外文翻译中英文
Wind turbine gearbox Overview
Overview:
Wind turbine gearbox is an important mechanical components, and its main function is to wind round the momentum generated by wind is passed to the generator and make the appropriate speed. Usually wind wheel speed is very low, far less than required by the generator speed, the growth rate effect of the gearbox gear vice, so the gearbox will also be called a growth box. According to the general layout of the unit, sometimes the wind turbine wheel is directly connected to the drive shaft (commonly known as the shaft) and the gear box together as one, shaft and gearbox are arranged, during which the tension device or coupling connected structure. Brakes in order to increase the braking capacity of the unit, often set in the input or output of the gearbox, with the tip brake (fixed pitch wind wheel) or pitch from the brake to the unit drive system combined braking.
Unit installed in the mountains, wilderness, beaches, islands and other outlet by the impact of erratic change to the variable load wind and strong gusts of perennial withstand extreme temperatures and extreme temperature variations, combined with the natural environment in which the traffic inconvenience, The gear box is installed in the narrow space within the tower, once the failure, repair is very difficult, so its reliability and service life are much higher than the average mechanical demands. For example, the requirements of the component materials, in addition to the normal state of the mechanical properties, but also should have the characteristics of low temperature resistance to cold brittleness; should ensure the smooth work of the gear box to prevent vibration and shock; to ensure adequate lubrication conditions, and so on. Huge temperature difference between summer and winter areas, to configure the appropriate
heating and cooling devices. Also set up monitoring points remote operation and lubrication state.
Different forms of wind turbines are not the same requirements, the arrangement of form and structure of the gearbox and therefore vary. The horizontal axis wind turbine in the wind power sector is the most common fixed parallel shaft gear drive and the planetary gear drive.
As mentioned earlier, the wind power generation by natural conditions, the emergence of some special meteorological conditions, all of which might lead to the failure of wind turbine not like small cabin on the ground as a solid base foundation of the entire powertrain power matching and torsional vibration factor is always concentrated reflection of a weak link, and a lot of practice, this link is often the gearbox in unit. Therefore, the strengthening of the gearbox, the great importance of its maintenance work is particularly important.
The design requirements
The design must guarantee to meet the reliability and life expectancy under the premise, to simplify the structure and the lightest. Normally be by CAD design, schedule the best transmission scheme, the choice of design parameters, select reliable components and has good mechanical properties as well as in the environmental extreme temperature remains stable material, and so on.
First, the design load
Gearbox as components of the transmission of power during operation at the same time withstand the dynamic and static load. Dynamic load part depends on the wind wheel, the characteristics and the shaft of the generator, the quality of the coupling stiffness and damping values, as well as the generator of external working conditions. Load spectrum of the wind turbine gearbox design calculation on the basis of the load spectrum by the measured, calculated and determined in accordance with
the standards of the JB/T10300.When the spectrum calculated in accordance with the measured load, the gear box using the coefficient of the KA = 1. When can not get the load spectrum, take the KA = 1.3 for three-bladed wind turbine.
Second, the design requirements
Growth of wind turbine design parameters of the box, except as otherwise provided, is often used to optimize the design, namely the use of computer analysis and calculation, to obtain the optimal design program to meet the constraints.
(A) Efficiency
The efficiency of the gearbox power loss calculation or get measured in the experiment. The power loss including the gear meshing, bearing friction, lubricant splashing and mixing losses, windage loss, and other mechanical damping. The efficiency of the gear under different conditions is inconsistent.
Wind turbine gearbox professional standards require that the mechanical efficiency of the gear box should be greater than 97%, refers to the indicators to be achieved under standard conditions.
