船舶专业英语段落翻译

船舶专业英语段落翻译
船舶专业英语段落翻译

1术语“基本设计”是指对影响造价和性能的船舶主要参数的确定。因此,基本设计包括船舶主尺度、船体线型、动力(数量和种类)的选取,以及船体、机械设备和主要结构的布置。恰当的选取可保证达到设计任务书的要求,例如良好的耐波性能,操纵性,预期的速度,续航力,舱容和载重量。进一步讲,基本设计还包括校核和修改,以满足货物装卸能力,居位舱,客房设施,分舱和稳性标准,干舷和吨位测量,所有这些都是将船舶当成运输、工业化或服务系统的一部分。

2船舶的形状是多种多样的,一艘船可能是一个豪华的海上酒店,载着旅客游世界;也可能是一个浮动的堡垒,扬起导弹发射架;也可能是一个长箱,运输原油,甲板上布满了复杂的管线。这些外部特征的介绍绝不能准确地描述完整的集成的船舶系统——自给自足的,适航的和有足够稳性的,能为船员和货物提供一个安全的处所。这一概念是造船师再设计船舶时必须牢记再心中的,也是今后讨论的基础,不仅仅是在本案中,而是贯穿整本书。

3在仔细研究造船工程各种分支之前,定义一些术语是重要的,一便后面章节学习中使用。这一章的目的是解释这些术语,并让读者熟悉他们。首先,应考虑测量船舶尺寸的尺度,它们就是“主尺度”。正像任何固体一样,船舶要求三维尺度来定义她的尺度,包括船长、船宽和船深。这些将依次讨论。

4典型船舶的主要部分极其术语如图4.1所示。首先,因为上层建筑和甲板室(对船舶性能来说)影响很小,故忽略不计船体当成各个方向都是曲线的中空物体,上层覆盖的是水密甲板。大多数船只有一个对称面,称为中线面,作为船舶的主要参考面。船体形状被该平面切开后就是纵剖面或总剖图。设计水线面是垂直于中线面的平面,去做水平或近于水平的参考面。它可以也可能不平行于龙骨。同时垂直中线面和设计水线面的平面称为横剖面,通常它关于中线对称与中线面垂直并与设计水线面平行的称为水线面,它还可能位于水中也可能不是,通常是关于纵中线对称的,水线面不必平行于龙骨。因此,通过相互垂直平面的剖切,船体曲面形状就很好地展示给我们。图4.2给出了这些平面。

5船舶外表面是一个在两个方向上具有曲度的固体表面,表示这个表面的曲线一般不能用数学表达式绘出,尽管很长时间以来人们一直企图用数学来表达它。因此,很有必要通过尽可能详细的曲线图来描绘船体表面。定义船型的图称为型线图。型线图包括三张图来表示三组剖面图。这三组剖面图是由三个相互垂直的平面与船体外型相交而得到的。

6对船舶设计、建造和安全有重大影响的两个组织是船级社和政府管理机构。前者具有相当长的历史,已经通过规范建立了建造标准,这些规范在保证船舶安全方面做了大量的工作,并没有强迫船东去按照某一船级社的规范去建造他自己的船舶,但可以发现,大多数船都是这样的,船级定义为“按价值高低而划分的等级”。这在转播分级的早期确实是这样的。他代表了船东、货主和保险商的利益,以便某船合理的保险金。船级的起源与名为劳埃德船级社的公司有关,它是最早的船级社。

7在第二章,根据力与力矩的平衡定义静平衡条件。根据牛顿运动定律,如果作用在物体上的合力和力矩为零,则物体将保持静止或匀速运动。

8浮在静水中的船舶受到垂直于浸水表面的静水力作用,在解决浮力和稳性问题已经指出,压力的合力是垂直向上的,正好等于作用在船体上的重力,也就是等于船的重量,如果由静水压引起的外力在船首尾方向和船宽方向求合力的话,可以发现在这两个方向上的合力均为零。考虑一下当船舶在水中以速度V 运动时会发生什么,这种前进运动的效果是会在船体上产生水动压力,从而改变了原先的法向静水压力。如果根据这个修正后的压力系统而产生的力在首尾方向上求合力,可以发现它是与船在水中运动方向相反的,如果在横方向求合力,那么该合力等于零,因为船是左右对称的。

