只看/只做这样的翻译，你会误以为（觉得）英汉句子在结构上没有什么差异。

“在英语学习的中高级阶段，必须进行翻译练习。如果没有适量的翻译练习，英语总若浮萍，缺乏根基，难有精深的造诣，而且英汉互译最能体现英汉语言的差异。”

1. 那棵树花小，叶子大，很难看，我没买。

(That tree has small flowers but large leaves. So it’s a real ugly, and I didn’t buy it.)

那棵树

that tree

花小，叶子大，很难看，我没买。

flowers small leaves large really ugly I didn’t buy

那棵树

〔(花小，叶子大，) 很难看，〕我没买。

2. Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?

我有一个问题弄不清，想请教你，你能回答吗？

（*你能回答一个使我弄不懂而又想问你的问题吗？）

3．I was happy to think Chang da sao was comfortably cared for in her old age as she went to live with her daughter Mei-Lee, who married a postal service employee.

张大嫂晚年跟女儿美丽一起生活。美丽嫁给了一个邮局职员，两人对张大嫂照顾的很好。想到这些，我心里无比的欣慰。

4. In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors.

门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。

5. The thought of returning filled him with fear. 他一想到要返回去，心里就害怕。

6. My good fortune has sent you to me and separation from each other will never reach us.

我很幸运，能够得到你，让我们彼此永不分离。

7.His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.

因为他没有遵守安全规则，机器出了故障。

8.The limited gain could hardly serve as a justification for the tremendous cost the federal

government had paid so far. 联邦政府已为此耗资颇巨了，但所得有限，这实在难于使人心安理

9.I am where I am different from others. 我之为我就在于异乎他人。

10．I called up the man who wrote the book that you told me about.

我打电话给写那本你给我说起过的书的那个人。

你曾经和我谈起的那本书，我打电话给那个作者了。

那个人，你向我谈起过他写的（那本）书，我给他打电话了。

你向我谈起过的那本书，它的作者我给他打电话了。

你向我谈起过的那本书，它的作者我给他打过电话了。

我打电话给那个人，他写了本书，你给我说起过。

11.他5岁生了一场病，变成了聋子。

He became deaf after an attack of illness at 5.

12. 我访问过一些地方，遇到不少人，要谈起来，奇妙的事可多着哩。

*I visited some places and met many people. (If I am) asked to tell about them, there are many wonderful stories.

There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met. 13. 我原来打算2005年10月1日来北京旅游，后来不得不推迟，这使我非常失望。

It was a keen disappointment when I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to Beijing on Oct. 1, 2005.

14. 这一带我不熟悉，天黑以后继续进行调查，取得结果的希望不大。

There was little hope of continuing my inquiries after dark to any useful purpose in a neighborhood that was strange to me.

15. 他原来在南方参加一项建筑工程，任务完成后上格鲁吉亚去度假，享受高加索的阳

光，头一天才坐飞机回来。

*In the South he had been engaged in a construction job. After he completed the work he went to spend his vacation in Georgia. There he basked in Caucasia sun. And he had flown in just the day before.

He had flown in just the day before from Georgia where he had spent his vacation basking in Caucasia sun after the completion of the construction job in which he had been engaged in the South.

16. It is a curious fact, of which I can think of no satisfactory explanation, that enthusiasm for

country life and love of natural scenery are strongest and most widely diffused precisely in those European countries which have the worst climate and where the search for the picturesque involves the greatest discomfort.

这是件我不能想出解释的事，就是正好那些天气最坏和寻找风景如画的地方最带有困难的欧洲国家是对乡村生活具有的热情和对自然景色具有的爱心最强烈和最

普遍的。

欧洲有些国家，天气坏透，那里的人要辛苦一番，才能找到景色如画的地方。奇怪，他们恰好最喜欢过乡村生活，也最欣赏天然风景，而且这个情形也极普遍。这是实情，我怎么也提不出叫人满意的解释来。

Europe has some countries, climate is worst, people there must have greatest discomfort, then can search for the picturesque, curious, they precisely have the greatest enthusiasm for country life, and love of natural scenery, and this is most widely diffused, this is a fact, but I can never think of any satisfactory explanation.

