武汉大学分子生物学_2004期末试卷A
武汉大学生命科学学院
2003－2004学年第一学期期末考试
《分子生物学》试卷
Final exam of Molecular Biology Course (Spring 2004)
年级______ 专业________ 学号_________ 姓名_______成绩______ PART I: DESCRIPTION (2 points each)
Your answer should describe what each item is and how it functions in the cell. Diagrams, structure and sequence information should be included in your answer, as necessary.
1.Yeast artificial chromosome
2.RNA interference
3.Proteomics
4.Shine-Dalgarno sequence
5.Alternative splicing
6.Ribozyme
7. -dependent termination
8.RNA editing
9.DNA lesions
10.Protein targeting
PART II: MULTIPLE CHOICES (1 points each)
Select the one best answer for each question.
1. The catalytic activity for peptide bond formation (the peptidyl transferase activity) is
located in the:
1)RNA of the large ribosomal subunit.
2)leader sequence of the messenger RNA.
3)RNA of the small ribosomal subunit.
4)proteins of the small ribosomal subunit.
5)proteins of the large ribosomal subunit.
2. Bidirectional and semi-conservative are two terms that refer to:
1)transcription.
2)translation.
3)replication.
4)all of the above.
5)none of the above.
3. The fact that most amino acids are specified by multiple codons is known as:
1)the “wobble” phenomenon.
2)the universality of the genetic code.
3)codon bias.
4)the anticodon hypothesis.
5)the redundancy of the genetic code.
4. RNA polymerase I is the eukaryotic enzyme responsible for:
1)transcription of ribosomal RNA.
2)transcription of transfer RNA and other small RNA species.
3)transcription of messenger RNA.
4)initiation of Okazaki fragment synthesis in DNA replication.
5. Restriction enzymes can cleave DNA that is either single-stranded or double-stranded,
as long as it contains the appropriate recognition site.
1) True 2) False
6. Information about the sequence of the coding region of a gene is best obtained from:
1) a YAC clone.
2) a genomic clone.
3) a cDNA clone.
4)the protein.
7. A chromatography method that can be used specifically to purify proteins based on their
charge is:
1)gel filtration chromatography.
2)ion-exchange chromatography.
3)DNA affinity chromatography.
4)antibody affinity chromatography.
8. A nonsense mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that results in:
1) a small deletion or insertion.
2)an amino acid change in the protein encoded by the gene.
3) a premature stop codon.
4)all of the above.
5)none of the above.
9. A protein complex involved in degradation of proteins within the cell is known as the:
1)ubiquitin/proteasome system.
2)molecular chaperone.
3)chaperonin.
4)ribosome.
5)Krebs/TCA cycle.
10. ___binds to the repressor and turn on the transcription of the structural genes in the
Lac operon.
1)cAMP
2)lactose
3)allolactose
4)CRP
11. Which of the following RNA species is involved in degradation of the mRNA
containing complementary sequence
1)miRNA
2)siRNA
3)tRNA
4)5S RNA
5)U3 snRNA
12. The genome sequencing projects are confirming the theory that genome size is directly
proportional to the number of genes contained within that genome. In other words, a genome that is 10 times as big will contains approximately 10 times as many protein coding genes.
1) True 2) False
13. HeLa cells, derived from a human cervical carcinoma, are able to propagate
indefinitely in culture and are therefore known as a(n):
1)tissue culture.
2)tumor.
3)transgenic cell line.
4)immortalized cell line.
14. E. coli cells are smaller than yeast cells.
1) True 2) False
15. Which of the following domains is not a DNA binding domain
1)Proline-rich domains
2)Helix-turn helix domains
3)Zinc finger domains
4)Basic domains
16. The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases distinguish between about 40 different shaped tRNA molecules in the cells.
1) True 2) False
PART III: SHORT QUESTIONS (8 points each)
1.How do bacterial replication start and accomplished. Remember to include the
proteins/enzymes and important DNA sequence involved in this process.
2.Design experiments to clone a yeast gene and express this gene in yeast.
3.Below is the multiple cloning site (MCS) of the plasmid vector pUC18 and the
N-terminal and C-terminal sequence of protein X. Note that the MCS constitutes a part of the LacZ open reading frame. Suppose that you are going to clone the protein X gene into pUC18, so that your target gene is transcribed under the control of LacZ
promoter, and translated with the LacZ gene to produce a fusion protein. You are
requested to use Bam HI and Pst I to the clone X gene, please add these restriction sites on the corresponding position of the X gene. Remember to maintain the
reading frame of the X gene with the LacZ gene
4.
(1) MCS of pUC18
Eco RI Sac I Kpn I Sma I Bam HI Xba I Sal I Pst I
ACG AAT TCG AGC TCG GTA CCC GGG GAT CCT CTA GAG TCG ACC TGC AGG CAT GCA
Thr Asn Ser Ser Ser Val Pro Gly Asp Pro Leu Glu Ser Thr Cys Arg His Ala
Lac Z
(2) N-terminal sequence of X gene. ATG ACC CCU CAU AAC GGC GAC…
Met Thr Pro His Asn Gly Asp…
(3) C-terminal sequence of X gene. …GAU AGU ACA GCU GCC AAG TAA
…Asp Ser Thr Ala Ala Lys
PART IV: MAJOR QUESTIONS (20 points each)
1: Please describe how an mRNA gene is transcribed, processed and translated in human cells. What are the possible mechanisms in regulating the expression of this gene?
2 (20 points): A bacterium is found to metabolize a rare sugar produced by a plant that the bacteria grow on. However, the bacteria prefer glucose as the energy source. The problem is, if you want to finish this course with a satisfied score, you must figure out the regulatory mechanism that the bacteria used to determine the sugar choice.
The gene involving in the rare sugar metabolism has been identified as fun3. You can use northern blot to analyze the expression of fun3 and use DNA footprinting to analyze the binding of proteins to the control elements of fun3 gene. The following table shows the experimental results
Questions:
1.Please propose a mechanism to explain the above results. You should focus on the
question “How does the expression of fun3 gene is tightly regulated so that it is only highly expressed when the rare sugar is the only carbon source”. You must answer what proteins A, B and C are. (8 points)
2.How is protein A regulated? (2 points)
(1)glucose turns the repressor on
(2)glucose turns the repressor off
(3)the rare sugar turns the repressor on
(4)the rare sugar turns the repressor off
3.How is protein C regulated? (2 points)
(1)glucose turns the activator on
(2)glucose turns the activator off
(3)the rare sugar turns the activator on
(4)the rare sugar turns the activator off
4. How could you make the bacteria always use the rare sugar as the energy source even in the presence of glucose? (8 points)
武汉大学生命科学学院
2003－2004学年第一学期期末考试
《分子生物学》试卷及参考答案
Final exam of Molecular Biology Course (Spring 2004)
写在参考答案前面的话：
该课程考试目的是考查学生对所学知识掌握的情况，除选择题外，其他题目的答案基本都不是唯一的。你可以从不同的角度去阐明一个概念。
公布参考答案的目的：为该课程画个句号，让学生过个安心暑假
Best wishes to all of you
PART I: DESCRIPTION (2 points each)
Your answer should describe what each item is and how it functions in the cell. Diagrams, structure and sequence information should be included in your answer, as necessary.
