英文诗歌基本知识

英文诗歌基本知识
英文诗歌基本知识

读英文诗歌相当不容易。其中的主要原因是诗歌有其独特的语言特点和表达方式,与散文有明显区别。为更好地欣赏英文诗歌,很有必要了解一些相关的基本知识。这方面的知识极其细致,以下只介绍一些最基本的。

一节奏

诗歌是具有音乐性的语言。音乐作品的最大特点之一是音符的流动是有节奏的。所谓节奏就是强拍和弱拍按一定的形式配合起来,有规律地反复出现。正如音乐中的节奏,音乐中基本的节奏有两种,即强——弱(2/4拍)和强——弱——弱(3/4拍)。举两个简单的例子:《东方红》的节奏就是强——弱:

5 56│2 —│1 16│2 —│5 5│6i 65│1 16│2 —│

《新年好》(HAPPY NEW YEAR)这首儿歌的节奏是强——弱——弱:

11 1 5 │33 3 1│13 5 5 │43 2 —│23 4 4 │32 3 1│13 2 5│72 1 —│

中国古诗有节奏。其节奏主要是通过汉字特有的声调表现出来的。传统汉语中的声调有四:平、上、去、入。平声称“平声”,上、去、入三声统称仄声。平声与仄声结合起来反复出现,就是中国诗歌的节奏。如一首五言绝句,其最常见的节奏是:

仄仄平平仄,平平仄仄平。

平平平仄仄,仄仄仄平平。

王之涣《登鹳雀楼》:白日依山尽,黄河入海流。欲穷千里目,更上一层楼。即是这样的节奏。其中“欲”字是仄声,与格式不合。但根据格律要求,诗行中的第一字可平可仄。

英文诗歌也有节奏。英文没有平声、仄声之分,但有重读轻读音节之分,其节奏是通过重读音节与轻读音节表现出来的。一个重读音节与一个或两个轻读音节按一定的模式搭配起来,有规律地反复出现就是英文诗歌的节奏。

我们知道凡是有两个以上音节的英文单词,都有重读音节与轻读音节之分,在一句话中,根据语法、语调、语意的要求,有些词也要重读,有些要轻读。如he went to town to buy a book.. I’m glad to hear the news. 英文中有重读和轻读之分,重读的音节和轻读的音节,按一定模式配合起来,反复再现,组成诗句,听起来起伏跌宕,抑扬顿挫,就形成了诗歌的节奏。多音节单词有重音和次重音,次重音根据节奏既可视为重读,也可视为轻读。读下面这两句诗:

There's a │teacher│ Mr. │Moore,

Who is│ lovely and│ thirty-│four.

这两行诗的重读与轻读的模式是:重—轻—。在每行中再现四次,这样就形成了这两行诗的节奏。某种固定的轻重搭配叫“音步”(foot),相当与乐谱中的“小节”。一重一轻,就是这两行诗的音步。一行诗中轻重搭配出现的次数叫音步数,这两行诗的音步数都是四,所以就称其为四音步诗,但诗行中的轻读有时可多出音步中的正常音节。如以上第二行,也就象乐曲中某小节多了个音符,但节奏不变,增加的音节应加快语速。

二常见的音步类型

音步是英语诗歌重要元素,音步是轻读与重读构成的。根据重读与轻读搭配的方式的不同,可以划分出不同的音步类型。音步类型不同,节奏自然也不同。最常见的音步类型有以下四种:

(一)抑扬格

如果一个音步中有两个音节,前者为轻,后者为重,则这种音步叫抑扬格音步,其专业术语是(iamb, iambic.)。轻读是“抑”,重读是“扬”,一轻一重,故称抑扬格。

英语中有大量的单词,其发音都是一轻一重,如excite, above, around, appear, besides, attack, supply, believe, return等,所以用英语写诗,用抑扬格就很便利。也就是说,抑扬格很符合英语的发音规律。因此,在英文诗歌中用得最多的便是抑扬格,百分之九十的英文诗都是用抑扬格写成的。请看诗句:As fair│ art thou │my bon│nie lass, So deep│in luve│ am I : And I │ will luve │thee still, │ my dear, Till a`│the seas│gang dry:(*注: art=are thou=you

luve=love thee[thou的宾格] bonnie=beautifl a`=all gang=go)上例中为四音步与三音步交叉。

(二)扬抑格

如果一个音步中有两个音节,前者为重,后者为轻,则这种音步叫扬抑格音步,其专业术语是(trochee, trochaic.)。重读是“扬”,轻读是“抑”,一重一轻,故称扬抑格。与抑扬格恰好相反。

英语中也有一批其读音为一重一轻的单词,如Happy, many, holy, yonder, headlong, flaming, upper, grandeur, failing等。写扬抑格的诗,此类词正好合适。但这类词在英语中其数量不及前面的那些多,与英文的语言规律不十分吻合,所以扬抑格诗不多。举两句诗例:Present │mirth has │present │laughter

Shakespeare

Shake your │chains to │earth like │dew

Shelley

(三)抑抑扬格

抑抑扬格含三个音节,即轻——轻——重,专门术语是:Anapaest, anapaestic 例词:

cavalier, intercede, disbelieve, reappear, disapprove, indistinct, on the hill.