17. A man is called selfish not for pursuing his own good, but for neglecting his neighbor’s.

说一个人自私自利，并非因为他只图自己的利益，而是因为他不顾邻人的利益。

18. The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is

compounded by the paucity of the information media.

因为距离远，交通工具缺乏，是农村社会与外界隔绝，这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。

19. 环境好，图书设备充足，有良师益友指导启发，当然有很大帮助，但是具备了这

些条件，也不一定能保证一个人在学问上就有成就。

（*The environment is good, and the books and equipment are sufficient. There are also scholarly mentors and beneficial friends to guide and inspire you. These are certainly of great help. But even if you have all these favorable conditions, you cannot be sure to succeed in learning. ）

You cannot be sure to succeed in learning even if you have got all the favorable conditions such as good environment, sufficient books and equipment, as well as instructions and enlightenments from scholarly mentors and beneficial friends, which are of great help, though.

120. 我们的国家大，人口众多，经济落后，农业要搞上去，最重要的还是要依靠一系列正确的政策调动农民的积极性，自力更生，艰苦奋斗。

（*Our country is big and has a large population. Our economy is backward. If we want to develop our agriculture, what is the most important is, by means of a series of correct policies, to mobilize the initiative of the farmers and make them self-reliant and hardworking. ）

Agriculture advance in so vast a country, with such a large population and backward economy as in China, requires above all else mobilizing, by means of a series of correct policies, the initiative of the farmers to work hard and self-reliantly.

21. The chief knowledge that a man gets from reading books is the knowledge that very

few of them are worth reading. 读书使人认识到，很少的书是值得一读的。

22. 我买了7本书，（这7本书），一共70元钱，(我）拿回家一看，都（是）半新半旧了。

I bought seven books which cost me seventy yuan. When I took them back home,

I found they just second hand.

23. Computers make it easier to do a lot of things, but most of the things they make it

easier to do don’t need to be done.

计算机使许多事做起来更容易，但是计算机做起来更容易的大多数事情并没有必要去做。

24. 广大文艺工作者要深入群众，深入生活，汲取营养，丰富自己。

*Writers and artists should immerse themselves among the masses, plunge into the thick of life, get nutrition and enrich themselves.

Writers and artists should get nutrition, and enrich themselves by immersing themselves among the masses, and by plunging into the thick of life.

25. He who thinks that he can govern by force alone is greatly mistaken: men can best be

governed by love and justice.

如果有人认为仅靠武力就可统治，那么他就大错特错了。统治人的最好手段是爱与公正。

26. He is not without real courage who dares to tell the truth even at his own expense.

如果一个人能够不惜牺牲自己的利益而讲出真话，那么他就是个真正有勇气的人。

27. Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often made

that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position.

美国人经常声称，在他们国家一个人可以从最底层爬到最高层，林肯就是最著名的例子。

28.“人间仙境”桃花源，位于湖南省常德市西南40公里处，南依武陵，中贯国道，

北临沅水，要居湖南省诸风景名胜区之枢纽，系湖南省十大风景名胜区之一。

*The land of Peach Bloosoms, which is situated about 40 km to the southeast of Changde City, Hunan Province, has the Wuling Mountains towering over at its south and the Yuan River flowing by at its north. The thoroughfare runs through the land. It is

a pivot of the scenic spots and the one of the famous ten regions of scenery in Hunan

Province.

Taohuayuan (the land of Peach Blossoms), located about 40 kilometers to the southwest of Changde City, is among the ten well-known scenic spots in Hunan Province. It is a thoroughfare to the other nine places, with Mount Wuling on the south, the Yuan River on the north, and the national roads through its area.

29. Weather permitting, we’ll go there on foot.

天气允许，我们将步行去那里。

30. No man thinks more highly than I do of the patriotism, as well as abilities, of the very

worthy gentlemen who have just addressed the house.

刚才几位可尊敬的先生向全体代表发了言。对于这几位先生的爱国精神及才干，我个人比任何人都更敬佩。

31.The assertion that it was difficult, if not impossible, for a people to enjoy its basic rights

unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic, social and cultural development was now scarcely contested.