1.Yeast artificial chromosome:
①酵母人工染色体（0.5 point）
②contains components required for replication and segregation of the natural yeast
chromosome, including two telomeric sequences (TEL), one centromere (CEN)
and one autonomously replicating sequences (ARS) (0.75 point )
③contains genes act as selective markers in yeast and proper restriction sites (0.75
point )
④can accommodate genomic DNA fragments of more than 1 Mb (0.5 point)
2.RNA interference:
①RNA干扰（0.5 point）
② a conserved biological response to double-stranded RNA (1 point)
③regulates the expression of protein-coding genes through siRNA or miRNA (1
point)
④the dsRNA is restricted by DICER, then RISC mediates the siRNA and miRNA
related RNA degradation and translation inhibition, respectively. (1 point)
3.Proteomics
①蛋白组学（0.5 point）The study of the proteome using techniques of high
resolution protein separation and identification (1.5 point)
④The best separation method is two dimensional gel electrophoresis, the individual
protein spots are then cut from the gel and treated with protease to produce a set of peptides characteristic of that protein. The precise masses of each peptide in the
sample are then determined by MALDI mass spectrometry. The resulted peptide
mass fingerprint of that protein is then compared to a database to deduce the
function of that protein etc. (1.5 point)
4.Shine-Dalgarno sequence
①SD 序列（0.5 point）
② A conserved sequence 8-13 nt upstream of the first codon to be translated (1
point).
③This sequence was discovered by Shine and Dalgarno (0.5 point)
④The sequence is purine-rich and contains all or part of 5’-AGGAGGU-3’ (0.5
point)
⑤Can base-p air with the 3’-end of the 16S rRNA (0.5 point)
5.Alternative splicing
①可变剪接（0.5 point）
②The generation of different mature mRNAs from a particular type of gene
transcript by choosing different 5’- and 3’-splice sites (2 point).
6.Ribozyme
①核酶（0.5 point）
②an RNA molecule capable of catalyzing a chemical reaction (2 point).
7.ρ-dependent termination
①ρ-依赖型转录终止（0.5 point）
②During bacterial transcription, some terminator sites do not form strong hairpins,
thus termination of the transcription by bacterial RNA polymerase requires
the assistance of an accessory factor called rho (ρ) protein (2 point).
8.RNA editing
①RNA编辑（0.5 point）
② A form of RNA processing in which nucleotide sequence of the primary
transcript is altered by either changing, inserting or deleting residues at the
specific points along the molecule (2 point).
9.DNA lesions
①DNA损伤（0.5 point）
②An alteration to the normal chemical or physical structure of the DNA (2 point).
③The lesions can lead to cell death or DNA mutation (1 point).
10.Protein targeting
①蛋白定位（0.5 point）
②Synthesis of eukaryotic proteins is usually occurred in cytoplasm (0.5 point).
③However, many proteins need to be transported to specific cellular locations, such
as nucleus, mitochondrion or chloroplast, to exert their biological functions. This
process is called protein targeting (1 point).
④The ultimate cellular location of proteins is often determined by specific, relative
short, amino acid sequences within the proteins themselves. The sequence inside
of a protein determining the cellular location of the protein is called signal
sequence (1 point).
PART II: MULTIPLE CHOICES (1 points each)
Select the one best answer for each question.
1. The catalytic activity for peptide bond formation (the peptidyl transferase activity) is
located in the:
1)RNA of the large ribosomal subunit.
2)leader sequence of the messenger RNA.
3)RNA of the small ribosomal subunit.
4)proteins of the small ribosomal subunit.
5)proteins of the large ribosomal subunit.
2. Bidirectional and semi-conservative are two terms that refer to:
1)transcription.
2)translation.
3)replication.
4)all of the above.
5)none of the above.
3. The fact that most amino acids are specified by multiple codons is known as:
1)the “wobble” phenomenon.
2)the universality of the genetic code.
3)codon bias.
4)the anticodon hypothesis.
5)the redundancy of the genetic code.
4. RNA polymerase I is the eukaryotic enzyme responsible for:
1)transcription of ribosomal RNA.
2)transcription of transfer RNA and other small RNA species.
3)transcription of messenger RNA.
4)initiation of Okazaki fragment synthesis in DNA replication.
5. Restriction enzymes can cleave DNA that is either single-stranded or double-stranded,
as long as it contains the appropriate recognition site.
1) True 2) False
6. Information about the sequence of the coding region of a gene is best obtained from:
1) a YAC clone.
2) a genomic clone.
3) a cDNA clone.
4)the protein.
7. A chromatography method that can be used specifically to purify proteins based on their
charge is:
1)gel filtration chromatography.
2)ion-exchange chromatography.
3)DNA affinity chromatography.
4)antibody affinity chromatography.
8. A nonsense mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that results in:
1) a small deletion or insertion.
2)an amino acid change in the protein encoded by the gene.
3) a premature stop codon.
4)all of the above.
5)none of the above.
9. A protein complex involved in degradation of proteins within the cell is known as the:
1)ubiquitin/proteasome system.
2)molecular chaperone.
3)chaperonin.
4)ribosome.
5)Krebs/TCA cycle.
10. ___binds to the repressor and turn on the transcription of the structural genes in the
Lac operon.
1)cAMP
2)lactose
3)allolactose
4)CRP
11. Which of the following RNA species is involved in degradation of the mRNA
containing complementary sequence
1)miRNA
2)siRNA
3)tRNA
4)5S RNA
5)U3 snRNA
12. The genome sequencing projects are confirming the theory that genome size is directly
proportional to the number of genes contained within that genome. In other words, a genome that is 10 times as big will contains approximately 10 times as many protein coding genes.
1) True 2) False
13. HeLa cells, derived from a human cervical carcinoma, are able to propagate
indefinitely in culture and are therefore known as a(n):
1)tissue culture.
2)tumor.
3)transgenic cell line.
4)immortalized cell line.
14. E. coli cells are smaller than yeast cells.
1) True2) False
15. Which of the following domains is not a DNA binding domain
1)Proline-rich domains
2)Helix-turn helix domains
3)Zinc finger domains
4)Basic domains
16. The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases distinguish between about 40 different shaped tRNA molecules in the cells.
1) True 2) False
PART III: SHORT QUESTIONS (8 points each)
1.How do bacterial replication start and accomplished. Remember to include the
proteins/enzymes and important DNA sequence involved in this process.
Initiation (3 points):
a)replication of the bacterial chromosome is tightly coupled to the growth cycle.
b)The E. coli origin is within the genetic locus oriC that contains four 9 bp binding
sites for the initiator protein DnaA.
c)Synthesis of DnaA is coupled to growth rate so that the replication of the bacterial
chromosome is coupled to the growth cycle.
d)Once the cellular level of DnaA reaches a critical level, DnaA protein forms a
complex of 30-40 molecules at the oriC DNA, which facilitates melting of three
13 bp AT-rich repeat sequences to allow binding of DnaB protein.
e)DnaB protein is a DNA helicase that utilizes the energy of ATP hydrolysis to
melt dsDNA.
f)The ssDNA created by DnaB is coated with single-stranded binding protein (Ssb)
to protect it from breakage and to prevent the DNA renaturing.
g)The DNA primase then attaches to the DNA and synthesizes a short RNA
primer to initiate synthesis of the leading strand of the first replication fork.
