词性句子成分结构讲解
adj. /a. 形容词
表示人或事物的性质、状态，和特征的程度好坏，与否.形容词用来修饰名词或代词如：big,happy
adv. / ad. 副词
是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词，用以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等
概念。如:clearly,happily
Clearly he didn,t say so. 显然他没有这样说。（句子副词）
prep. 介词
是一种用来表示词与词，词与句之间的关系的词。在句中不能单独做句子成分。
用在名词代词等之前，合起来表示动作、行为的时间，处所，方向，方式，目的，对象等的词。
如:in, at,for,to
conj. 连词
连词是用来连接词与词、词组与词组或句子与句子、表示某种逻辑关系的虚词。连词可以表并列、承接、转折、因果、选择、假设、比较、让步等关系。如：whe n,beacuse,so
num.数词
表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。如:one,two,first
int. 感叹词
表示说话时表达的喜怒哀乐等情感的词。
女口:what,how,haurray
vt.及物动词（后面要加宾语）行为动作的词如:do,fi ni sh,play
vi.不及物动词（后面不加宾语）表示行为动作的词如:appear
n.名词
表示人，事物，地点，现象及其他抽象概念等名称的词。
如:pig,cow,ma n pron. 代词
代指代替名词的一类词。
女口:he,she,hers,his,th ings art = 冠词，article
位于名词或名词词组之前或之后，在句子里主要是对名词起限定作用的词。
女口：a,an,the
英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习
一．简单句的五个基本句型
1. 主语＋不及物动词
She came．/It rains.
2. 主语＋及物动词＋宾语
She likes English./I love you.
3. 主语＋系动词＋表语
She is happy ．
4. 主语＋动词＋间接宾语（人/动物）＋直接宾语（物/事）
She gave John a book ．
She bought a book for me.
5. 主语＋动词＋宾语＋宾语补语
She makes her mother angry ．
The teacher asked me to read the passage.
二．句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语
1、主语是执行句子的行为或动作的主体。通常用名词或代词担任。
如：I,m Miss Green.（我是格林小姐）
2、谓语是对主语动作或状态的述或说明，指出“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。主
要由动词担任。
如：Jack cleans the room every day. （杰克每天打扫房间）
3、表语在系动词之后, 是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .（我的名字叫萍萍）
4、宾语是指一个动作（动词）的接受者。通常由名词或代词担任。
如：He can spell the word.（他能拼这个词）
有些及物动词带有两个宾语, 一个指物, 一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语, 指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . （他给我写了一封信）
有时可把介词to 或for 加在间接宾语前构成短语, 放在直接宾语后面, 来强调间接宾语。如：Hewrote a letter to me. （他给我写了一封信）
5、定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的, 通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：
Shanghai is a big city .（是个大城市）
6、状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等，用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。
如：He works hard .（他工作努力）
7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么, 通常由形容词或动词充当。
如：They usually keep their classroom clean.（他们通常让教室保持清洁）
He often helps me do my lessons.（他常常帮我做功课）
The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.（老师要我自学法语）
8、同位语：一个名词（或其它形式）对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。
如：Where is your classmate Tom ?（你的同学汤姆在哪里？）
1. 主语（subject ）：句子说明的人或事物。
The sun rises in the east （名词）
He likes dancing. （代词）
Twenty years is a short time in history. （数词）
Seeing is believing. （动名词）
To see is to believe. （不定式）
What he needs is a book. （主语从句）
It is very clear that the elepha nt is round and tall like a tree.
（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）
练习：指出下列句中主语的中心词
①The teacher with two of his stude nts is walk ing into the classroom.
②There is an old man coming here.
③The useful dictio nary was give n by my mother last year.
④To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.
2. 谓语（predicate ）:是对主语加以述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。We study En glish.
He is asleep.
练习：选出句中谓语的中心词
①I don't like the picture on the wall.
A. don't
B. like
C. picture
D. wall
②The days get l on ger and Ion ger whe n summer comes. A. get B. Ion ger C. days D. summer
③Do you usually go to school by bus?