如果一个民族不能自由地决定其政治地位，不能只有地保证其经济、社会、文化的发展，要享受其基本权利，即使不是不可能，也是不容易的。这一论断，几乎是无可置疑的了。

32.I believe that I speak for every sincere and serious representative in the United

Nations----so I am encouraged to believe by the speeches to which we have already listened this morning----when I say that the anniversary must be an occasion for an honest assessment of our failures in the past, matched by an equally determined will to do better in the future, so that we can escape from frustration and turn the anniversary into an inspiration and an achievement.

这次周年纪念会应该是一个老老实实地评估我们过去的失误的时机，同时也应该是一个表达我们有同样决心要做好今后工作的时机。这样，我们就可免遭挫折，并可把这次周年纪念变成一种鼓舞和成就。当我将这番话的时，我相信----今天上午我们听到的发言也使我相信----我是代表联合国每一位真诚和严肃的代表讲话的。

33. It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all

who run may read, and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection.

认为自己的思想深奥，不可能表达得很清楚，让任何人都能理解，这是一种虚荣的念头。这样的作家当然不会想到，问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。

34. It was what sentimentalists, who deal in every big words, call a yearning after the ideal,

and simply means that women are not satisfied until they have husbands and children on whom they may centre affections, which are spent elsewhere, as it were, in small change.

一般情感主义者喜欢用大字眼，称之为对于理想爱情的渴望。换言之，他们认为女人的情感平时只能零星发泄，必须有了丈夫和孩子，情感收拢起来有了归宿，自己才能得到满足。

35. The present onslaught （猛攻）of vehicles poses a serious threat to urban life and

pedestrian peace of mind. 当前，车辆横冲直撞，严重威胁着城市生活，路上行人无不提心吊胆。

36. It is better to be hated for what you are than loved for what you are not.

装模作样被人爱不如本本真真被人恨。

37. There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or

expense than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride.

最令女主人失望的是，她花了许多心神或费用来招待客人，可是这位客人只顾津津有味地与她的丈夫谈政治、谈生意，却没有注意到香喷喷的咖啡，松软的糕点，或房间内讲究的陈设，而这些却可能是她感到兴趣并引以为自豪的主要所在。

38. There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the

mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher who weighs out his goods in common scales and the operations of a chemist who performs a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance（天平）and finely graduated（分刻度/等级的）weights.

科学家的思维活动和普通人的思维活动之间存在着差别。这种差别就跟一个面包师或者卖肉者和一个化验师在操作方法上的差别一样。前者用普通的秤称东西的重量，而后者则用天平和精密砝码进行艰难复杂的分析。

39. Not infrequently an unpopular prisoner, stoned by the mob while helpless, was fortunate

if he emerged with no greater permanent injury than the loss of an eye. Even death from wounds so inflicted was not altogether unlikely or unprecedented.

当一个令人讨厌的囚犯无能为力时，受到暴民投来石块的砸打，结果只瞎了一只眼睛，不能不算运气。因为莫说致残，就是丧命，也不是完全不可能的，也不是完全没有先例的。

40. He never really succeeded in his ambitions. He might have done, one felt, had it not

been for the restlessness of his nature.

他雄心勃勃，但从未如愿以偿。人们觉得，要不是他那贪得无厌的本性，他也许会有所作为。

41. From within the upper storey you could see and hear the colors and noises of the busy city.

从我家的顶楼，看得到闹市的五光十色，听得见闹市的千响百声。

42. I recall a thriving city crammed with humanity, and bustling with activities of all sorts:

funeral and wedding processions, business transactions, thriving shops, street sellers shouting their wares----eggs, vegetables, rice, flours, plants----people laughing and chattering and children happily running around.

我记忆中的济南是一个生气勃勃的城市，人烟稠密，百业兴旺：吹吹打打办红白喜事的，做生意的，繁忙的铺户，小贩们沿街叫卖，卖鸡蛋的，卖青菜的，买米的，买面的，卖花儿的，大人们说说笑笑，孩子们到处欢跑。

43. To be educated is to be changed intellectually, mentally and spiritually.

接受教育就是要在智力、思想、精神方面有所改变。

44. Chang da sao impressed me with innate dignity and immaculate presentation. Her

glossy, black hair was swept back into a tidy bun（发髻）. Her patience was inexhaustible and I have no recollection of a harsh or hasty word from her.