(B) noise level
Noise standards for wind power growth rate box for around 85dB (A). The noise from the various transmission parts, it should take the appropriate measures to reduce noise:
1.appropriate increase in the precision gears, tooth repair edge to increase the engagement degree of coincidence;
2 .increase the stiffness of the shaft and bearing;
3.rational arrangement of the shaft and the transmission gear train, to avoid resonance;
4. Installation to take the necessary damping mechanical vibration of the gearbox control GB/T8543 the provisions of the C
(C) Reliability
In accordance with the requirements of the assumed life expectancy of at least 20 years, depending on the load spectrum listed in the load distribution of the fatigue analysis, limit state of the whole and parts of the gear box design and the use of limit state, ultimate strength analysis, fatigue analysis, stability, and deformation limits analysis, dynamic analysis. Analysis methods can be simulated host operating conditions in addition to the usual recommended design calculation method of component testing.
The reliability analysis must be carried out in the beginning of the program design, and again after the completion of the construction design of a detailed reliability analysis of computing, including carefully selected good reliability structures and the reliability of estimates of important spare parts and machine.
Gear box
Many different types of wind turbine gearbox in accordance with the conventional type can be divided into the growth of cylindrical gear boxes, planetary growth box, gear box as well as their combination with each other up; in accordance with the transmission of the series can be divided into single and multi-stage gear box; in accordance with the rotation of the arrangement can be divided into the expansion, diversion, and coaxial-type and mixed type and so on.
Header
The cabinet is made of the important parts of the gearbox, which bear the reaction force generated from the force of the wind wheel and gear drive, you must have sufficient rigidity to withstand the forces and moments to prevent the deformation, to ensure the transmission quality. The cabinet design should be arranged in accordance with the layout of the wind turbine power transmission, processing and assembly conditions,
to facilitate inspection and maintenance requirements to carry out. Should pay attention to the different directions of the bearing support and the base supporting the anti-force and its relative value, select the appropriate support structure and wall thickness, and the addition of the necessary ribs. The location of the tendons shall be consistent with the direction of cabinet deformation caused by force.
Box stress situation is very complex and uneven distribution, only the use of modern calculation methods, such as finite element and fracture mechanics methods supplemented by photoelastic experiment simulates actual working conditions, in order to more accurately calculate the stress distribution situation. Using computer-aided design, can be obtained with the actual stress is very close to the results. Gearbox lubrication
Lubrication of the gear box is very important, good lubrication can serve as adequate protection for gears and bearings. Therefore, we must attach great importance to the lubrication of the gear box, and long-term in the best condition in strict accordance with specifications to maintain lubrication system. The gear box is often used splash lubrication or forced lubrication is more common, usually with forced lubrication.Therefore, with a reliable lubrication system is particularly important. Will be electric gear pump oil from the tank by the oil filter transmitted to the gear box lubrication piping, lubricating the various parts of the gear and transmission pipeline is equipped with a variety of monitoring devices to ensure that the gearbox in operation which does not appear off the oil.
Lubricating oil requirements should be considered:1)reduce the friction and wear, with a high carrying capacity, to prevent the glue; 2)to absorb shock and vibration; 3) to prevent fatigue pitting; 4) cooling, rust, corrosion-resistant. Transmission of different types have different
requirements. Wind turbine gearbox is a type of enclosed gear drives, the main form of failure is glued pitting Therefore, the choice of lubricant, the focus is to ensure adequate oil film thickness and the boundary film strength. Work in a larger temperature difference, the viscosity index is relatively high. To improve the carrying capacity and impact resistance of the gear appropriate to add some extreme pressure additives is also necessary to have some side effects, but the additives must be careful in the choice of when. The gearbox manufacturer generally recommend a variety of lubricants according to their experience or experimental studies, such as MOBIL632,MOBIL630 or L-CKC320 L-CKC220GB5903-95 gear oil is selected according to the tooth surface contact stress and the use of environmental conditions.
Gear damage
Gear damage the impact of many factors, including material selection, design calculations, processing, heat treatment, installation and commissioning, lubrication and maintenance. Common damage of the gear tooth surface damage and tooth broken two.
(A) of the tooth fracture (broken teeth)
断齿常由细微裂纹逐步扩展而成。 Broken teeth is often caused by tiny cracks gradually extended from. 根据裂纹扩展的情况和断齿原因，断齿可分为过载折断（包括冲击折断）、疲劳折断以及随机断裂等。 Crack propagation and the reasons for broken teeth, broken teeth can be divided into overload fracture (including the impact of break), fatigue fracture, as well as random-fracture.