Unwinding (1 point)
i.For replication to proceed away from the origin, DNA helicases must travel
along the template strands to open the double helix for copying, which is
accomplished by the joint efforts of DnaB and Ssb.
ii.Unwinding causes positive supercoiling of the unwound DNA; the positive supercoiling is relaxed continuously by the introduction of further negative
supercoils by type II topoisomerase called DNA gyrase.
Elongation (3 points)
a)Initiation of the replication of the lagging strand. As the newly formed replication
fork displaces the parental lagging strand, a mobile complex called a primosome, which includes the DnaB helicase and DNA primase, synthesizes RNA primers
every 1000-2000 nt on the lagging strand.
b)Both leading and lagging strand primers are elongated by DNA polymerase
III holoenzyme. This multisubunit complex is a dimmer, one half synthesizing
the leading strand and the other the lagging strand.
c)Lagging strand synthesis. DNA polymerase III holoenzyme:α subunit -the actual
polymerase, ε-a 3’→5’ proofreading exonuclease. DNA polymerase I removes the lagging strand primers and fills in the resulted gaps. DNA ligase makes the final
phosphodiester bond between fragments.
Termination and segregation (1 points)
i.Two replication forks meet at the terminator sites (terminus)
ii.tus gene product binds to the terminus and acts as an inhibitor of DnaB helicase.
iii.When replication is completed, the two interlinked daughter circles are unlinked by topoisomerase IV.
2.Design experiments to clone a yeast gene and express this gene in yeast.
Clone (4 points):
a)PCR amplification of the gene of interest, including two proper restriction sites at
the ends of the PCR amplified DNA
b)Choose a cloning vector: it could be a regular cloning vector that is capable of
propagating in E. coli, easy to extract from E. coli and manipulated in test tubes.
It could also be a shuttle and expression vector that also contains the yeast 2μ
origin to allow the plasmid replication in yeast, the selective marker to allow the
plasmid containing cells grow, the promoter to allow the gene of interest to be
transcribed, a poly(A) site for addition of poly(A) tail on the transcript.
No matter what type of the vector is chosen, plasmid shall be prepared from the E.
coli cells.
c)Restriction digestion of both plasmid and the gene of interest with the same
restriction sites.
d)Ligation and transformation
e)Selection and identification of the transformants to obtain the clone containing the
right recombinant plasmid.
Expression (4 points):
f)If a shuttle and expression vector is chosen as described in step②, the expression
process will include 1preparation of the recombinant DNA from E. coli cells,
2transformation of yeast cells with the recombinant DNA, 3selection of the
transformants, 4growth of the transformants, 5expression of the gene by induction
of the transcription from the promoter and 6detection of the expressed RNA and/or protein. Induction is not required if a constitutive promoter is used. (4 points)
g)If a regular cloning vector is chosen as described in step②, a subclone need to be
obtained to allow the gene of interest being cloned into a shuttle and expression
vector same as described in step②. Then expression is performed the same as
described in ⑥.
3.Below is the multiple cloning site (MCS) of the plasmid vector pUC18 and the
N-terminal and C-terminal sequence of protein X. Note that the MCS constitutes a part of the LacZ open reading frame. Suppose that you are going to clone the protein X gene into pUC18, so that your target gene is transcribed under the control of LacZ
promoter, and translated with the LacZ gene to produce a fusion protein. You are
requested to use Bam HI and Pst I to the clone X gene, please add these restriction sites on the corresponding position of the X gene. Remember to maintain the
reading frame of the X gene with the LacZ gene
(1) MCS of pUC18
Eco RI Sac I Kpn I Sma I Bam HI Xba I Sal I Pst I
ACG AAT TCG AGC TCG GTA CCC GGG GAT CCT CTA GAG TCG ACC TGC AGG CAT GCA
Thr Asn Ser Ser Ser Val Pro Gly Asp Pro Leu Glu Ser Thr Cys Arg His Ala
Lac Z
(2) N-terminal sequence of X gene. ATG ACC CCU CAU AAC GGC GAC…
Met Thr Pro His Asn Gly Asp…
(3) C-terminal sequence of X gene. …GAU AGU ACA GCU GCC AAG TAA
… Asp Ser Thr Ala Ala Lys
ANSWER: G GAT CC N ATG ACC CCU CAU AAC GGC GAC (N-terminus)
GAU AGU ACA GCU GCC AAG TAA C TGC AG (C-terminus)
PART IV: MAJOR QUESTIONS (20 points each)
1: Please describe how an mRNA gene is transcribed, processed and translated in human cells. What are the possible mechanisms in regulating the expression of this gene?
a)Transcription: focusing on transcription initiation described on p222 of the
text book. (5 points)
b)Processing:5’ cappin g (addition of a m7G to the 5’ end of the RNA pol II
transcript catalyzed by mRNA guanyltransferase/capping enzyme ) (1.5 point),
intron splicing (removal of intron by splicesome that contains 5 snRNAs and
many proteins. First step- cleavage at 5’ splice site and the conserved A being
linke d to the 5’-end of the intron, second step-3’cleavage and exon ligation)
(2 points), 3’cleavage and polyadenylation (First-assembly of the
recognition complex on the polyadenylation site, second-poly(A)
polymerase/PAP cleaves the transcript at this site, third- PAP adds up to 250
A residues to the 3’end of the transcript) (1.5 point).
c)Translation: Initiation, elongation and termination (p276, 278) (5 points)
d)Regulation: Firstly, regulation can occur at the transcription level, for
example, through interaction of the transcription factors with the promoter or
URE to activate or repress the transcription (2.5 point). Secondly, regulation
can occur at the post-transcription level, for example, alternative transcription
or alternative poly(A) site (2.5 points).
2 (20 points): A bacterium is found to metabolize a rare sugar produced by a plant that the bacteria grow on. However, the bacteria prefer glucose as the energy source. The problem is, if you want to finish this course with a satisfied score, you must figure out the regulatory mechanism that the bacteria used to determine the sugar choice.
The gene involving in the rare sugar metabolism has been identified as fun3. You can use northern blot to analyze the expression of fun3 and use DNA footprinting to analyze the binding of proteins to the control elements of fun3 gene. The following table shows the experimental results
Questions:
1.Please propose a mechanism to explain the above results. You should focus on the
question “How does the expression of fun3 gene is tightly regulated so that it is only highly expressed when the rare sugar is the only carbon source”. You must answer what proteins A, B and C are. (8 points)
Pr otein A-repressor, protein B-RNA polymerase, protein C-CRP/CAP
Regulatory mechanism:
i.In the absence of rare sugar, the repressor protein binds to the promoter
region preventing the binding of RNA polymerase, transcription of the
fun3 gene is not possible. Therefore, no fun3 RNA is observed.
ii.In the presence of rare sugar, repressor protein cannot bind to the promter, allowing the RNA polymerase to bind and initiate transcription. However,
the promoter of the fun3 gene may be a weak promoter, transcription is
not efficient in the absence of activator. The activator of the fun3 gene
transcription is regulated by glucose level. The absence of glucose
activates the activator protein and allows the protein binding upstream of
the promoter to activate the transcription of fun3.