例句:

拜伦的以下四行诗是抑抑扬格:

The Assyr│ian came down │like the wolf │on the fold,

And his coh│orts were glea│ming in purp│le and gold;

And the sheen│ of their spears │was like stars │on the sea,

When the blue │waves rolls night│ly on deep │Galilee.

——Destruction of Sennacherib

这是拜伦写的描述古代亚述人围攻耶路撒冷,被瘟疫所袭的诗的一节。第四行第二音步中的waves 一词可轻可重。诗题中的Sennacherib 是亚述国王。fold 指羊群,purple and gold 描写亚述军队的服饰,Galilee,巴勒斯坦北部的加利利湖。cohorts军团,sheen,光芒。

(四)扬抑抑格

重——轻——轻是扬抑抑格,专门术语是:dactyl, dactylic.

例词:

happily, merciful, eloquent, messenger, merrily, properly, accident, quantity.

例句:

Dragging the │corn by her │golden hair.

Davies: the villain.

英文诗歌中的音步类型有十几种之多,常见者即此四种,第一种则最常见。此外诗句中也常有抑抑格(pyrrhic[/peirik]和扬扬格(spondee[/sp :ndi])出现。

需要说明的是,这些音步类型只是理论上的分析,实际上,一首诗仅用一种音步类型写,这种情况极少见,大多是以某一种为主,同时穿插其他类型。如果一首诗只含有一种音步,就会显得非常单调机械。一首诗只要是以某种类型为主的,尽管有其他类型穿插其中,也称此诗为某某格。如,以抑扬格为主要节奏写成的,就称此诗为抑扬格诗。现代兴起的一些自由诗(FREE VERSE),不受这些格律的限制。

三英语诗歌的押韵

在传统英文诗歌中,押韵的规则是:相互押韵的两个词的重读音节的元音读音相同,重读音节之后的所有音都相同。比如:hollowing, following就是严格符合押韵规则的两个词。到了浪漫主义时期押韵规则略为放宽,有的时候甚至只要两个词的最后一个音节相同就算押韵,像power, flower,但是这种情况到了二十世纪才真正普及起来。

英语诗歌的押韵可以根据单词的音素重复的部位不同而分成不同种类,最常见的有头韵(Alliteration)和尾韵(Rhyme)。头韵指词首重复,如great和grew;尾韵则指词尾音素重复,如great和bait。但一行诗中可能同时存在多种押韵形式:

The light that lies in women's eyes. --Thomas Moore

这行诗中既有头韵light和lies,谐元韵light、lies、eyes,又有且有尾韵(这种押韵方式称行中韵middle rhyme)lies和eyes。

英语诗歌的行与行之间的押韵格式称韵法(rhyming scheme)。常见有两行转韵(AABB)、隔行押韵(ABCB)、隔行交互押韵(ABAB)和交错押韵(ABBA)。英语诗歌中五行一节的比较普遍,故AABBA式较流行。

要特别说一下的是英语的十四行诗,它类似于中国的格律诗。十四行诗起源于意大利,被引入英国后形式上发生了一些变化,主要分为3大类型:①意大利十四行诗,又称彼特拉克体十四行诗;韵脚用abba, abba, cdcdcd (cdecde)。前八行提问,后六行回答。

②英国十四行诗,又称莎士比亚体十四行诗;押韵方式为abab, cdcd, efef, gg,或者abab, bcbc, cdcd, ee。③斯宾塞体十四行诗,用韵脚 abab, bcbc,cdcd,ee。意大利十四行诗是当时最受英国诗人欢迎的抒情诗形式之一,被诗人们用来描写爱情、友谊和哲学思考。它被引入英国后最初在内容风格和艺术技巧上主要模仿彼特拉克体,但也进行了一些改变,如从原来的11个音节改为10个音节。用彼特拉克体写作十四行诗的诗人以约翰·弥尔顿、威廉·华兹华斯、约翰·济慈、伊丽莎白·勃朗宁等为代表。莎士比亚十四行诗是彼特拉克体十四行诗的变体。在韵律和节奏上,它仍然同彼特拉克体十四行诗保持一致,但在结构和押韵上发生了变化。斯宾塞的十四行诗在继承和发展怀特和萨利引进的十四行诗的形式的基础上创立的,结构上前12行诗同后两行诗分成两个部分,押韵格式为吻韵。