(B) of the tooth surface fatigue
Fatigue of the tooth surface is in contact shear stress and the number of stress cycles under the action of the tooth surface or below the surface of fatigue cracks and further expansion of the tooth surface damage caused by early pitting, its manifestations, destructive pitting , peeling of
the tooth surface and the surface crushing. Especially destructive pitting, often in parts of the gear meshing line, and expanding the serious damage to the tooth surface, and increase the wear and tear, eventually leading to the broken tooth failure. Correct gear strength design, selecting material to ensure the quality of heat treatment, the choice of precision co-ordination, and enhance the mounting accuracy, and improve the lubrication conditions is a fundamental measure to address the fatigue of the tooth surface.
(C) glued
Glue is meshing tooth surface mesh at the boundary film is damaged, resulting in contact with the tooth surface metal to melt the solder and tear off the tooth surface of the metal phenomenon is probably due to poor lubrication conditions, or cause interference, appropriate to improve the lubrication conditions and promptly eliminate the causes of interference, adjust the transmission parameters and clear the local load concentration, reduce or eliminate gluing phenomenon.
Bearing damage
The bearings are the most important parts of the gearbox, its failure will often cause catastrophic damage of the gear box. Bearing during operation between the ring and the rolling surface to withstand repeated the role of the alternating load, due to the installation, lubrication, maintenance and other reasons arising from pitting, cracks, surface spalling and other defects, so that bearing failure, which gear pair and cabinet damage.
Broken shaft
The reason is to eliminate the stress axis in the manufacture of concentrated factor in overload or alternating stress is beyond the fatigue limit of the material.
High oil temperature
The highest gear box oil temperature should not exceed 80° from C, the temperature difference between the different bearings shall not exceed 15° from C. Gear box set up coolers and heaters, when the oil temperature than 10° from C, the heater automatically on the oil pool heating; at temperatures higher than 65°from C,the oil will automatically go into the cooler piping, cooling down and then into the lubricating oil.
风力发电机组齿轮箱概述
概述：
风力发电机组中的齿轮箱是一个重要的机械部件，其主要功用是将风轮在风力作用下所产生的动力传递给发电机并使其得到相应的转速。通常风轮的转速很低，远达不到发电机发电所要求的转速，必须通过齿轮箱齿轮副的增速作用来实现，故也将齿轮箱称之为增速箱。根据机组的总体布置要求，有时将与风轮轮毂直接相连的传动轴（俗称大轴）与齿轮箱合为一体，也有将大轴与齿轮箱分别布置，其间利用涨紧套装置或联轴节连接的结构。为了增加机组的制动能力，常常在齿轮箱的输入端或输出端设置刹车装置，配合叶尖制动（定浆距风轮）或变浆距制动装置共同对机组传动系统进行联合制动。
由于机组安装在高山、荒野、海滩、海岛等风口处，受无规律的变向变负荷的风力作用以及强阵风的冲击，常年经受酷暑严寒和极端温差的影响，加之所处自然环境交通不便，齿轮箱安装在塔顶的狭小空间内，一旦出现故障，修复非常困难，故对其可靠性和使用寿命都提出了比一般机械高得多的要求。例如对构件材料的要求，除了常规状态下机械性能外，还应该具有低温状态下抗冷脆性等特性；应保证齿轮箱平稳工作，防止振动和冲击；保证充分的润滑条件，等等。对冬夏温差巨大的地区，要配置合适的加热和冷却装置。还要设置监控点，对运转和润滑状态进行遥控。