提起张大嫂，让我难忘的是她内在的尊严、外观的纯洁。一头光亮的黑发拂到脑后，挽个整洁的原圆髻。她有无尽的耐心，我记不得她曾经说过一个字的硬话、急话。

45. I was last night visited by a friend of mine, who has an inexhaustible fund（储备）of

discourse, and never fails to entertain his company with a variety of thought and hints that are altogether new and uncommon.

昨夜有客来访。此公见闻颇多，谈锋甚健，出言命题，新奇绝伦，语藏机锋，总让同伴心旷神怡，耳目一新。

46. What a blessing it would be if we could open and shut our ears as easily as we do our

eyes.

要是人的耳朵也能像眼睛一样随心所欲地时开时闭，那我们就可谓三生有幸了。

47. I first began to wonder what I was doing on a college campus anyway when my parents

drove off, leaving me standing pitifully in a parking lot, wanting nothing more than to find my way safely to my dorm room.

我父母驾车离开，将我一人留在了停车场，可怜巴巴地站着，只想能够早点安稳到达寝室。此时我才开始琢磨未来的大学生活我将怎样度过。

48. 小国人民敢于起来斗争，敢于拿起武器，掌握自己国家的命运，就一定能够战胜大国的侵略。

*People of small countries dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms and grasp destiny of own country. (They) are sure to defeat aggression by big country.

The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if only they dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands

the destiny of their own country.

49. Everything taken into consideration, his plan seems to be more workable.

考虑到所有因素，他的计划似乎更加可行。

50. 中国政府将继续坚定不移地奉行独立自主的和平外交政策，同世界各国建立和发

展友好关系，反对霸权主义和强权政治，维护世界和平，推动社会发展，促进人类进步。

*Chinese government will unswervingly purse independent foreign policy of peace, establish and develop friendly relations with other countries in the world, oppose hegemonism and power policies, safeguard world peace, promote social development, and advance progress of mankind.

The Chinese government will unswervingly pursue its independent foreign policy of peace by establishing and developing friendly relations with other countries and opposing hegemonism and power policies so as to safeguard world peace and promote social development and the progress of mankind.

51. 国有企业改革是一项艰巨复杂的任务，必须解放思想，勇于探索，大胆实践，

采取有力措施，争取几年努力，取得明显成效。

*Reform of state enterprises is a very difficult and complex task. (We) must emancipate minds, be brave in exploration and bold in practice, adopt strong measures, and try to make efforts for several years to achieve marked results.

Reform of state enterprises is a very difficult and complex task which demands emancipation of minds and bold exploration in both theory and practice, strong measures and sustained efforts for several years to come before marked results can be achieved.

52. Tell me what you like, and I’ll tell you what you are.

告诉我你喜欢什么，我就能告诉你你是什么样的人。

53. Change comes heartbreakingly slowly after endless debate.

经过无休无止的辩论后，终于发生变化，其速度之慢让人心碎。

54. She has made several attempts to help them find other rental quarters without success.

她已试了好几次，要帮他们另找一所出租的房子，结果并未成功。

55. But another round of war in the region clearly would put strains on international relations.

但是，如果该地区再次发生战争，显然会使国际关系处于紧张状态。

56. He is a man who (that) means what he says. 他是个说话算话的人。

57. On behalf of all your American guests, I wish to thank you for the incomparable

hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.

我谨代表你们的所有美国客人向你们表示感谢，感谢你们的无可比拟的盛情款待。中国人民以这种盛情款待而闻名世界。

58．In the spirit of frankness which I hope will characterize our talks this week, let us recognize at the outset these points: we have at times in the past been enemies.

我希望我们这个星期的会谈将是坦率的。本着这种坦率的精神，让我们在一开始就认识到这样几点：过去一些时候我们曾是敌人。

59. When I was as young as you are now, towering in confidence of twenty-one, little did

I suspect that I should be at forty-nine, what I now am.