9最早想使用机械力推进船舶是实验性的尝试,在真正实验之前以获得成功。历史上早期由于航行时风力不足及不可靠的持续性就迫使人们去研究其他手段来驱动水中船舶。除了简易的浆或人力橹之外,有证据表明公元前罗马人用明轮舟(动力为牛)来运输士兵去西西里。明轮在东方约在公元7世纪使用。当然,达芬奇设计了许多机械装置来驱动船舶。

10如果当一个外力或力矩作用在船上才使航向偏离增加的话,就说船舶具有航向稳定性。另一方面,如果外力作用消失而船舶航向仍在改变,那么就说该船是不稳定的。一艘方向不稳定的船是不容易操控的,而一艘稳定性好的船需要较少的能量就能由掌舵装置保持在固定航向上。因而两种极端的折中方案是希望

出现的。粗略的讲,方向稳定性和不稳定性可以通过船舶水下侧面积大小来评价。如果船体和附近面积集中在首尾端,那么该船是方向稳定的。

11许多名人试图使用船模或介绍他们是如何用船模来预报实船性能的。这些知名学者包括布格,蒂德曼,牛顿,查普曼,欧拉和波弗埃等。但是知道威廉·弗汝德,才让实船预报成为现实。

12船的强力甲板。船底和船侧的作用就像一个箱形桁材那样抵抗弯曲力矩及作用在结构上的其它载荷。露天甲板、船底和舷侧又构成了以个密闭空间来抵抗海水作用,提供浮力使船浮在水面。其它结构或者直接或者通过支撑主要构件而间接地产生类似贡献,因而它们都有效地发挥作用。

13型线是用来描述船舶的外型,在船舶设计的早期阶段,型线首先用相对较小的比例绘制。为了最终建造出船只,这些较小比例绘制的型线,必须按照足够大的比例重新绘制成精确的形状,从而令船体可能被分段和成型,结构被定置和设计等。通常,这些大比例的是等比例尺寸,这些型线被放置在放样间地板,全尺寸比例被做成样板用来指导裁剪和组建运作。这些方法现在还在使用,但在一些大型船厂,这种全尺度的放样已经被接下来要介绍的方法替代。

14由于一些原因,船舶的结构比其他很多人造结构更复杂一些。另外,为了满足有效载荷还需要从总体上进行准备(吨位测量规则针对商业用船),外部船壳和内部桶槽必须是水密的,能够抵御在大海上遇到的预期负载。外部船壳必须同样遵守好水动力学设计规则,这比陆地上的装载结构在几何学上更为复杂。

15接下来的部分强调将船体相似成单体梁。这实际上是船体结构计算的基本前提,然而,因为复杂的结构和强加上的力,为了检查船舶的强度,在设计中所有的船体结构应力一定要被考虑。因此,为了区别它们的原理和效果,这些应力通常包括两个部分:1船体梁应力2横向局部应力。

16把船体描绘成最简单的设计梁结构,来承受它上面放置的各种重量(包括自重),来抵抗集中重量产生的局部载荷和浮力,和阻止一些肯定发生的动态力。在许多结构上,应力在任何点都必须低于建造材料的许用应力。同样,局部和全局的挠曲也要在安全范围内。

17造船业是一个生产产品(船舶、海洋工程平台,漂浮设备等。) 提供给客户(私人、企业、政府等)的行业。在大多数情况下,产品先按照购买者需要的具体条件被订制,然后才会建造。这同样适用于正在建设中的船只。整个过程可能会根据不同的客户略有差别,但它通常包括以下几个典型阶段。他们可以概括为:

业主的要求阶段

初步/概念设计

合同设计

招标承包

详细设计和规划

建造阶段

18在招标和合同签订之前,完成初步规划。第一步是要确定几个关键阶段的日期,如龙骨铺设、下水、及交船期。修改这些日期,使之留出一定的余量,能够在明确的日子交付,可能是令人满意的。这是管理者的特权。这些关键日期通常展示在船厂施工进度图上,当空的船台越来越少时,这些日期就变得越来越关键(只有一个或两个船台或者建筑用地空余)。为新设计估计船台时间表是非常困难的,特别在必须开发工作或必需使用新设备时。经验在此时是极有价值的,因为很少有时间以任何深入的方式进行分析。