不同形式的风力发电机组有不一样的要求，齿轮箱的布置形式以及结构也因此而异。在风电界水平轴风力发电机组用固定平行轴齿轮传动和行星齿轮传动最为常见。
如前所述，风力发电受自然条件的影响，一些特殊气象状况的出现，皆可能导致风电机组发生故障，而狭小的机舱不可能像在地面那样具有牢固的机座基础，整个传动系的动力匹配和扭转振动的因素总是集中反映在某个薄弱环节上，大量的实践证明，这个环节常常是机组中的齿轮箱。因此，加强对齿轮箱的研究，重视对其进行维护保养的工作显得尤为重要。
设计要求
设计必须保证在满足可靠性和预期寿命的前提下，使结构简化并且重量最轻。通常应采用CAD优化设计，排定最佳传动方案，选用合理的设计参数，选择稳定可靠的构件和具有良好力学特性以及在环境极端温差下仍然保持稳定的材料，等等。
一、设计载荷
齿轮箱作为传递动力的部件，在运行期间同时承受动、静载荷。其动载荷部分取决于风轮、发电机的特性和传动轴、联轴器的质量、刚度、阻尼值以及发电机的外部工作条件。
风力发电机组载荷谱是齿轮箱设计计算的基础。载荷谱可通过实测得到，也可以按照JB/T10300标准计算确定。当按照实测载荷谱计算时，齿轮箱使用系数KA ＝1。当无法得到载荷谱时，对于三叶片风力发电机组取KA=1.3。
二、设计要求
风力发电机组增速箱的设计参数，除另有规定外，常常采用优化设计的方法，即利用计算机的分析计算，在满足各种限制条件下求得最优设计方案。
（一）效率
齿轮箱的效率可通过功率损失计算或在试验中实测得到。功率损失主要包括齿轮啮合、轴承摩擦、润滑油飞溅和搅拌损失、风阻损失、其它机件阻尼等。齿轮的效率在不同工况下是不一致的。
风力发电齿轮箱的专业标准要求齿轮箱的机械效率应大于97%，是指在标准条件下应达到的指标。
（二）噪声级
风力发电增速箱的噪声标准为85dB（A）左右。噪声主要来自各传动件，故应采取相应降低噪声的措施：
1. 适当提高齿轮精度，进行齿形修缘，增加啮合重合度；
2. 提高轴和轴承的刚度；
3. 合理布置轴系和轮系传动，避免发生共振；
4. 安装时采取必要的减振措施，将齿轮箱的机械振动控制在GB/T8543规定的C 级之内。
（三）可靠性
按照假定寿命最少20年的要求，视载荷谱所列载荷分布情况进行疲劳分析，对齿轮箱整机及其零件的设计极限状态和使用极限状态进行极限强度分析、疲劳分析、稳定性和变形极限分析、动力学分析等。分析方法除一般推荐的设计计算方法外，可采用模拟主机运行条件下进行零部件试验的方法。
在方案设计之初必须进行可靠性分析，而在施工设计完成后再次进行详细的可靠性分析计算，其中包括精心选取可靠性好的结构和对重要的零部件以及整机进行可靠性估算。
齿轮箱
风力发电机组齿轮箱的种类很多，按照传统类型可分为圆柱齿轮增速箱、行星增速箱以及它们互相组合起来的齿轮箱；按照传动的级数可分为单级和多级齿轮箱；按照转动的布置形式又可分为展开式、分流式和同轴式以及混合式等等。集箱
箱体是齿轮箱的重要部件，它承受来自风轮的作用力和齿轮传动时产生的反力，必须具有足够的刚性去承受力和力矩的作用，防止变形，保证传动质量。箱体的设计应按照风电机组动力传动的布局安排、加工和装配条件、便于检查和维护等要求来进行。应注意轴承支承和机座支承的不同方向的反力及其相对值，选取合适的支承结构和壁厚，增设必要的加强筋。筋的位置须与引起箱体变形的作用力的方向相一致。
箱体的应力情况十分复杂且分布不匀，只有采用现代计算方法，如有限元、断裂力学等方法辅以摸拟实际工况的光弹实验，才能较为准确地计算出应力分布的状况。利用计算机辅助设计，可以获得与实际应力十分接近的结果。
齿轮箱的润滑
齿轮箱的润滑十分重要，良好的润滑能够对齿轮和轴承起到足够的保护作
用。为此，必须高度重视齿轮箱的润滑问题，严格按照规范保持润滑系统长期处于最佳状态。齿轮箱常采用飞溅润滑或强制润滑，一般以强制润滑为多见。因此，配备可靠的润滑系统尤为重要。电动齿轮泵从油箱将油液经滤油器输送到齿轮箱的润滑管路，对各部分的齿轮和传动件进行润滑，管路上装有各种监控装置，确保齿轮箱在运转当中不会出现断油。
对润滑油的要求应考虑：1）减小摩擦和磨损，具有高的承载能力，防止胶合；2）吸收冲击和振动；3）防止疲劳点蚀；4）冷却，防锈，抗腐蚀。不同类型的传动有不同的要求。风力发电齿轮箱属于闭式齿轮传动类型，其主要的失效形式是胶合与点蚀，故在选择润滑油时，重点是保证有足够的油膜厚度和边界膜强度。因为在较大的温差下工作，要求粘度指数相对较高。为提高齿轮的承载能力和抗冲击能力，适当地添加一些极压添加剂也有必要，但添加剂有一些副作用，在选择时必须慎重。齿轮箱制造厂一般根据自己的经验或实验研究推荐各种不同的润滑油，例如MOBIL632，MOBIL630或L-CKC320，L-CKC220 GB5903-95齿轮油就是根据齿面接触应力和使用环境条件选用的。
齿轮损伤
齿轮损伤的影响因素很多，包括选材、设计计算、加工、热处理、安装调试、润滑和使用维护等。常见的齿轮损伤有齿面损伤和轮齿折断两类。
（一）轮齿折断（断齿）
断齿常由细微裂纹逐步扩展而成。根据裂纹扩展的情况和断齿原因，断齿可分为过载折断（包括冲击折断）、疲劳折断以及随机断裂等。
（二）齿面疲劳
齿面疲劳是在过大的接触剪应力和应力循环次数作用下，轮齿表面或其表层下面产生疲劳裂纹并进一步扩展而造成的齿面损伤，其表现形式有早期点蚀、破坏性点蚀、齿面剥落、和表面压碎等。特别是破坏性点蚀，常在齿轮啮合线部位出现，并且不断扩展，使齿面严重损伤，磨损加大，最终导致断齿失效。正确进行齿轮强度设计，选择好材质，保证热处理质量，选择合适的精度配合，提高安装精度，改善润滑条件等，是解决齿面疲劳的根本措施。
（三）胶合
胶合是相啮合齿面在啮合处的边界膜受到破坏，导致接触齿面金属融焊而撕
落齿面上的金属的现象，很可能是由于润滑条件不好或有干涉引起，适当改善润滑条件和及时排除干涉起因,调整传动件的参数，清除局部载荷集中，可减轻或消除胶合现象。
轴承损坏
轴承是齿轮箱中最为重要的零件，其失效常常会引起齿轮箱灾难性的破坏。轴承在运转过程中，套圈与滚动体表面之间经受交变负荷的反复作用，由于安装、润滑、维护等方面的原因，而产生点蚀、裂纹、表面剥落等缺陷，使轴承失效，从而使齿轮副和箱体产生损坏。
断轴
断轴也是齿轮箱常见的重大故障之一。究其原因是轴在制造中没有消除应力集中因素，在过载或交变应力的作用下，超出了材料的疲劳极限所致。
油温高
齿轮箱油温最高不应超过80゜C，不同轴承间的温差不得超过15゜C。一般的齿轮箱都设置有冷却器和加热器，当油温底于10゜C时，加热器会自动对油池进行加热；当油温高于65゜C时，油路会自动进入冷却器管路，经冷却降温后再进入润滑油路。