2.How is protein A regulated? (2 points)
(1)glucose turns the repressor on
(2)glucose turns the repressor off
(3)the rare sugar turns the repressor on
(4)the rare sugar turns the repressor off
3.How is protein C regulated? (2 points)
(1)glucose turns the activator on
(2)glucose turns the activator off
(3)the rare sugar turns the activator on
(4)the rare sugar turns the activator off
4.How could you make the bacteria always use the rare sugar as the energy source even
in the presence of glucose? (8 points)
The simplest way: Change the promoter of fun3 gene to a strong promoter containing all the consensus sequence. Thus, fun3 gene is always highly expressed when rare sugar exists.
(其他的答案也可以酌情给分)
武汉大学分子生物学真题2001-2014
一.解释概念(20分,每个4分) 卫星DNA 复制体逆转座子反式激活因子衰减子与衰减作用 三、问答题(50分) 1. 说出双链DNA复制起始有关的五种重要的酶或蛋白并简述它们的功能。(15分) 2. 简述增强子的特点和性质及作用机制。(10分) 3. 简述真核RNA聚合酶II的转录起始复合物装配过程和转录起始(15分) 4. DNA限制性内切酶EcoRI是人们熟悉的常用内切酶,它是在大肠杆菌 (E.coli)R株中发现的,它被广泛用于分子克隆操作和DNA分析。pUC质粒是常用克隆载体之一,它的多克隆位点上有EcoRI、BamHI、KpnI、HindIII等酶切点。假如要你把一段由EcoRI切割产生的外源DN**段克隆到pUC质粒中,并把重组质粒转化大肠杆菌R株来扩增,已知条件是所用的R菌株中只有EcoRI一种限制性内切酶,你设计如何做才能确保成功?为什么?(10分) 武汉大学2002分子生物学 三.问答: 1.简述(或绘图说明)真核细胞RNA聚合酶II转录的起始需要哪些基本转录因子及其装配过程(15分) 2.简述(或绘图说明)色氨酸操纵子弱化的机制(15分) 3.在讨论基因家庭时经常提到胚胎、胎儿和成体形成的蛋白质,这些述语是指什么现象?可用什么术语来描述这一类基因家族(5分) 4. 你正在进行Southern blot分析,并刚刚完成凝胶电泳部分,下一步是将胶浸泡在NaOH溶液中使DNA变性为单链,为了节约时间,你跳过这一步,直接把DNA 从胶上转到硝酸纤维素膜上,你将标记好的探针与膜杂交,却发现放射自显影结果是一片空白,哪里错了呢?(5分)
一、下列名词翻译成中文，并简要解释 1、Domains and motifs 2、Alternative splicing 3、Reporter genes 4、The PCR cycle 5、Restriction mapping 6、Multiple cloning sites 7、DNA libraries 8、Proteomics 9、Replicon 10、Semi-conservative replication 二、简答题(共5题,每题8分,共40分) 1、请列举三种以上蛋白质纯化技术,并说明不同纯化技术的简单原理。 2、简述DNA损伤与DNA突变之间的区别与相互关系。 3、简述密码的简并性(degeneracy)和同义密码子(synonymous codon)及其在生物学上的重要性。 4、简述原核生物转录起始与转录终止过程中所涉及的主要蛋白质和核酸结构及其具体作用。 5、简述cDNA文库的构建过程。 三、论述题(共5题,1-4题每题15分,第5题10分,共70分) 1、人类基因组计划完成的社会意义和科学意义是什么？ 2、什么是操纵子(operon)？试说明色氨酸操纵子(Trp operon)在原核基因表达调控中的调控机制和重要作用。 3、请简要解释顺式作用元件与反式作用因子,并举二例加以说明它们的相互作用方式。 4、试说明真核细胞与原核细胞在基因转录、翻译及DNA的空间结构方面存在的主要差异,表现在哪些方面？ 5、限制性核酸内切酶有哪几种类型？哪一种类型的限制酶最适合于基因工程,为什么？请简要说明其理由。
商务英语泛读 期末考试试卷
..... 商务英语泛读期末考试试卷 一、Reading in Depth Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.(将正确答案的序号填入题中的括号内，错选、多选均不得分。本大题共30小空，每空1分,共30分) TEXT A Every year in the first week of my English class, some students inform me that writing is too hard. They never write, unless assignments __1__ it. They find the writing process __2_ and difficult. How awful to be able to speak in a language but not to write in it --- __3__ English, with its rich vocabulary. Being able to speak but not write is like living in an __4__ mansion(豪宅) and never leaving one small room. When I meet students who think they can’t write, I knots, as a teacher my __5__ is to show them the rest of the rooms. My task is to build fluency while providing the opportunity inherent in any writing activity to __6__ the moral and emotional development of my students. One great way to do this is by having students write in a journal in class every day. Writing ability is like strength training. Writing needs to be done __7__, just like exercise; just as muscles grow stronger with exercise, writing skills improve quickly with writing practice. I often see a rise in student confidence and __8__ after only a few weeks of journal writing. Expressing oneself in writing is one of the most important skills I teach to strengthen the whole student. When my students practice journal writing, they are practicing for their future academic, political, and __9__ lives. They build skills so that some day they might write a great novel, a piece of sorely needed legislation, or the perfect love letter. Every day that they write in their journals puts them a step __10_ to fluency, eloquence （雄辩），and command of language. TEXT B Fire can 11 many things. It is dangerous to everyone, but it is 12 useful. We cannot live without 13.In other words, fire is both the 14 and enemy of us. This 15 on whether we use it wisely or not.