英语的诗也与其它语言的诗一样,起源早。约公元五世纪已有“贝奥五尔夫”(也译作“贝奥五蒲”),这个时期的诗类似于我国的“诗经”。到十四世纪,英语诗歌已发展到很高水平,典型代表是乔叟(1340-1400有英国诗歌之父之称),其代表作是The Cante rbury Tales’(坎特伯雷故事集),诗中内容是去朝山的香客在路上讲的故事。

When the sweet showers of April fall and shoot

Down through the drought of March to pierce the root,

Bathing every vein in liquid power

From which there springs the engendering of the flower,

这几行诗的意思是:四月的小雨沿着三月里干旱的泥土渗透到植物的根,催促他们发芽,孕育着即开的花。这里的押韵方式是:aabb。

到文艺复兴时代,英语诗歌到了高峰时期,莎士比亚最出名的虽然是戏剧,但他的戏剧全都是诗句。此外,莎士比亚还有独特的十四行诗(sonnets),因其押韵方式与其它十四行诗不同,故称之为莎士比亚体。如第十八首的前四行:

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

Thou art more lovely and more temperate.

Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,

And summer’s lease hath all to short a date. lease: 这段时期

在英国,a summer’s day是非常的lovely。

十八世纪

彭斯(Robert Burns)的“红红的玫瑰”

A Red, Red Rose

O my luve is like a red, red rose,

That’s newly sprung in June; sprung: spring开放

O my luve is like the melodie 优美的调子

That’s sweetly played in tune.

And fare thee weel, my only luve, weel: well

And fare thee weel a while;

And I will come again, my luve,

Tho it were ten thousand mile!

到十九世纪,拜伦和雪莱是两位非常重要的诗人。前者的“唐璜”(比较难读),后者的“西风颂”都是很有名的诗。下面看下“西风颂”的开头和结尾:

O wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn’s being,

Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves dead

Are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing,

Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red,

Pestilence-strichen multitudes: O Thou, 瘟疫

Who, chariotest to their dark wintry bed 战车wintry bed: the earth

The trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind, prophecy: 预言

If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?

狂野的西风,横扫黄色的落叶,预示着革命就要成功了。最后两行更成了名言:冬天到了,春天还会远吗?

以上都是英国诗,诗歌在美国也同样发展展快,以下介绍一位美国诗人Robert Frost(1874-1963)的诗The Road Not Taken(没有走的路)

Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, 黄色的林子路分两股,

And sorry I could not travel both 可惜我不能两条都走。

And be one traveler, long I stood 我站立良久,形影孤独,

And looked down one as far as I could 远远眺望,顺着一条路,

To where it bent in the undergrowth; 看它转到灌木林后。

Then took the other, as just as fair, 我选了另一条,同样宜人,

And having perhaps the better claim, 挑上这条或许有点道理:

Because it was grassy and wanted wear; 这条路草深,似乎少行人;

Though as for that the passing there 实际上来往的脚印,

Had worn them really about the same, 使两条路相差无几。

And both that morning equally lay 而且早晨新落的叶子

In leaves no step had trodden black. 复盖着路,还没人踩,

Oh, I kept the first for another day! 哦,我把第一条留给下次!

Yet knowing how way leads on to way, 前途多歧,这我也知,

I doubted if I should ever come back. 我也怀疑哪能重新回来。

I shall be telling this with a sigh 多年,多年后,在某地,

Somewhere ages and ages hence; 我将讲这件事,叹口气:

Two roads diverged in a wood, and I--- 树林里路分两股,而我呢---

I took the one less traveled by, 选上的一条较少人迹,

And that has made all the difference. 千差万别由此而起。

人生,不知多少次走向十字路口,该如何选择,常常让人为难。有时会后悔没有作另一种选择,可人生之路还能重新走过吗?

还值得一提的是19世纪美国诗人惠特曼(Whitman1819-1892),他是美国文学革新者,他是新诗的创始人,他的“草叶集”(Leaves of Grass)被称之为史诗的诗。其中的诗作大部分是关于人与自然的。如:

There Was A Child Went Forth

There was a child went forth every day,

And the first object he lool’d upon, that object he became,

And that object became part of him for the day or a certain part of the day,

Or for many years or stretching cycles of years.