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中英文资料对照外文翻译 机械设计 摘要： 机器由机械和其他元件组成的用来转换和传输能量的装置。比如：发动机、涡轮机、车、起重机、印刷机、洗衣机和摄影机。许多机械方面设计的原则和方法也同样适用于非机械方面。术语中的“构造设计”的含义比“机械设计”更加广泛，构造设计包括机械设计。在进行运动分析和结构设计时要把产品的维护和外形也考虑在机械设计中。在机械工程领域中，以及其它工程领域，都需要机械设备，比如：开关、凸轮、阀门、船舶以及搅拌机等。 关键词：设计流程设计规则机械设计 设计流程 设计开始之前就要想到机器的实用性，现有的机器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度，或者成本上得到改善。新的机器必需能够完全或部分代替以前人的功能，比如计算、装配、维修。 在设计的初级阶段，应该充分发挥设计人员的创意，不要受到任何约束。即使有一些不切实际的想法，也可以在设计的早期，即在绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于阻断创新的思路。通常,必须提出几套设计方案,然后进行比较。很有可能在这个计划最后指定使用某些不在计划方案内的一些想法的计划。 一般当产品的外型和组件的尺寸特点已经显现出来的时候，就可以进行全面的设计和分析。接着还要客观的分析机器性能、安全、重量、耐用性，并且成本也要考虑在内。每一个至关重要的部分要优化它的比例和尺寸，同时也要保持与其它组成部分的平衡。 选择原材料和工艺的方法。通过力学原理来分析和实现这些重要的特性，如稳定和反应的能量和摩擦力的利用，动力惯性、加速度、能量；包括材料的弹性强度、应力和刚度等物理特性，以及流体的润滑和驱动器的流体力学。设计的过程是一个反复与合作的过程，无论是正式的还是非正式的，对设计者来说每个阶段都很重要。。产品设计需要大量的研究和提升。许多的想法,必须通过努力去研究成为一种理念,然后去使用或放弃。
英文文献翻译
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
国际贸易、市场营销类课题外文翻译——市场定位策略(Positioning_in_Practice)
Positioning in Practice Strategic Role of Marketing For large firms that have two or more strategic business units (SBUs), there are generally three levels of strategy: corporate-level strategy, strategic-business-unit-level (or business-level) strategy, and marketing strategy. A corporate strategy provides direction on the company's mission, the kinds of businesses it should be in, and its growth policies. A business-level strategy addresses the way a strategic business unit will compete within its industry. Finally, a marketing strategy provides a plan for pursuing the company's objectives within a specific market segment. Note that the higher level of strategy provides both the objectives and guidelines for the lower level of strategy. At corporate level, management must coordinate the activities of multiple strategic business units. Thus the decisions about the organization's scope and appropriate resource deployments/allocation across its various divisions or businesses are the primary focus of corporate strategy.Attempts to develop and maintain distinctive competencies tend to focus on generating superior financial, capital, and human resources; designing effective organizational structures and processes; and seeking synergy among the firm's various businesses. At business-level strategy, managers focus on how the SBU will compete within its industry. A major issue addressed in business strategy is how to achieve and sustain a competitive advantage. Synergy for the unit is sought across product-markets and across functional department within the unit. The primary purpose of a marketing strategy is to effectively allocate and coordinate marketing resources and activities to accomplish the firm's objectives within a specific product-market. The decisions about the scope of a marketing strategy involve specifying the target market segment(s) to pursue and the breadth of the product line to