19在现代化新船厂中有一种值得注意的尝试,在最终的建造场地,集合了装配区域和有序的流水线,以此来完成一条材料流水线的装配线。引进昂贵的流水线设备以适应一种船型,

同时保持船厂在建造不同类型的船舶和其他海洋工程平台上的能力,船厂很难在两者之间取得一种平衡,这主要是由市场的不可预料性引起的。在同一时间同一个船厂里建造几个不同类型的船舶这是很平常的,并且它的建设期是从几个月到几年。在大多数的造船工程中对于巨大的支出是需要更加明确的理由的。虽然如此,总体方案还是会采取一些方法借以一条有序的材料流水线来完成。

20在造船中使用电脑开始于20世纪50年代初,并随着时间取得稳步进展。计算机应用从最初用作会计工具,已扩大到很多方面包括标准的海军建筑计算。在船厂中许多现有或潜在的计算机使用并不都是严格涵盖了CAD/ CAM术语。例如,电脑辅助函数的列表可以包括:电脑辅助设计(CAD)

电脑辅助绘图

电脑辅助工程(CAE)

计算机辅助制造(CAM)

电脑辅助材料的定义

计算机辅助工艺规划(CAPP)

应用在造船,包括:

估计

设计

工程

起草

规划

调度

会计

采购

材料控制

数控操作(N/C)

机器

精度控制

质量援助

库存控制

评价

自动化专业英语课文重点句子翻译(精)

In the case of a resistor, the voltage-current relationship is given by Ohm’s law, which states that the voltage across the resistor is equal to the current through the resistor multiplied by the value of the resistance. 就电阻来说, 电压—电流的关系由欧姆定律决定。欧姆定律指出:电阻两端的 电压等于电阻上流过的电流乘以电阻值。 2]It may be that the inductor voltage rather than the current is the variable of interest in the circuit. 或许在电路中,人们感兴趣的变量是电感电压而不是电感电流。 Viewed in this light, it will be found that the analysis of three-phase circuits is little more difficult than that of single-phase circuits. 这样看来,三相电路的分析比单相电路的分析难不了多少。 At unity power factor, the power in a single-phase circuit is zero twice each cycle. 在功率因数为 1时,单相电路里的功率值每个周波有两次为零。 It should be noted that if the polarity of point Awith respect to N ( is assumed for the positive half-cycle, then when used in the same phasor diagram should be drawn opposite to, or 180? out of phase with, . 应该注意,如果把 A 点相对于 N 的极性(定为正半周,那么在用于同一相量图中时就应该画得同相反,即相位差为 180? One problem with electronic devices corresponding to the generalized amplifiers is that the gains, AU or AI, depend upon internal properties of the two-port system. 对应于像广义放大器这样的电子装置,一个问题就是增益 AU 或者 AI ,它们取决于两输入端系统的内部特性。

(完整版)医学专业英语翻译及答案

Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能,对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学;研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用,并牵动骨胳肌,引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一,有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙,里面充填着骨髓,这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动,是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动,如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动,如肘关节;或是绕轴心旋转运动,如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里,大辐度的运动(如肩关节、髋关节)即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来,也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成,然后不断生长、