A. Do
B. usually
C. go
D. bus
④There will be a meet ing at the library this after noon.
A. will be
B. meet ing
C. the library
D. after noon
3.表语（predicative ）:系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。
He is a teacher.
Who's your best friend?
Five and five is ten.
He is asleep.?
His father is in.
The picture is on the wall. （
My watch is gone / miss ing / lost.
The questi on is whether they will come.
（名词）
（代词）
（数词）
（形容词）（副词）介词短语）（形容词化的分词）
（表语从句）
常见连系动词
1. "存在”类：表示存在或具有某种特征或状态.这类连系动词强调"存在”。常见的有：be（是）,look（看起来）,feel（摸上去）,seem（似乎是）,appear（似乎、显得）,prove（证明是）,smell（闻起来）,taste（尝起来）,sound（听起来）等。
2. 例女口: The story sounds true.
3. Those oran ges taste good .
2. "持续”类:表示某种情况或状态的持续。这类连系动词强调"持续”。常见的有:remain（依然）,keep（保持）,stay（保
持）,continue（继续、仍旧）,stand（处于某状况或情形）等。
例如:Why don't you put the meat in the fridge?
It will stay fresh for several days.
It's already ten in the morning.
The store rema ins closed.
What's the matter?
3. “变化”类：表示由一种情况或状态变化成另一种情况或状态。这类连系动词强调“变化”后的情况或状态.常见的有:become（变成）,turn（变成）,grow（变得）,get（变得）等。
例女口: Put the fish in the fridge, or it will go bad in hot weather.
练习：挑出下列句中的表语
①The old man was feeling very tired.
②Why is he worried about Jim?
③The leaves have turned yellow.
④Soon they all became interested in the subject.
⑤She was the first to learn about it.
4. 宾语：
1）动宾表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如：I like China. （名词）
He hates you. （代词）
How many do you need? We need two. （数词）
I enjoy working with you. （动名词）
I hope to see you again. （不定式）
Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句）
2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词介宾
Are you afraid of the snake?
Under the snow, there are many rocks.
3）双宾语间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）
He gave me a book yesterday.
Give the poor man some money
练习：挑出下列句中的宾语
①My brother hasn't done his homework.
②People all over the world speak English.
③You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
④How many new words did you learn last class?
⑤Some of the students in the school want to go swimming.
5. 宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。
We elected him monitor.? （名词）
We all think it a pity that she didn,t come here. （名词）
We will make them happy. （形容词）
We found nobody in. （副词）
Please make yourself at home. （介词短语）Don,t let him do that. （省to 不定式）His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带to 不定式）Don,t keep the lights burning. （现在分词）
I,ll have my bike repaired. （过去分词）
扩展：
主补：对主语的补充。
He was elected monitor.
She was found singing in the next room.
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.
练习：
（1）挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
①She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
②He asked her to take the boy out of school.
③She found it difficult to do the work.
④They call me Lily sometimes.
⑤I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.
⑥Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?
（2）划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语
①Please tell us a story.
②My father bought a new bike for me last week.
③Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.
④Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.
⑤Did he leave any message for me?
6. 定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。
Yanling is a chemistry teacher. （名词）
He is our friend. （代词）
We belong to the third world. （数词）
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （形容词）
The man over there is my old friend.（副词）
The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. （介词）
The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）
The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词）
I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）
You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）
练习：挑出下列句中的定语
①They use Mr., Mrs. with the family name.
②What is your given name?
③On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
④I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
⑤The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
7. 状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., or 句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。下例句按上述顺序排列）
I will go there tomorrow.
The meeting will be held in the meeting room.
The meat went bad because of the hot weather.
He studies hard to learn English well.
He didn,t study hard so that he failed in the exam.
I like some of you very much.
If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
He goes to school by bike.
Though he is young, he can do it well.
练习：挑出下列句中的状语
①There was a big smile on her face.
②Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
③He began to learn English when he was eleven.
④The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.
⑤With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
8、同位语当一个概念词在前，后面的词、词组或者句子是在解释前者时，而且两者的语法功能相同，后者就是前者的同位语。Mr. Black, our English teacher, is a good tennis player.