offered. At this level of strategy, firms seek competitive advantage and synergy through a well-integrated program of marketing mix elements tailored to the needs and wants of customers in the target segment(s). Strategic Role of Positioning Based on the above discussion, it is clear that marketing strategy consists of two parts: target market strategy and marketing mix strategy. Target market strategy consists of three processes: market segmentation, targeting (or target market selection), and positioning. Marketing mix strategy refers to the process of creating a unique
机械设计外文翻译(中英文)
机械设计理论 机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域，主要研究产品的尺寸、形状和详细结构的基本构思，还要研究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。 进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者机械设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。如前所诉，机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处，只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效益。因而，应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前，必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。 应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定的。另一方面，应该认真精确的进行所有运算。例如，即使将一个小数点的位置放错，也会使正确的设计变成错误的。 一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承担一定的风险，当新的方法不适用时，就使用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计，要求屏弃许多陈旧的，为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人墨守成规，这样做并不是一件容易的事。一位机械设计师应该不断地探索改进现有的产品的方法，在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理，将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。 新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生，只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后，才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此，一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时，也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是，如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法，就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新方法。 在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不受各种约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于堵塞创新的思路。通常，要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。
市场类中英文对照翻译
原文来源：李海宏《Marketing Customer Satisfaction》[A].2012中国旅游分销高峰论坛.[C].上海 Marketing Customer Satisfaction 顾客满意策略与顾客满意营销 Since the 20th century, since the late eighties, the customer satisfaction strategy is increasingly becoming business has more customers share the overall business competitive advantage means. 自20世纪八十年代末以来,顾客满意战略已日益成为各国企业占有更多的顾客份额,获得竞争优势的整体经营手段。 