专业英语翻译

Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 141 (2011) 133–138 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /v e t i m m Short communication Saccharomyces cerevisiae decreases in?ammatory responses induced by F4+enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in porcine intestinal epithelial cells Galliano Zanello a ,b ,1,Franc ?ois Meurens a ,1,Mustapha Berri a ,Claire Chevaleyre a ,Sandrine Melo a ,Eric Auclair b ,Henri Salmon a ,? a Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA),UR1282,Infectiologie Animale et SantéPublique,F-37380Nouzilly (Tours),Indre et Loire,France b SociétéIndustrielle Lesaffre,Lesaffre Feed Additives,Marcq-en-Baroeul,France a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 19October 2010Received in revised form 13December 2010 Accepted 31January 2011Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Pig Intestinal epithelial cells Cytokines Chemokines a b s t r a c t Probiotic yeasts may provide protection against intestinal in?ammation induced by enteric pathogens.In piglets,infection with F4+enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)leads to in?ammation,diarrhea and intestinal damage.In this study,we investigated whether the yeast strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc ,strain CNCM I-3856)and S.cerevisiae variety boulardii (Sb ,strain CNCM I-3799)decreased the expression of pro-in?ammatory cytokines and chemokines in intestinal epithelial IPI-2I cells cultured with F4+ETEC.Results showed that viable Sc inhibited the ETEC-induced TNF-?gene expression whereas Sb did not.In contrast,killed Sc failed to inhibit the expression of pro-in?ammatory genes.This inhibition was dependent on secreted soluble factors.Sc culture supernatant decreased the TNF-?,IL-1?,IL-6,IL-8,CXCL2and CCL20ETEC-induced mRNA.Furthermore,Sc culture supernatant ?ltrated fraction <10kDa displayed the same effects excepted for TNF-?.Thus,our results extended to Sc (strain CNCM I-3856)the inhibitory effects of some probiotic yeast strains onto in?ammation. ? 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1.Introduction Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)are pathogenic gram negative bacteria which infect humans and sev-eral species of farm animals such as calves and pigs.ETEC interacts with intestinal epithelial cells,colonizes the small intestine and secretes enterotoxins such as the heat-labile enterotoxins (LT),the heat-stable enterotox-ins (STa and/or STb),and the enteroaggregative E .coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1(EAST1)(Nagy and Fekete,2005).In pigs,ETEC infection and enterotoxin secretions can induce intestinal in?ammation and diarrhea resulting in reduced growth rate,increased mortality and economic ?Corresponding author.Tel.:+33247427331;fax:+33247427779.E-mail addresses:salmon@tours.inra.fr ,henri.salmon@tours.inra.fr (H.Salmon).1 These authors contributed equally to this work.loss (Fairbrother et al.,2005).Moreover,F4+ETEC strain induce pro-in?ammatory response in intestinal epithe-lial cells (Devriendt et al.,2010).Administration of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae variety boulardii (Sb )has been shown to protect pigs in reducing ETEC transloca-tion (Lessard et al.,2009).In vitro studies showed that Sb secretes soluble factors that decrease the expression of pro-in?ammatory cytokines induced by enteric pathogens (Zanello et al.,2009).However,to our knowledge,there is no in vitro data regarding the anti-in?ammatory effects of S.cerevisiae (Sc )secreted soluble factors.Sc and Sb are members of the same species but they differ geneti-cally,metabolically and physiologically (Edwards-Ingram et al.,2007;Hennequin et al.,2001).Thus,in this study,we assessed if the non-commensal and non-pathogenic yeasts Sc (strain CNCM I-3856)and Sb (strain CNCM I-3799)secreted factors allowing the down-regulation of pro-in?ammatory gene expression in intestinal epithe-lial cells cultured with F4+ETEC.Sc (strain CNCM I-3856) 0165-2427/$–see front matter ? 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.01.018

英语专业 综合英语翻译句子答案

1.Our big old house was closely related with the joys and sorrows of four generations. 2.I planted these roses a long, long time ago before your mother was born. 3.Many sons left home to fight against the Fascist Nazi. 4.Take the first friendly greeting and always keep it deep in your heart. 1.He has prepared answers to the questions that he expects to confront during the interview. 2.His sad story touched us so deeply that we nearly cried. 3.The two of them are walking hand in hand along the river bank, chatting, laughing, and looking happy. 4.When he heart the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes. 5.People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect have much in common. 6.Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years. 7.He finally gave in to his daughter’s repeated requests to further her education abroad. 8.We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday. 9.Although we have parted from eah other, I hope that we will remain good friends and that we will care for and help each other just as we did in the past. 10.At that critical moment, the army commander summoned all the officers to work out new strategies and tactics which would make it possible to conquer the enemy. Unit 2 1.A gracious manner adds the greatest splendour to your image. 2.I firmly believed the note my guest sent me didn’t take long to write. 3.The simple phrase “Excuse me.” made most of your irritation disappear. 4.Being on time is a virtue which belongs not only to the past but also to the present. 5.Y ou shouldn’t accept the other person’s presence without thinking of its importance. 6.Good manners produce the same feelings or actions in others. 1.I am sorry I am late; I was at a meeting and couldn’t get away. 2.At the concert whnever a singer finished singing a beautiful song, the audience would burst into loud cheers to show their appreciation. 3.As a stylish dresser, she is always wearing stylish clothes, but she seldom cares about what she eats or drinks. 4.The nurse tells me that the doctors have done wonders for your heart disease. 5.When awarding the prize, the chairman complimented the winner on his great contribution to mankind. 6.This problem has bothered the experts for many years. 7.The crowd of demonstrators melted away when the police arrived. 8.Since punctuality is a good habit, we should pay much attention to it and make great efforts to cultivate this good habit. 9.The old man cherishes that girl, as if she were his own daughter. 10.It is just a routine physical checkup, nothing to get worried about.