我在你这个年纪的时候，二十出头，小荷尖尖，意气风发，哪里会想到49岁今天的我呢？

60. 二十岁的时候，有书店必逛，有书必买。三十岁之后，对书店视而不见，直接

去了隔壁的美容院。

At the age of twenty, the bookstore was a must for me, and I was a big book buyer. While after thirty, paying no attention to the bookstore, I breeze the beauty parlor next door.

61. You may be deceived if you trust too much, but you will live in torment if you do not

trust enough.

如果你过于相信任他人，你可能会上当受骗，但若你对他人没有足够的信任，你则会备受折磨。

62. There was something bleak and unapproachable in his face, and he was so stiffened

and grizzled that I took him for an old man and was surprised to hear that he was not more than fifty-two.

他的脸上有一种苍苍凉凉不可逼近的神气，并且他的躯体异常木强，头上是白发盈颠，我只当他已经很老了，后来听说他才不过五十二岁，很觉得诧异。

63. I had known something of New England village life long before I made my home in

the same county as my imaginary Starkfield; though, during the years spent there, certain of its aspects became much more familiar to me.

我如今住在本书中我称之为斯塔克非尔的小镇，但是来到这里以前，我早就对新英格兰的乡村生活颇有所知；虽然在这里住了一些年之后，我对于这里的生活的某些方面更加熟悉。

（在我定居在我在本书里称之为斯塔克非尔镇的那个地方以前，我早就对新英格兰的乡村生活颇有所知；虽然我住在那里一些年之后我对于那里的生活的某些方面更加熟悉得多。）

64. I had the story, bit by bit, from various people, and, as generally happens in such cases,

each time it was a different story.

这个故事我是东一点西一点从许多人那儿得来的，一如道听途说常有的事情，每次听到的都有点不同。

65. They stood looking at each as if the eyes of each were straining to absorb and hold

fast the other’s image. There were things he had to say to her before they parted, but he could not say them in that place of summer memories, and he turned and followed her in silence to the sleigh（马拉雪橇）. As they drove away the sun sank behind the hill and the pine boles (树干) turned from red to grey.

他们站在那儿你看着我我看着你，好像个人的眼睛都在努力把对方的面貌吸进去牢牢地关住。伊坦心里有好些话要在分手之前对玛提说，但是他不想在这个充满了夏天里的往事的地方说那些话，他转过身默默地跟在她背后走到车子那儿。他们的车子走开的时候，太阳已经落在山背后，松树的树皮从红色转成深灰。

66. Some fishing boats were becalmed just in front of us. Their shadows slept, or almost

slept, upon the water, a gentle quivering alone showing that it was not complete sleep, or if sleep, that it was sleep with dreams.

眼前不远处，渔舟三五，凝滞不前，樯影斜映在水上，仿佛睡去，偶尔微见颤动，似又未尝熟睡，恍若惊梦。

67. His mother had whipped him for drinking some cream which he had never tasted and

knew nothing about it; it was plain that she was tired of him and wished him to go; if she felt that way, there was nothing for him to do but to succumb.

他妈妈怪他吃了奶油，还揍了他一顿，其实他根本没有吃，对奶油的事一无所知，她分明是在讨厌他，希望他走得远远的。既然她有那个念头，他也没有办法，只有认了。

68. I leave the baby with my mother every day. 我每天都把婴儿交给我母亲照料。

69. I left a message for you with your secretary. 我给你留了一个信儿交给你秘书了。

70. One who sells his freedom for gold will be reduced to the status of a slave forever.

如果一个人为了金钱而出卖自由，那么他将终身为奴。.

71. 我们享受公费医疗。We enjoy free medical care.(w) We are entitled to free medical care.

73. What really counts is not what you know but how much you practice what you believe

is right.

真正重要的不是你知道什么，而是你对于自己相信正确的东西践行了多少。74. 他不好好学习，整天谈恋爱。He does not study well. He talks love all day.

He does not work hard, he spends all his time with his girlfriend.

He does not work hard, for he spends all his time with his girlfriend.

75. The reasonable man adapts himself to the world; the unreasonable one persists in

trying to adapt the world to himself. Therefore, all progress depends on the unreasonable man.