浙教版七下科学期末试卷及答案教学内容
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2020年(生物科技行业)考研武汉大学分子生物学名词
（生物科技行业）考研武汉大学分子生物学名词
ModificationofDNAorRNA(DNA或RNA修饰)：在最初合成聚核苷酸链之后核苷酸上所做的任何改变。 Modifiedbases(修饰碱基)：除通常在DNA(T、C、G、A)和RNA(U、C、G、A)四种碱基以外的碱基，通常是在核酸合成后发生改变。Molecularchaperone(分子伴侣)：协助壹些蛋白质装配或者恰当折叠所需的蛋白质，但这种蛋白质且不是靶复合物的成分。 MonocistronicmRNA(单顺反子mRNA)：编码壹个蛋白质的mRNA。Monolayer(单细胞层)：指真核细胞在培养基上生长，只能形成壹个细胞深度的壹层。 Morphogen(形态发生因子)：诱导特别细胞型以依赖其浓度形式发育的因子。MPF(促成熟因子)：是二聚体激酶，包括p34催化亚基和周期蛋白调控亚基，其激活能引发有丝分裂进行。 MtDNA：线粒体DNA。 MTOC：见微管组织中心。 Multicopyplasmids(多拷贝质粒)：以大于壹个拷贝出当下细菌中的质粒。Multiforkedchromosome(多叉染色体)：在细菌中，有壹个之上复制叉，因为在第壹个复制循环结束之前第二个就已开始。 Multimericprotein(多亚基蛋白质)：由壹个之上亚基组成的蛋白质。
Mutagens(诱变剂)：通过诱导DNA上的突变增加突变率的物质。 Mutation(突变)：指基因组DNA序列上的任何改变。Mutationfrequency(突变频率)：在种群中某个突变被发现的频率。Mutationrate(突变率)：某个突变发生的速率，通常用每个基因每代出现的次数表示。 Myeloma(骨髓瘤细胞)：起源淋于巴细胞的壹个肿瘤细胞株，通常产生壹种免疫球蛋白质。 N Negativecomplementation(负互补)：当等位基因间互补允许多亚基蛋白质中突变亚基抑制野生型亚基的活性时发生。 Negativeregulators(负调控物)：通过关闭转录或者翻译来行使功能。Negativesupercoiling(负超螺旋)：双链DNA在空间以双螺旋链旋转方向相反的方向形成的扭曲。 Neutralsubstitution(中性置换)：蛋白质中不改变活性氨基酸的变化。 Nick(切口)：指双链DNA中壹条链上俩个相邻核苷酸间缺少磷酸二脂键。Nicktranslation(切口平移)：指大肠杆菌中DNA聚合酶I能够将切口作为壹个起点，将双链DNA中的壹条链分解且用新物质重新合成新链代之。可用来在体外
武汉大学《分子生物学》复习题库及答案
考试复习重点资料（最新版） 资料见第二页 封 面 第1页
分子生物复习题及答案 一、填空题 1．病毒ΦX174及M13的遗传物质都是单链DNA。 2．AIDS病毒的遗传物质是单链RNA。 3．X射线分析证明一个完整的DNA螺旋延伸长度为3.4nm。 4．氢键负责维持A-T间（或G-C间）的亲和力 5．天然存在的DNA分子形式为右手B型螺旋。 二、选择题（单选或多选） 1．证明DNA是遗传物质的两个关键性实验是：肺炎球菌在老鼠体内的毒性和T2噬菌体感染大肠杆菌。这两个实验中主要的论点证据是（C）。 A．从被感染的生物体内重新分离得到DNA作为疾病的致病剂 B．DNA突变导致毒性丧失 C．生物体吸收的外源DNA（而并非蛋白质）改变了其遗传潜能 D．DNA是不能在生物体间转移的，因此它一定是一种非常保守的分子E．真核心生物、原核生物、病毒的DNA能相互混合并彼此替代 2．1953年Watson和Crick提出（A）。
A．多核苷酸DNA链通过氢键连接成一个双螺旋 B．DNA的复制是半保留的，常常形成亲本-子代双螺旋杂合链 C．三个连续的核苷酸代表一个遗传密码 D．遗传物质通常是DNA而非RNA E．分离到回复突变体证明这一突变并非是一个缺失突变 3．DNA双螺旋的解链或变性打断了互补碱基间的氢键，并因此改变了它们的光吸收特性。以下哪些是对DNA的解链温度的正确描述？（C、D）A．哺乳动物DNA约为45℃，因此发烧时体温高于42℃是十分危险的B．依赖于A-T含量，因为A-T含量越高则双链分开所需要的能量越少 C．是双链DNA中两条单链分开过程中温度变化范围的中间值 D．可通过碱基在260nm的特征吸收峰的改变来确定 E．就是单链发生断裂（磷酸二酯键断裂）时的温度 4．DNA的变性（A、C、E）。 A．包括双螺旋的解链B．可以由低温产生 C．是可逆的D．是磷酸二酯键的断裂 E．包括氢键的断裂
七年级下册科学期末试卷(含答案)
期末测试卷 (考试时间：90分钟总分：100分) 班级学号姓名得分 一、选择题(每小题只有一个正确选项，每小题2分，共50分) 1、下列历法中，以月相变化为依据的是（ A ） A、阴历 B、阳历 C、阴阳历 D、公历 2、下列不属于女性第二性征的是（ D ） A、声调较高 B、骨盆宽大 C、乳腺发达 D、饭量增加 3、地球自转时围绕的旋转中心是（D ） A、太阳 B、经线 C、北极星 D、地轴 4、被子植物生长发育成熟后，会开花结果，在花的结构中，发育成果实的是（ D ） A、柱头 B、花药 C、胚珠 D、子房 5、关于物体所受重力的方向，下列表示正确的是（ C ） 6、地中海上的斯特龙博火山，它每隔两三分钟就要喷发一次，夜间在150千米外都能看到火山喷发的红光， 被海上过往的船只称为“地中海的灯塔”，该火山属于（ B ） A、死火山 B、活火山 C、休眠火山 D、都不是 7、当北京时间是正午12∶00时，代表悉尼（东10区）时间是（A ） 8、2008年5月12日14时28分，四川省汶川县发生了里氏8.0级地震，伤亡惨重。地震时，正确的逃生 和自救措施非常重要，以下措施错误 ．．的是A A、在室外跑到坚固的楼内躲避 B、快速离开房间,跑到空旷的地方 C、在室外，避开高大建筑物或危险物，双手护头蹲下 D、被埋压在废墟下，不要急躁，想办法维持生命，寻求救援 9、根据右边等高线地形图得到以下信息，正确的是( B )
A 、C 处是山脊 B 、D 处是峭壁 C 、A 位于B 的西南方 D 、海拔最高的是B 处 10、下列现象与地球公转运动密切相关的是（ B ） A 、东边日出西边日落 B 、夏天较热冬天较冷 C 、初一新月十五满月 D 、太阳黑子时多时少 11、国庆节，下列四个城市中白昼最长的城市是（C ） A 、北京 B 、杭州 C 、广州 D 、哈尔滨 12、光学实验课时，小叶用激光灯对着光滑的大理石地面照射，无意中发现对面粗糙的墙壁上会出规一个明亮的光斑，而光滑地面上的光斑很暗，对此现象解释较合理的是（D ） A 、地面吸收了所有的光 B 、墙壁对光发生漫反射 C 、地面对光发生漫反射 D 、墙壁对光发生镜面反射 13、在四川汶川抗震救灾中，空降兵乘 飞机空降到灾区。伞兵跳下飞机后，人和伞在匀速下落的过程中，以下说法正确的是( A ) A 、人和伞受到的重力等于空气阻力 B 、人和伞受到的重力大于空气阻力 C 、人受到的重力大于伞对人的拉力 D 、人受到的重力小于伞对人的拉力 14、如图所示，在弹簧测力计的两侧沿水平方向各加4N 拉力并使其保持静止，此时弹簧测力计的示数为 （ C ） A 、0N B 、2N C 、4N D 、8N 15、关于光学器材或设备．下列说法错．误． 的是 ( C) A 、照相机、幻灯机们镜头都相当于凸透镜 B 、潜望镜利用了光的反射 C 、近视眼是将像成在了视网膜的后面 D 、电视机的遥控器可以发射出红外线 16、图中画了两个力的图示，下列说法正确的是（ D ） A 、F 1>F 2 B 、F 1=F 2 C 、F 1 2002年 三、问答： 1、简述（或绘图说明）真核细胞RNA聚合酶II转录的起始需要哪些基本转录因子及其装配过程（15分） 2、简述（或绘图说明）色氨酸操纵子弱化的机制（15分） 3、在讨论基因家庭时经常提到胚胎、胎儿和成体形成的蛋白质，这些述语是指什么现象？可用什么术语来描述这一类基因家族（5分） 4、你正在进行Southern blot分析，并刚刚完成凝胶电泳部分，下一步是将胶浸泡在NaOH溶液中使DNA变性为单链，为了节约时间，你跳过这一步，直接把DNA从胶上转到硝酸纤维素膜上，你将标记好的探针与膜杂交，却发现放射自显影结果是一片空白，哪里错了呢？（5分） 2001年 三、问答题（50分） 1．说出双链DNA复制起始有关的五种重要的酶或蛋白并简述它们的功能。（15分） 2．简述增强子的特点和性质及作用机制。（10分） 3．简述真核RNA聚合酶II的转录起始复合物装配过程和转录起始（15分） 4． DNA限制性内切酶EcoRI是人们熟悉的常用内切酶，它是在大肠杆菌（E.coli）R株中发现的，它被广泛用于分子克隆操作和DNA分析。pUC质粒是常用克隆载体之一，它的多克隆位点上有EcoRI、BamHI、KpnI、HindIII等酶切点。假如要你把一段由EcoRI切割产生的外源DNA片段克隆到pUC质粒中，并把重组质粒转化大肠杆菌R株来扩增，已知条件是所用的R菌株中只有EcoRI一种限制性内切酶，你设计如何做才能确保成功？为什么？（10分） 2003年分子生物学 一。