《自动化专业英语》中英文翻译-中文部分

第二部分 控制理论 第1章 1.1控制系统的引入 人类控制自然力量的设计促进人类历史的发展,我们已经广泛的能利用这种量进行在人类本身力量之外的物理进程?在充满活力的20世纪中,控制系统工程的发展已经使得很多梦想成为了现实?控制系统工程队我们取得的成就贡献巨大?回首过去,控制系统工程主要的贡献在机器人,航天驾驶系统包括成功的实现航天器的软着陆,航空飞机自动驾驶与自动控制,船舶与潜水艇控制系统,水翼船?气垫船?高速铁路自动控制系统,现代铁路控制系统? 以上这些类型的控制控制系统和日常生活联系紧密,控制系统是一系列相关的原件在系统运行的基础上相互关联的构成的,此外控制系统存在无人状态下的运行,如飞机自控驾驶,汽车的巡航控制系统?对于控制系统,特别是工业控制系统,我们通常面对的是一系列的器件,自动控制是一个复合型的学科?控制工程师的工作需要具有力学,电子学,机械电子,流体力学,结构学,无料的各方面的知识?计算机在控制策略的执行中具有广泛的应用,并且控制工程的需求带动了信息技术的与软件工程的发展? 通常控制系统的范畴包括开环控制系统与闭环控制系统,两种系统的区别在于是否在系统中加入了闭环反馈装置? 开环控制系统 开环控制系统控制硬件形式很简单,图2.1描述了一个单容液位控制系统, 图2.1单容液位控制系统 我们的控制目标是保持容器的液位h 在水流出流量V 1变化的情况下保持在一定 可接受的范围内,可以通过调节入口流量V 2实现?这个系统不是精确的系统,本系 统无法精确地检测输出流量V 2,输入流量V 1以及容器液位高度?图2.2描述了这 个系统存在的输入(期望的液位)与输出(实际液位)之间的简单关系, 图2.2液位控制系统框图 这种信号流之间的物理关系的描述称为框图?箭头用来描述输入进入系统,以及

各专业的英文翻译剖析

哲学Philosophy 马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism 中国哲学Chinese Philosophy 外国哲学Foreign Philosophies 逻辑学Logic 伦理学Ethics 美学Aesthetics 宗教学Science of Religion 科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 经济学Economics 理论经济学Theoretical Economics 政治经济学Political Economy 经济思想史History of Economic Thought 经济史History of Economic 西方经济学Western Economics 世界经济World Economics 人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学Applied Economics 国民经济学National Economics 区域经济学Regional Economics 财政学(含税收学)Public Finance (including Taxation) 金融学(含保险学)Finance (including Insurance) 产业经济学Industrial Economics 国际贸易学International Trade 劳动经济学Labor Economics 统计学Statistics 数量经济学Quantitative Economics 中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称 国防经济学National Defense Economics 法学Law 法学Science of Law 法学理论Jurisprudence 法律史Legal History 宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law 刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence 民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学) Civil Law and Commercial Law (including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law ) 诉讼法学Science of Procedure Laws