可见,诗行是自由的,押韵也是自由的,故而也就是自由诗。

英语诗歌欣赏

1. Nothing gold can stay by Robert Frost Nature's first green is gold, Her hardest hue to hold. Her early leaf's a flower; But only so an hour. Then leaf subsides to leaf, So Eden sank to grief. So dawn goes down to day, Nothing gold can stay. 参照: 简简吟白居易 苏家小女名简简,芙蓉花腮柳叶眼。十一把镜学点妆,十二抽针能绣裳。十三行坐事调品,不肯迷头白地藏。玲珑云髻生花样,飘飖风袖蔷薇香。殊姿异态不可状,忽忽转动如有光。二月繁霜杀桃李,明年欲嫁今年死。丈人阿母勿悲啼,此女不是凡夫妻。恐是天仙谪人世,只合人间十三岁。大都好物不坚牢,彩云易散琉璃脆。 2. The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth; Then took the other, as just as fair,

And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same, And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black. Oh, I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back. I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I— I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference. 3. The farthest distance in the world By Tagore [t?'g?:] The farthest distance in the world is not between life and death but when I stand in front of you yet you don't know that I love you The farthest distance in the world is not when I stand in front of you yet you can't see my love but when undoubtedly knowing the love from both yet cannot be together The farthest distance in the world is not being apart while being in love but when plainly can not resist the yearning yet pretending you have never been in my heart

【国外诗歌】中英文励志诗歌

一、THE SIGNIFICANCE OF FAILURE Robert H. Schuller Failure doesn t mean you are a failure, It does mean you haven t succeeded yet. Failure doesn t mean you have accomplished nothing, It does mean you have learned something. Failure doesn t mean you have been a fool, It does mean you had a lot of faith. Failure doesn t mean you ve been disgraced, It does mean you were willing to try. Failure doesn t mean you don t have it, It does mean you have to do something in a different way. Failure doesn t mean you are inferior, It does mean you are not perfect. Failure doesn t mean you ve wasted your life, It does mean you have a reason to start afresh. Failure doesn t mean you should give up, It does mean you must try harder. Failure doesn t mean you ll never make it, It does mean it will take a little longer. Failure doesn t mean God has abandoned you, It does mean God has a better idea. 失败的意义 罗伯特·H·舒勒陈采霞译 失败并不代表你是个失败者, 它只表明你尚未成功。 失败并不代表你一无所获, 它只表明你吸取了一次教训。 失败并不代表你很愚蠢, 它只表明你信心百倍。 失败并不代表你无脸见人, 它只表明你百折不回。 失败并不代表你工夫白费, 它只表明你的做事方法尚待改进。 失败并不代表你低人一等。 它只表明你并非完人。 失败并不代表你浪费生命, 它只表明你有理由重新开始。 失败并不代表你应该放弃, 它只表明你要加倍努力。 失败并不代表成功永不属于你, 它只表明你要付出更多的时间。

(完整版)英语诗歌鉴赏及名词解释(英文版)

The Basic Elements of Appreciating English Poetry 1.What is poetry? ?Poetry is the expression of Impassioned feeling in language. ?“Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility.” ?“Poetry, in a general sense, may be defined to be the expression of the imagination.” ?Poetry is the rhythmical creation of beauty. ?Poetry is the image of man and nature. ?“诗言志,歌咏言。” ---《虞书》 ?“诗言志之所以也。在心为志,发言为诗。情动于中而行于言,言之不足,则嗟叹之;嗟叹之不足,故咏歌之;咏歌之不足,不知手之舞之,足之蹈之也。情发于声;声成文,谓之音。” ---《诗·大序》 ?“诗是由诗人对外界所引起的感觉,注入了思想与情感,而凝结了形象,终于被表现出来的一种‘完成’的艺术。” ---艾青:《诗论》 2.The Sound System of English Poetry a. The prosodic features ?Prosody (韵律)---the study of the rhythm, pause, tempo, stress and pitch features of a language. ?Chinese poetry is syllable-timed, English poetry is stress-timed. ?Stress: The prosody of English poetry is realized by stress. One stressed syllable always comes together with one or more unstressed syllables. eg. Tiger, /tiger, /burning /bright In the /forest /of the/ night, What im/mortal /hand or /eye Could frame thy/ fearful /symme/try? ---W. Blake Length: it can produce some rhetorical and artistic effect. eg. The curfew tolls the knell of parting day, The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea, The Ploughman homeward plods his weary way, And leaves the world to darkness and to me. ---Thomas Gray Long vowels and diphthongs make the poem slow, emotional and solemn; short vowels quick, passionate, tense and exciting. Pause: it serves for the rhythm and musicality of poetry. b. Meter or measure (格律) poem---stanza/strophe---line/verse---foot---arsis + thesis; Meter or measure refers to the formation way of stressed and

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