下列名词翻译成中文，并简要解释4*10 1.Domains and motifs 2. Alternative splicing 3.Reporter genes 4. The PCR cycle 5.Restriction mapping 6.Multiple cloning sites 7.DNA libraries 8.Proteomics 9.Replicon 10. semi-conservative replication 二。简答题8*5 总计40分 1. 请列举三种以上的蛋白质纯化技术，并说明不同技术的简单原理。 2. 说说DNA损伤与DNA突变之间的区别和相互关系。 3. 简述密码的简并性（degeneracy）和同义密码子（synonymous codon）及其在生物上的重要性。 4. 简述原核生物转录起始与转录终止过程中涉及到的主要蛋白质和核酸结构及其具体作用。 5. 简述cDNA文库的构建过程。 三。问答题（1-4每题15，5题10，总计70） 1. 人类基因组计划完成的社会意义和科学意义是什么？ 2. 什么是操纵子（operon）?试说明色氨酸操纵子（Trp operon）在原核基因表达调控中的调控机制和重要作用。 3. 简要解释顺式作用元件与反式作用因子，并举二例说明他们的相互作用方式。 4. 试说明真核细胞与原核细胞在基因转录，翻译及DNA的空间结构方面存在的主要差异，表现在哪些方面？ 5. 限制性核酸内切酶有哪几种类型？哪一种类型的限制酶最适合于基因工程，为什么？请简要说明理由。 2004年武汉大学硕士研究生入学考试分子生物学试卷 一名词翻译与解释 1synonymous codons 2RNA editing 3Spliceosome 4Microarray 5Plaque hybridization 6Open reading frame 7Ribozyme 8RFLP A. Vocabulary 1. Erika has a wonderful ______ for learning languages quickly; she speaks at least five. a. benefit b. knack c. form d. gain 2. Martin was offered a(n) ______ contract from the company despite his lack of education. a. portraying b. appealing c. dangerous d. exporting 3. Once thought to be impossible, researchers have actually found bacteria ______ beneath an Antarctic glacier. a. exporting b. viewing c. thriving d. launching 4. After the break-up with her boyfriend, Amanda suffered some ______ weight loss. a. notable b. traditional c. serialized d. glamorous 5. A person who operates a chainsaw and slices through trees is called a ______. a. tosser b. gutter c. collector d. logger 6. A person who disposes of animal carcasses is a ______. a. window washer b. roadkill collector c. sewer worker d. movie director 7. After working in my garden all day, my clothes got very ______. a. chilly b. dangerous c. traditional d. filthy 8. When buying chicken at the supermarket, the butcher will have already removed all the ______. a. innards b. carcasses c. elements d. prospects 9. Although Batman is strong and extremely intelligent, he does not possess any ______ abilities such as flying or x-ray vision. a. brutal b. superhuman c. traditional d. defensive 10. During the royal ceremony the gold ______ was delicately placed upon the King’s head. a. collector b. cup c. debate d. crown 11. The story of The Tortoise and the Hare is the ______ fable which teaches us not to be arrogant and lazy. a. brutal b. undisputed c. legendary d. filthy 12. The politician’s natural ______ with everyday people certainly gave him an advantage over his opponents. a. crown b. victory c. debate d. charisma 13. Children can often learn a new language by ______ the words spoken by those around them. a. mimicking b. creating c. debating d. inferring 七 下 期 末 考 试 科 学 试 题 一、选择题（每小题1分，共计25分） 1．你见过香蕉的种子吗？当你切开香蕉时，里面的黑点就是香蕉种子，不过这些种子已经退化。因此人们常用香蕉地下茎上长出的芽来培育幼苗，这种生殖方式属于（ ） A 、有性生殖 B 、无性生殖 C 、分裂生殖 D 、孢子繁殖 2．耳的结构中，能接受声波并转化为振动的是（ ） A 、耳廓 B 、鼓膜 C 、听小骨 D 、耳道 3．下列物体中，属于光源的是 （ ） A 、地球 B 、金星 C 、月亮 D 、太阳 4．据右图可知，人在一生中快速生长 的时期分别是（ ）。 A 、a 时期和b 时期 B 、b 时期和c 时期 C 、c 时期和d 时期 D 、a 时期和c 时期 5．下列属于电磁波的是（ ） A 、超声波 B 、水面波 C 、可见光 D 、次声波 6．小明很喜欢吃绿豆芽。可是绿豆芽是如何 长出来的呢？他特意向菜市场里卖豆芽的老伯伯 咨询。老伯伯告诉他，要想得到又长又白的豆芽 需要将绿豆种子放在底部有孔的塑料桶内，上面再 盖一层布。要经常向桶内浇水，但又不能将绿豆泡 在水中。不浇水时可将桶盖好，放在温暖的地方，过不多久就会长出豆芽。由此看来，下列哪项不是种子萌发的必需条件（ ） A 、水分 B 、空气 C 、阳光 D 、适宜温度 7．教室里的电风扇在转动的过程中，消耗的能量是 （ ） A 、机械能 B 、电能 C 、化学能 D 、声能 8．我国古代有位诗人乘船远眺，两岸风光尽收眼底，他深有感触，写下了动人的词句：“满眼风光多闪灼，看山恰似走来迎，……”。诗人选取的参照物是（ ） A 、山 B 、水 C 、风 D 、船 9．某同学选用焦距是5厘米的凸透镜做实验时，把烛焰放在凸透镜前13厘米处，移动光屏，在光屏上得到一个清晰的像，则像是 （ ） A 、倒立、放大的实像 B 、倒立、缩小的虚像 C 、倒立、缩小的实像 D 、正立、放大的虚像 10．如图所示，用撬棒撬石头，手握在撬棒的末端比握在撬棒的中部要省力些；这说明力的 作用效果与下列哪个因素有关（ ）。 A 、力的大小 B 、力的方向 C 、力的作用点 D 、施力物体 11．下列各种运动中，速度最大的是 （ ） A 、拖拉机在10分钟内行驶了2.4千米 B 、某同学用1分45秒骑自行车行驶了1000米 C 、百米赛跑的世界记录是9.85秒 D 、载重汽车在城区行驶的限制速度是30千米/小时 12 ．使用弹簧秤前，应先调节指针指在零刻度线上，再观察其量程。若指针指在零刻度线下方b 时期 a 时期 c 时期 d 时期 人类的生长曲 体重和 武汉大学 2001 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 一、解释概念(20 分,每个4分) 1. Satellite DNA-卫星DNA,又称串联重复序列，由2~6个核苷酸组成的重复单位组成的串联重复。 2. Replisome-复制体,是指由多种复制相关蛋白组成的复合物。 3.逆转座子，指另一类能够通过逆转酶和整合酶共同作用介导转座的转座子 4. 反式激活因子，一类能结合到顺式作用元件上形式激活作用的蛋白质 5. 衰减子，原核生物操纵子上一段能够显著减弱或终止转录作用的核苷酸序列 衰减作用，指原核生物中根据底物浓度变化来调控基因转录进程的中断与否的一种调控机制。 三、问答题(50 分) 1.说出双链DNA 复制起始有关的五种重要的酶或蛋白并简述它们的功能。(15 分) 2.简述增强子的特点和性质及作用机制。(10 分) 3.