服装专业外语重点段落翻译

Fashion,which is as old as time and as new as tomorrow,is one of the most powerful forces in our lives .It influences what we wear,the way we talk,the foods we eat,the way we live,how and where we travel,what we travel,what we look at,and what we listen to.Fashion is what lead us todiscard a product that is still useful but is no longer ―in‖.It is also what makes us sometimes wear more clothes than we may actually need,and sometimes less than is needed to product us from the ccold or the sun. 流行是这样一种事物,是我们抛弃了还可以使用,但不再时髦的产品。有时候使我们穿比我们真正穿的衣服多,有时候比我们穿抵御严寒酷暑的少。 If there is one absolute constant pertaining to fashion,it is the fact that it is always changing-sometimes rapidly,sometimes slowly,but it is never static or dormant.This element of change is recognized in the definitions of fashion itself cited earlier,by the use of such words as ―prevailing‖or ―a given period of time.‖To ignore the element of change is like looking at a still photograph in place of a motion picture.The still tells you what is happening here and now ;the motion picture shows you what came before and what may lie ahead. 如果存在着一种符合流行的绝对永恒,那就是流行是永远变化着的这一事实,(这种变化)时快时慢,但绝不会固定下来或呈休止状态。 “Fashion is a social phenomenon which reflects the same continuing change that rides through any given age .‖Change in fashion ,he emphasized,‘correspond with the subtle and often hidden network of forces that operate on society……’ “流行是一种社会现象,它反映了任何特定年代同样都要经历的持续变化。‖他强调说:“流行变迁与那些作用于社会的影响力量所具有的微妙,而又常常是暗藏着的系统是一致的。”It is only in restrospect that fashion changes seem marked or sudden .Autually ,they come about as a result of a series of gradual shifts from one season to the next.For example ,when women’s skirts began inching up from midcalf in the 1960s,this gradual shortening was not particularly noticeable at first .It was only when skirts moved thigh-high,in the form of minis and micro-minis ,that people took notice of the approaching extreme.Similarly,when men begin to abandon ultrannarrow ties and suit lapels in favor of more and more width,the changs are not noticed at first. 只有当追溯过去的时候,流行的变迁才显得特别引人注目或突然,实际上,这些变迁的发生是从一个季节到另一个季节的一系列逐渐变化的结果。例如,女裙的逐渐变短的时候并没有被注意到,。 ………………………………………………………… Color can be the basis for a whole group or line .It is the first element to which consumers respond .People relate personally to color,usually either selecting or rejecting a garment beccause of its ccolor appeal.Therefore,designers must cconsider their customers and provide colors that are both appealing and flattering. 色彩是整个款式系列中的基本要素,它是能够引起顾客回应的第一要素。人们把色彩和个人联系起来,他们往往根据颜色来选择或拒绝一件衣服,因此设计师必须考虑他们的顾客,并且提供出令他们喜爱和满意的色彩,消费群体。 In clothing,neutrals such as beige,tan,brown,white ,gray,and black are even more popular than the ccolors just mentioned.The reason is probably that they present a pleasing background for the wearer without completing for attention. Neutrals are part of every season‖s fashion picture ,as either a strong fashion statement or a way to round out a color story. 在服装中,中色调例如灰中色,深褐,褐色,白灰和黑色,甚至还有比刚刚提到的更多的