理智的人改变自己适应世界，不理智的人坚持改变世界以适应自己，因此，一切进步都有赖于不理智的人。

76. To be great is to be misunderstood.

复习

1. When I wrote the following pages, or rather the bulk of them, I lived alone, in the woods, a

mile from any neighbor, in a house which I had built myself, on the shore of Walden Pond, in Concord, Massachusetts, and earned my living by the labor of my hands only. I lived there two years and two months. At present I am a sojourner（过客）in civilized life again.

I should not obtrude（强加，侵扰）my affairs so much on the notice of my readers if

very particular inquiries had not been made by my townsmen concerning my mode of life, which some would call impertinent（不着边际、不切题、不恰当）, though they do not appear to me at all impertinent, but, considering the circumstances, very natural and pertinent. Some have asked what I got to eat; if I did not feel lonesome; if I was not afraid;

and the like. Others have been curious to learn what portion of my income I devoted to charitable purposes; and some, who have large families, how many poor children I maintained. I will therefore ask those of my readers who feel no particular interest in me to pardon me if I undertake to answer some of these questions in this book. In most books, the I, or first person, is omitted; in this it will be retained; that, in respect to （就…而言）egotism（言必称自我，念念不忘自己）, is the main difference. We commonly do not remember that it is, after all, always the first person that is speaking. I should not talk so much about myself if there were anybody else whom I knew as well. Unfortunately, I am confined to this theme by the narrowness of my experience. Moreover, I, on my side, require of every writer, first or last, a simple and sincere account of his own life, and not merely what he has heard of other men's lives; some such account as he would send to his kindred（亲属）from a distant land; for if he has lived sincerely, it must have been in a distant land to me. Perhaps these pages are more particularly addressed to poor students.

As for the rest of my readers, they will accept such portions as apply to them. I trust that none will stretch the seams（线缝）in putting on the coat, for it may do good service to him whom it fits.

2. Every language has its peculiarities; they are established by usage, and whether right or

wrong, they must be complied with.

每种语言都有特点，这些特点是在习惯使用中形成的，不论正确与否，都得遵守。

3. No man thinks more highly than I do of the patriotism, as well as abilities, of the very

worthy gentlemen who have just addressed the house.

4. He never really succeeded in his ambitions. He might have done, one felt, had it not been

for the restlessness of his nature.

5. Galileo，going to the top of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, let fall two unequal stones, and

proved to some friends, whom he had brought there to see his experiment, that Aristotle was in error.

6. With a telescope you can see a body about one-third as large in diameter as the earth

revolving around the earth.

7. Many sketches are in existence of peasants seated by the roadside and women working in

the field.

8. How the discovery was made by our ancestors that seeds could be saved and planted to

raise a new crop can only be guessed at today.

9. Remember when life’s path is steep to keep your mind even.

10. She was unable to get across to him what she really thought and meant.

11. She made clear her whole-hearted support to the gigantic project.

12. The time had come for the couple to have a serious talk and to break up their marriage.

13. He is a sly person who gets up to crafty tricks behind your back and slender you.

14. In England the court is empowered to order anyone who is convicted of an offense that

could be punished with imprisonment to perform up to 240 hours of unpaid work for the community, usually over a period of not more than 12 months.

15. The president said at a press conference dominated by questi ons on yesterday’s election

results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat, which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of log-held superiority in the House.

16. At the age of twenty, the bookstore was a must for me, and I was a big book buyer.

While after thirty, paying no attention to the bookstore, I breeze the beauty parlor next door.

二十岁的时候，有书店必逛，有书必买。三十岁之后，对书店视而不见，直接去了隔壁的美容院。

17. No one engaged on only one stage in the manufacture of a product could save part of his

output, since he would be producing nothing complete.

18. Any kind of camera will do that has a shutter that can be made to remain open for a time

exposure.

19. How many of us, attending, say, a lecture that doesn’t interest us, can keep our minds

from wondering?

20. The puma left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits.

21. Electronics has made possible a new kind of higher education and research.

22. Many sweet little appeals, half tender, half joking, did Miss Sharp make to Jos about the

dishes at dinner, for she was now very friendly with all the family.