简述真核RNA 聚合酶II的转录起始复合物装配过程和转录起始(15 分) 4.DNA限制性内切酶EcoRI是人们熟悉的常用内切酶,它是在大肠杆菌(E.coli)R株中发现的,它被广泛用于分子克隆操作和DNA分析。pUC质粒是常用克隆载体之一,它的多克隆位点上有EcoRI、BamHI、KpnI、HindIII 等酶切点。假如要你把一段由EcoRI切割产生的外源DNA段克隆到pUC 质粒中,并把重组质粒转化大肠杆菌R株来扩增,已知条件是所用的R 菌株中只有EcoRI一种限制性内切酶,你设计如何做才能确保成功?为什么?(10 分) 武汉大学 2002 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 三、问答: 1、简述(或绘图说明)真核细胞RNA 聚合酶II 转录的起始需要哪些基本转录因子及其装配过程(15 分) 2、简述(或绘图说明)色氨酸操纵子弱化的机制(15分) 3、在讨论基因家庭时经常提到胚胎、胎儿和成体形成的蛋白质,这些述语是指什么现象?可用什么术语来描述这一类基因家族(5分) 4、你正在进行Southern blot 分析,并刚刚完成凝胶电泳部分,下一步是将胶浸泡在NaOH 溶液中使DNA 变性为单链,为了节约时间,你跳过这一步,直接把DNA 从胶上转到硝酸纤维 分子生物学名词解释 1、gel electrophoresis(凝胶电泳) 2、restriction endonuclease(限制性内切酶) 3、hybridization(杂交) 4、probe（探针） 5、Autoradiogram（放射自显影） 6、DNA cloning 7、DNA ligase（DNA连接酶） 10、transformants（转化子） 11、copy DNA（cDNA） 12、DNA library 13、colony hybridization（菌落杂交） 14、oligonucleotide（寡聚核苷酸） 15、site-directed mutagenesis（定位突变） 16、shotgun sequencing（鸟枪法测序） 17、contig（叠连群） 18、annotation（注释） 19、transcriptome（转录组） 20、BLAST（基本局部比对搜索工具） （11.7.2015） 21、tandem mass spectrometry（MS-串联质谱） 22、interactome（互作组） 23、DNA foot printing（DNA足迹） 24、insulator（绝缘子） 25、homeodomain（同源结构域） 26、mediator（中介蛋白） 27、bromodomain（同源调节域） 28、chromodomain（染色质结构域） 29、locus control region-LCR（位点控制区域） 30、heterochromatin（异染色质） （11.10.2015） 31、euchromatin（常染色质） 32、epigenetic regulation（表观遗传调控） 33、constitutive expression（组成型表达） 34、operator（操作子） 35、operon（操纵子） 36、CTD（c端结构域） 37、lysogenically（溶源生长） 38、lytically（裂解） 39、prophage（原噬菌体） 40、antitermination（抗终止作用） 41、retroregulation（逆向调控） Unitl The Shadowland of Dreams Sander打磨机 Ordeal严酷考验 cherish :keep fondly in mind 充满感情地怀有 Ion ging :ear nest desire 渴望 prospect:chances of future success 前途superintendent:manager （大楼的）管理人manual :operated by hand 手工操作的 siren塞壬（原指希腊神话中半人半鸟的女海妖，她以美妙歌声吸引水手并使船只触礁沉没）汽笛；诱人的，用手段引人随从自己的意见 sacrifice 牺牲 Gobble up急切的抓住;消耗a freelance writer 自由撰稿人 Coast Guard美国海岸警卫队 down-home: reminiscent 故乡；CD 园生活的 stay the course 持续到底 Unit2 Critical Thinking dysfunctional功能障碍的 wherewithal 资金 herculean力大无比的 egocentricity 自我中心 goo粘性物 brittle脆弱的 abdomen 腹部 arouse启发；〈古〉照耀 inspire sb on a subject使某人明白某问题 Ascend上升；追溯/Descend：下来来源于+from起源于+on袭击+to把身份降至 Unit 3 Recycling monotonous （mono-单+tone调+?ous的）单调的;令人厌倦的 Insignificant 无意义的aid： insignificant talk 废话insignificant person 小人物costume 服装 Scrap废料 Sewage污水 enrage [常用于被动式]使人愤怒aid： be enraged at by sb's conduct因某人的行为而极为 愤怒be enraged with sb.对某人勃然大怒 Unit7 numbers and omens enculturation 文化浸润 auspicious 吉祥的ominous 不吉的 exclaim 惊叫 antiquity 古老 initiation ceremony 成人仪式 Unit 8 Getting Enough Sleep? Dream On deprive 剥夺 lapse [laeps] n.丧失，失效 2013学年第二学期期末模拟考试七年级科学试题卷 （本卷满分100，考试时间90分钟） 考生须知： 1. 全卷满分为100分，考试时间为90分钟。 2. 全卷分“卷Ⅰ”和“卷Ⅱ”两部分，“卷Ⅰ”为选择题卷，“卷Ⅱ”为非选择题卷，共四大题， 37小题。 3. 答题前，请用钢笔或圆珠笔将姓名、考场号、座位号、考生号分别填在答题卷的相 应位置上。 4. 在答题卷上，请按照题号顺序在各题目的答题区域作答，超出答题区域书写的答案 无效，在草稿纸、试题卷上答题无效。 5. g取10牛/千克。 卷Ⅰ 一、选择题（共20小题，每小题2分，共40分） 1. 魅力的蝴蝶是由“毛毛虫”变成的，“毛毛虫”在蝴蝶一生中所处的时期是（▲ ）。 A. 受精卵 B. 幼虫 C. 蛹 D. 成虫 2. 我们经常都能尝到各种各样的美食，请问味觉的形成在（▲ ）。 A. 味蕾 B. 味觉神经 C. 大脑皮层 D. 味觉细胞 3. 下列关于声音传播的说法，错误的是（▲ ）。 A. 声音在气体中传播比在固体和液体中更清晰、更快速 B. 真空不能传声 C. “土电话”是靠固体传声的 D. 老师的讲课声是靠空气传播传播到同学们耳中的 4. 如图所示的四种现象中，属于光的反射的是（▲ ）。 5. 今年“五一”长假期间，小王同学所进行的研究性学习内容是“厨房中的科学”。下列是他所联想到的科学知识，其中错误的是（▲ ）。 A. 静止在水平桌面上的杯子受到的重力和它对桌面的压力是一对平衡力 B. 饺子皮上捏出了漂亮的花边，这是力改变了物体的形状 C. 泼水时，盆留在手中，水由于惯性飞出去 D. 把鸡蛋向碗沿一敲，鸡蛋就破了，是利用力的作用是相互的 共8页，第1页 2015年武汉大学885分子生物学考研真题（B卷）及详解 一、专业术语翻译与解释（共10小题，每小题4分，共40分） 1．Exon 答：Exon中文名称是外显子，是指断裂基因的一部分，包含在一个基因的转录物中，并在核内RNA剪接过程中保存下来成为细胞质中信使RNA的一部分。外显子在编码蛋白基因中处于三个明显的区域：第一部位，不翻译成蛋白质部分，是RNA转录物起始部分的信号并含有引导mRNA到核糖体进行蛋白质合成的顺序；第二部位是含有翻译成蛋白质氨基酸顺序的信息部分；第三部位是转录为mRNA的一部分含有翻译终止和加多腺苷酸尾的信号。 2．Promoter 答：Promoter中文名称是启动子，是指基因中控制基因表达（转录）的起始时间和表达的程度的一个组成部分。启动子本身并不控制基因活动，而是通过与转录因子结合而控制基因活动的。启动子就像"开关"，决定基因的活动。 3．Proteomics 答：Proteomics中文名称是蛋白质组学，是指一种基因组所表达的全套蛋白质，即包括一种细胞乃至一种生物所表达的全部蛋白质。蛋白质组学本质上指的是在大规模水平上研究蛋白质的特征，包括蛋白质的表达水平，翻译后的修饰，蛋白与蛋白相互作用等，由此获得蛋白质水平上的关于疾病发生，细胞代谢等过程的整体而全面的认识。 4．Frame-shift mutation 答：Frame-shift mutation中文名称是移码突变，是指由于插入或缺失非3的倍数个的核苷酸导致阅读框发生移动，随着转译成不正常的氨基酸的一种突变。这种突变通常会导致多肽链上一系列的氨基酸发生变化，严重影响后续蛋白质或酶的结构和功能。 5．Wobble hypothesis 答：Wobble hypothesis中文名称是摆动假说，是解释遗传密码简并性的假说，克里克于1966年提出。