研究生专业英语第一到第六单元句子翻译修改版

Unit 1 1. 他相当足球明星的梦想随着时间的推移慢慢消退了。 His dream of becoming a football star faded out as time went by. 2. 一架波音747 飞机没有升到足够的高度以飞越那座高山,转瞬间一头撞向大山爆炸了。机上无人生还。 A Boeing 747 aircraft didn 't gain enough height to clear the mountain. In a twinkling, it crashed into the mountain and blew up. No one survived the accident. 3. 学生们可以很容易地获得图书馆的资源,所以他们应该充分地利用好图书馆。Students have easy access to the resources in the library, so they are supposed to make the best of it. 4. 当时世界上最豪华的游轮泰坦尼克号在她前往美国的途中撞到了冰山,结果轮船沉没在大西洋中,成百上千的人死于这场海难。 Titanic, the most luxurious ship in the world at that time , hit an iceberg when she was under way to the US. Consequently, the ship sank into the Atlantic Ocean and thousands of people died in this shipwreck. 5. 每天夏天,游客们都涌向这一著名的海滩。来此享受日光浴的游客像沙丁鱼一样挤满了海滩。 Every summer, all the tourists pour into this famous beach. They lie packed like sardines on the beach to enjoy the sunbathing. 6. 他们曾经到圣路易斯去过一次,对于哪里的新奇事物稍微知道一个大概,可是现在他们的光荣时代已经成过去了。他们从此自知没趣,再也不说话了,而且每逢这个毫不留情的机匠走过来的时候,他们就知道赶快躲开。 The have been to St. Louis once and have a vague general knowledge of its wonders, but the day of their glory is over now. They lapse into humble silence and learn to disappear when the ruthless engineer approaches. Unit 2 1. 有些网络专家认为因特网可以防止战争、减少污染,还能克服种种形式的不平等。Some cyber gurus claim that the Internet will prevent wars, reduce pollution, and combat various forms of inequality. 2. 不可否认,因特网可以增进交流,但他却无法消除战争,因为战争的爆发并不仅仅是由于不同种族间缺乏充分理解而引起的。 Although the Internet undeniably fosters communication, it will not put an end to war, since wars are by no means caused simply by the failure of different peoples to understand each other adequately. 3. 只有当网上的活动能够真正取代现实世界中的行为时,因特网才能帮助节约能源,减少污染。 The Internet can help reduce energy consumption and pollution only if doing things online genuinely displaces real-world activities. 4. 穷人不用因特网并不是因为他们买不起,而是因为他们缺乏必要的技能来有效地利用它,所以提高老百姓的文化水平要比给他们提供上网机会更有意义。 The poor are not shunning the Internet because they cannot afford it. The problem is that they lack the skills to exploit it effectively. Therefore, it makes more sense to aim for universal literacy than universal Internet access.

测绘专业英语原文和部分翻译(1-39)

Table of Contents Uuit 1 What is Geomatics? (什么是测绘学) (2) Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying(大地测量与平面测量) (6) Unit 3 Distance Measurement(距离测量) (10) Unit 4 Angle and Direction Measurement(角度和方向测量) (14) Unit 5 Traversing (导线测量) (17) Unit 6 Methods of Elevation Determination(高程测量方法) (21) Unit 7 Robotic Total Station (智能型全站仪) (25) Unit 8 Errors in Measurement(测量工作中的误差) (29) Unit 9 Basic Statistical Analysis of Random Errors (32) Unit 10 Accuracy and Precision (准确度和精度) (35) Unit 11 Least-Squares Adjustment (38) Unit 12 Geodesy Concepts (40) Unit 13 Geoid and Reference Ellipsoid (42) Unit 14 Datums, Coordinates and Conversions (44) Unit 15 Map Projection (46) Unit 16 Gravity Measurment (48) Unit 17 Optimal Design of Geomatics Network (50) Unit 18 Construction Layout (施工放样) (53) Unit 19 Deformation Monitoring of Engineering Struvture (56) Unit 20 Understan ding the GPS(认识GPS) (59) Uuit 21 Understanding the GPS (II) 认识GPS(II) (62) Unit 22 Competition in Space Orbit(太空轨道上的竞争) (64) Unit 23 GIS Basics(GIS 的基础) (69) Unit 24 Data Types and Models in GIS GIS中的数据类型和模型 (75) Unit 25 Digital Terrain Modeling(数字地面模型) (79) Unit 26 Applications of GIS (83) Unit 27 Developments of photogrammetry (87) Unit 28 Fundamentals of Remote Sensing (遥感的基础) (90) Unit 29 Digital Image Processing and Its Applications in RS (94) Unit 30 Airborne Laser Mapping Technology(机载激光测图技术) (99) Unit 31 Interferometric SAR(InSAR) (102) Unit 32 Brief Introduction toApplied Geophysics (104) Unit 33 Origon of Induced Polarization (105) Unit 34 International Geoscience Organization (108) Unit 35 Prestigious Journals in Geomatics (110) Unit 36 Relevant Surveying Instrument Companies (115) Unit 37 Expression of Simple Equations and Scientific Formulsa (116) Unit 38 Professional English Paper Writing (119) Unit 39 Translation Techniques for EST (127)

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