23. The best thing that could happen in the next generation, the thing that would make most

people happy, individually and collectively, would be a return to this faith that all men, no matter who they are or how much they know, can tell one another something.

24. Usually that which a man calls fate is a web of his own weaving, from threads of his

own spinning.

25. Imagine the effect on a reasonably advanced technological society, one that still does not

possess the bomb, of making it aware of the possibility, of supplying sufficient details to enable the thing to be constructed.

26. The Victorians, realizing that the greatest happiness accorded（给予）to man is that

provided by a happy marriage, endeavored to pretend that all their marriages were happy. We, for our part, admitting the fact that no feat（技艺）of intelligence and character is so exacting（严格的）as that required of two people who desire to live permanently together on the basis of amity（友善）are obsessed by（被困扰）the problem of how to render（使得）the basic facts of cohabitation（同居）simpler and more reasonable, in order that unhappy marriages may less frequently result. The Victorians would have considered it “painful” or “unpleasant”were one to point out that only four marriages out of every ten are anything but forced servitudes（奴役）. We ourselves

start from this very assumption and try to build from it a theory of more sensible relations between the sexes. Of all forms of arrant（彻头彻尾的）untruthfulness Victorian optimism appears to me to have been the most cowardly and the most damaging.

27. A society that gives to one class all the opportunities for leisure, and to another all the

burdens of work, dooms, both classes, to spiritual sterility.

28. What people fear when they engage in the struggle for life is not that they will fail to get

their breakfast next morning, but that they will fail to outshine(胜过) their neighbor. 29. The man who is born with a talent which he has meant to use finds his greatest happiness in using it.

30. She has made several attempts to help them find other rental quarters without success.

她已试了好几次，要帮他们另找一所出租的房子，结果并未成功。

31. During the nineteenth century, she argue, the concept of the “useful” child who

contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present day notion of the “useless” child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to its parents, is yet considered emotionally “priceless”.

32. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced

what manufacturers and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what.

33. The pursuit of private interests with as little interference as possible from government

was seen as the road to human happiness and progress rather than the public obligation and involvement in the collective community that emphasized by the Greeks.

34. Thus in addition to the chances of going away from the right path outlined above, the

scientific investigators shares with the ordinary citizen the possibilities of falling into errors of reasoning in the ways we have just indicated, and many others as well.

35. One need only ask first-year university students what music they listen to, how much of

it and what it means to them, in order to discover that the phenomenon is universal in America, which begins in adolescence or a bit before and continues through the college years.

36. Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?

我有一个问题弄不清，想请教你，你能回答吗？

37. An idea that is not dangerous is unworthy of being called an idea at all.

38. Men are not always made thoughtful by books; but they are generally made thoughtful

by association with men who think.

39. I was happy to think Chang da sao was comfortably cared for in her old age as she went

to live with her daughter Mei-Lee, who married a postal service employee.

张大嫂晚年跟女儿美丽一起生活。美丽嫁给了一个邮局职员，两人对张大嫂照顾的很好。想到这些，我心里无比的欣慰。

40. The man who tried his best and failed is superior to the man who never tried.

41. If a man hasn’t discovered something that he will die for, he isn’t fit to live.

42. I called up the man who wrote the book that you told me about.

你向我谈起过的那本书，它的作者，我给他打电话了。

43. Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely.

44. It was a keen disappointment when I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay

to Beijing on Oct. 1, 2005.我原来打算2005年10月1日来北京旅游，后来不得不推迟，这使我非常失望。

45. He had flown in just the day before from Georgia where he had spent his vacation basking

in Caucasia sun after the completion of the construction job in which he had been engaged in the South. 他原来在南方参加一项建筑工程，任务完成后上格鲁吉亚去度假，享受高加索的阳光，头一天才坐飞机回来。

46. Happy families are alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.

47. There is no formula for success. But there is a formula for failure and that is trying to

please everybody.

48. The chief knowledge that a man gets from reading books is the knowledge that very few of

them are worth reading.

