我眼中的英文诗歌特色

我眼中的英文诗歌特色
我眼中的英文诗歌特色

1)语言的音韵美和节奏感

押韵是是诗体与其它文体的最大区别之一。押韵是语流中相同音素的重复和组合所造成的共鸣和呼应。英诗常用的韵有①头韵(alliteration),即词首音素的连续重复,与汉语的"双声"相似(如Thomas Gray 的 Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard中的The plowman homeward plods his weary way一句,plowman与plods, weary 与way都形成头韵);②谐元音/腹韵(assonance),即词中重读元音的重复(如sweet与sleep, cradle 与grave);③尾韵(rhyme),即词尾相同音素的重复。诗歌除了音韵美外,其有规律的轻重抑扬变化连同韵式的变化,一同构成了诗的节奏美。英语格律诗分为诗节(stanza),诗节又分为诗行,每一诗行又分为几个音步(foot)。音步是由一个重读音节和一个或数个非重读音节有规律地排列构成,常见的有抑扬格五音步,扬抑格四音步,抑扬格七音步以及扬抑抑格两音步、抑抑扬格三音步等。无韵诗(blank verse)虽然不讲究押韵,但传统的无韵诗仍十分讲究节奏,一般是以抑扬格五音步为一行,如莎土比亚的诗剧。至于当代诗人写的一些无韵自由诗(free verse)则完全不受韵式和音步的限制,完全听凭思想的自然流露和语言自然节奏的流动。

2)破格与变异

诗人是语言运用最自由的人。格律对于那些优秀的诗人来说,好象并不构成多大限制,而是他实现意美、音美、形美的好助手。诗人享有语言运用方面的一些特权(poetic license),即为了适应节奏格律的需要,诗人可以使用一些特殊的缩略形式(如tis=it is, o'er=over),以减少音节数;他还可以灵活调整词序、主谓倒置、动宾倒置及对修饰词与被修饰词进行换位。这些语言特权所带来的结果就是更具表现力的破格。如果说破格还是有限的自由的话,那么变异(deviation)就是无拘无束的自由。变异是对语言常规的有意偏离,是诗人寻新求异的一种手法,是对语言的创造性的使用。变异在诗歌创作中早已有之,在现代和当代更是被发挥到极至。变异可以发生在诗歌语言的各个层面上,如语音、拼写、词汇、语法、诗式等。诗在语音上的变异主要表现在单词的某些音节的省略、重音甚至整个发音的改变,如将moan读作而非以适应韵律的需要,便属于语音上的变异。

拼写上的变异常表现在某些单词非常规的拼写上。如美国现代诗人E. E. Cummings 常把人称代词I 写成i, 甚至把它自己的名字也别出心裁的写作e. e. cummings.在词汇层上变异多表现为临时造词、临时合成词,如T. S. Eliot在The Waste Land III中写道:"And I Tiresias have foresuffered all",其中的foresuffered超越了前缀fore-的常规构词方式,因而是一种在词汇层面上的创新及变异。在语法层上诗的变异则主要表现在词序的极度灵活以及词语联立关系、语法规则的异化上,如E. E. Cummings 的诗句you pays your money and you doesn't take your choice是对英语语法规则的大胆违背,是一种典型的语法变异,而这种变异则暗示着"花了钱却得不到中意的东西"之意。此外,在诗式上,诗人为了表达某种情绪或情感,常常有意强化诗的视觉形象,在诗行安排上别出心裁,结果造成在诗式上的变异,值得注意。

3)词句的重复与修辞格的广泛运用

诗歌中常重复一些词句或诗行,用以抒发真挚深沉的情感,或是用以渲染某种气氛(如回环往复的缠绵),或是用以增强诗的歌唱性。诗歌中又大量运用修辞格,尤是是各种各样的明喻、暗喻、比拟用得最多。

4)丰富的意象与象征

所谓意象,是指那些可以引起人的感官反应的具体形象和画面,分为视觉、听觉、嗅觉、触觉、味觉、动觉、通联等。这些意象不仅唤起人们的某种体验,更常常具有鲜明或隐晦的象征意义,是许多优秀诗篇所具有的共性。

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