具体内容是：对氨基酸专一的密码子的头两个碱基与相应转移RNA上反密码子的第2个和第3个碱基互补配对，而密码子的第3个碱基（3＇端）与反密码子5'端碱基的配对专一性相对较差。在反密码子的5＇位置上常发现次黄嘌呤（Ⅰ）或与之相似，仅能形成2个氢键的嘧啶。 6．Single-strand binding protein 答：Single-strand binding protein中文名称是单链结合蛋白，又称DNA结合蛋白，是指结合于螺旋酶沿复制叉方向向前推进产生的单链区，防止新形成的单链DNA重新配对形成双链DNA或被核酸酶降解的蛋白质，是DNA复制所必须酶。DNA解旋后，DNA分子只要碱基配对，就有结合成双链的趋向。 7．Tandem affinity purification 答：Tandem affinity purification中文名称是串联亲和纯化，是指一种可以经过两步特异性亲和纯化可快速得到生理条件下与靶蛋白质存在真实相互作用的蛋白质来研究体内蛋白质相互作用的新技术。 《商务英语阅读》试题（A 卷） 第 1 页 共8页 《商务英语阅读》试题（A 卷） 第 2页 共8页 教学点： 年级： 专业： 层次: 姓名： 学号： 座位号: 密 封 线内请不要答 题 广东外语外贸大学成人高等教育 商务英语（专科）2018学年第1学期 《商务英语阅读》试题（A 卷） 年级： 考试形式：闭卷 考试时间：90分钟 Part I Multiple Choices (15 points, 1 point each) Direction : There are 15 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four Choices 1. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, _______ and perfected now. A. developed B. have developed C. are being developed D. will have been developed 2. Y ou _______ her in her office last Friday; she’s been out of town for two weeks. A. needn’t have seen B. must have seen C. might have seen D. can’t have seen 3. She’s always been kind to me – I can’t just turn ______on her now that she needs my help. A. my back B. my head C. my eye D. shoulder 4. Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patients do not take drugs _______ directed. A. like B. so C. which D. as 5. The _______ goal of the book is to help bridge the gap between research and teaching, particularly the gap between researchers and teachers. A. joint B. intensive C. overall D. decisive 6. W e can accept your order _______ payment is made in advance. A. in the belief that B. in order that C. on the excuse that D. on condition that 7. The medical experts warned the authorities of the danger of diseases in the _______ of the earthquake. A. consequence B. aftermath C. results D. effect 8. Research universities have to keep up with the latest computer and scientific hardware _______ price. A. on account of B. regardless of C. in addition to D. not to mention 9. I am surprised _______ this city is a dull place to live in. A. that you would think B. by what you are thinking C. that you should think D. with what you were thinking 10. Don’t let the child play with scissors _______ he cuts himself. A. in case B. so that C. now that D. only if 11. They always give the vacant seats to _______ comes first. A. whoever B. whomever C. who D. whom 12. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true _______ it comes to classroom tests. A. when B. since C. before D. after 13. Personal computers are no longer something beyond the ordinary people; they are _______ available these days. A. promptly B. instantly C. readily D. quickly 14. Owing to _______ competition among the airlines, travel expenses have been reduced considerably . A. fierce B. strained C. eager D. critical 15. Doctor often ______uneasiness in the people they deal with. A. smell B. sense C. hear D. tough Part II Word Match (15 points, 1 point each) Direction : Match the following words with their definitions within each group of five words. Write Group 1 1. authentic A. having powers of learning, reasoning or understanding 2. commitment B. twist; changing shape 3. exaggerate C. a promise or decision to do something 4. intelligent D. real; true and accurate 5. distortion E. say more than the truth about something Group 2 6. authority A. basic; central; forming the necessary basis of something 7. donate B. something that is considered more important than other matters 8. substantial C. the right or ability to control 9. priority D. give something for the benefit of others 10. fundamental E. large in size, value or importance Part III Sentence Completion (10 points, 1 point each) 1. George is not only a skillful painter, but also a ______ writer. (talent) 2. The ________ John to Mary was announced in the newspapers yesterday . (engage) 3. I love the movie because the _______ is my favorite. (act) 4. _______ to say , this absent-minded professor left his umbrella in the classroom again. (need) 5. 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