我们的英语老师——布莱克先生是个优秀的网球手。
Football, the only interest in life, has brought him many friends.
足球- 他唯一的爱好，让他结交了许多朋友。
Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's. 昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。
That,s her habit, reading in bed. 躺在床上看书是她的习惯。
Your suggestion, to strike while the iron is hot, seemed a good idea. 你建议趁热打铁，这个建议很好。
He gave orders that the work should be started immediately. 他发出指示要立即开始工作。
You still haven,t answered my question why you didn,t come to school yesterday. 你还没有回答我昨天为什么没有上学。
同位语从句常跟在某些名词后，对其作进一步的解释。这些名词包括：fact, doubt, idea, news, hope, indication, decision, possibility, assumption, suggestion, question. 这类从句常常有that 引导，有时也可以用what, why, whether, when 等引导。
9. 插入语插入语是说话者对所表达的意思的补充、强调、解释或者说话的态度，其位置灵活常常用逗号或者破折号分开，并且在语法上不影响其他成份。
1. 插入语常以副词（副词短语）、形容词（形容词短语）、介词短语、非谓语动词短语等形式出现。
（ 1 ）常见的副词及短语：indeed ，surely ，however ，obviously ，frankly ，naturally ，luckily / happily for sb. certainly 等。
He is late for the bus,however,he is not late for the class.
10. T here be 句型
拓展：
There be +句词词组”中，there为虚词,be后面的名词词组为句子的真正主语。该句式在使用时须注意如下几点：
★ There be句式表示“有”时，它表示一种存在关系，通常带有一个地点状语，意为"什么地方（时候）有... ”。句式中的主语只能为表泛指的名词词组,此外,其主语还可以带前置或后置定语。例如：
1. There is a blackboard in the classroom.
2. There are five minutes to go.
3. There are two old women waiting for you at the gate.
★在正式文体中，该句式中be 动词的单复数形式取决于以下两种情况：
（1）该句式中只有一个主语，主语为单数时，be 动词用单数；主语若为复数，be 动词也用复数。
（2）该句式中有几个并列主语，则按就近原则处理，即与靠近be 动词的第一个主语保持一致。例如：
1. There is room for improvement.
2. There are three apples on the table.
3. There were only two pens, a dictionary and a textbook on the desk.
★“ There be + 主语+不定式”中，不定式可以有主动和被动两种形式，不过在口语中主动形式更为常见。例如： 1. There is a letter to type today.
2. There is no time to lose.
3. There are many things to be done now.
★ There be 句式中，be 动词有各种变化形式。
(1)be 动词有时态变化，可以为一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来时等。例如：
1. There are a lot of people in the meeting-room.
2. There was little left.
3. There have been many such traffic accidents in the past few years.
4. When he got there, he found there had been no one waiting for him in the room.
5. Without air, there would be no living things.
6. There is going to be a storm tomorrow morning.
(2) There be 句式中，be 之前可以有情态动词。例如：
1. There may be some people who don,t like the film.
2. There used to be a temple in the village.
句子种类一)按使用目的可分为述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
1) 述句 ( Declarative Sentences )：说明一个事实或述一种看法。
Light travels faster than sound. 光比声速度快。
The film is rather boring. 这部电影很乏味。
I haven,t got a camera. 我没有相机.
They have never met before. 他们以前从没见过面.
2) 疑问句 ( Interrogative Sentences )：提出问题。有以下四种：
a. 一般疑问句 ( General Questions )：Can you finish the work in time?
你能按时完成工作吗？
b. 特殊疑问句 ( W Questions; H Questions )
Where do you live? 你住那儿？
How do you know that? 你怎么知道那件事
c. 选择疑问句 ( Alternative Questions )：
Do you want tea or coffee? 你是要茶还是要咖啡？
d. 反意疑问句 ( Tag-Questions )：
He knows her, doesn,t he? 他不认识她，对不对？
= Does he know her?
Yes, he does.
No , he doesn,t.
3) 祈使句 ( Imperative Sentences )：提出请求，建议或发出命令，例如：Sit down, please. 请坐。