读书主要使人认识到，很少的书是值得一读的。

49. He who thinks that he can govern by force alone is greatly mistaken: men can best be

governed by love and justice.

如果有人认为仅靠武力就可统治，那么他就大错特错了。统治人的最好手段是爱与公正。

50. Every society honors its live conformists and its dead troublemakers.

51. Marriage, if one will face the truth, is an evil, but a necessary evil.

52. You should not show your hand to a stranger. 对陌生人要存几分戒心。

53. He is not without real courage who dares to tell the truth even at his own expense.

如果一个人能够不惜牺牲自己的利益而讲出真话，那么他就是个真正有勇气的人。

54. College students should become tramps in the spiritual world but not on campus or in the

streets.

55. Nothing comes from nothing. 无风不起浪。/ 世界上的任何事物都是作为原因的结

果而存在。

56. Many of us no longer have the peace of mind necessary to a quiet hour with a book.

57. Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often made that

in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position.

美国人经常声称，在他们国家一个人可以从最底层爬到最高层，林肯就是最著名的例子。

58. The reasonable man adapts himself to the world; the unreasonable one persists in trying to

adapt the world to himself. Therefore, all progress depends on the unreasonable man. 59. He does not work hard, for he spends all his time with his girlfriend. 他不好好学习，整

天谈恋爱。

60. Our university has a bias in favor of the sciences.

61. Nothing in the world renders a man indispensable save love.

62. What counts/matters is not what one sees but what one finds in what he sees.

63. When you make a world tolerable for yourself, you make a world tolerable for others.

64. I left a message for you with your secretary.

我给你留了一个信儿交给你秘书了。

65. I leave the baby with my mother every day.

我每天都把婴儿交给我母亲照料。

66. Nothing is true in the newspaper except the names; everything is true in fiction except the

names.

67. Success in making money is not always a good criterion for success in life.

68. Without faith, a man can do nothing; with it, all things are possible.

69. All this worldly wisdom was once the unamiable heresy of some wise man.

这个世俗世界的所有智慧都曾经是某个聪明人不可调和的异端邪说。

70. Jealousy is always born with love, but does not always die with it.

71. Most people are nothing but wage slaves.

72. What is striking and beautiful is not always good, but what is good is always beautiful.

73. Tell me what you like, and I’ll tell you what you are.

74. We are shaped and fashioned by what we love. 我们是由我们所爱的事物塑造和改变

的。

75. The only value in achieving one’s ambition is that you then realize that they are not worth

achieving.

76. What really counts is not what you know but how much you practice what you believe is

right.

真正重要的不是你知道什么，而是你对于自己相信正确的东西践行了多少。

77. I am where I am different from others. 我之为我就在于异乎他人。

78. Education is that which remains, if one has forgotten everything he learned in school.

79. Nothing will ever be attempted if all possible objections must be first overcome.

如果做一件事之前需要驳倒所有的反对意见，那一件事也做不成。

80. You may be deceived if you trust too much, but you will live in torment if you do not trust

enough.

如果你过于相信任他人，你可能会上当受骗，但若你对他人没有足够的信任，你则会备受折磨。

81. Capital punishment is as fundamentally wrong as a cure for crime as charity is wrong as a

cure for poverty. 将死刑作为消除犯罪的方法如同想靠慈善解决贫困问题一样，是一个根本性的错误。

82. He was awakened by someone shouting outside.

83. She is fond of coffee being served after dinner.

84. I don’t like Jack and Henry speaking ill of each other.

85. I am not surprised at old and young falling in love with her.

86. He is opposed to the idea of money being everything.

87. What a blessing it would be if we could open and shut our ears as easily as we do our eyes.

要是人的耳朵也能像眼睛一样随心所欲地时开时闭，那我们就可谓三生有幸了。88. Rich men without convictions are more dangerous in modern society than poor women

without chastity.

89. The great society is a place where men are more concerned with the quality of their goals

than the quantity of their goods.

90. Bad men live that they may eat and drink, whereas good men eat and drink that they may

live.

91. There is no man so learned but what he can learn something from this book.

再博学的人都会从本书中学到一些东西。

92. English majors should not become machines which can speak a little daily English.

93. I like men who have a future and women who have a past.