First, customer satisfaction strategy is to get a modern enterprise customers, "money votes" magic weapon 一、顾客满意策略是现代企业获得顾客“货币选票”的法宝 With the changing times, the great abundance of material wealth of society, customers in the main --- consumer demand across the material has a lack of time, the number of times the pursuit, the pursuit of quality time to the eighties of the 20th century entered the era of the end consumer sentiment. In China, with rapid economic development, we have rapidly beyond the physical absence of the times, the pursuit of the number of times and even the pursuit of quality and age of emotions today gradually into the consumer era. Spending time in the emotion, the company's similar products have already reached the same time, homogeneous, with the energy, the same price, consumers are no longer pursue the quality, functionality and price, but the comfort, convenience, safety, comfort, speed, jump action, environmental protection, clean, happy,
机械专业外文翻译中英文翻译
外文翻译 英文原文 Belt Conveying Systems Development of driving system Among the methods of material conveying employed，belt conveyors play a very important part in the reliable carrying of material over long distances at competitive cost．Conveyor systems have become larger and more complex and drive systems have also been going through a process of evolution and will continue to do so．Nowadays，bigger belts require more power and have brought the need for larger individual drives as well as multiple drives such as 3 drives of 750 kW for one belt(this is the case for the conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine)．The ability to control drive acceleration torque is critical to belt conveyors’ performance．An efficient drive system should be able to provide smooth，soft starts while maintaining belt tensions within the specified safe limits．For load sharing on multiple drives．torque and speed control are also important consideratio ns in the drive system’s design. Due to the advances in conveyor drive control technology，at present many more reliable．Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systems cov ering a wide range of power are available for customers’ choices[1]. 1 Analysis on conveyor drive technologies 1．1 Direct drives Full-voltage starters．With a full-voltage starter design，the conveyor head shaft is direct-coupled to the motor through the gear drive．Direct full-voltage starters are adequate for relatively low-power, simple-profile conveyors．With direct fu11-voltage starters．no control is provided for various conveyor loads and．depending on the ratio between fu11- and no-1oad power requirements，empty starting times can be three or four times faster than full load．The maintenance-free starting system is simple，low-cost and very reliable．However, they cannot control starting torque and maximum stall torque；therefore．they are
市场定位策略外文翻译
本科毕业设计（论文） ( 2012届) （外文翻译） 题目： 学院:__________ ____________ 专业:_________ 市场营销_____________ 班级:_________ ___________ 姓名:___________ ______________ 学号:________ __________ 指导老师:___________ ___________
原文题目：《市场定位策略》 作者：Powpaka Samart 原文出处:1999,Sasin Journal of Management,5,79-97 市场定位策略 定位的战略性角色 营销策略由两部分组成：目标市场战略和营销组合战略。目标市场战略三个过程组成：市场细分，目标（或目标市场选择），市场定位等。营销组合战略指的是创造一个独特的产品，分销，促销和定价策略（4PS）的过程，旨在满足客户的需求和希望。目标市场战略和营销组合策略有密切的联系，有很强的相互依存关系。目标市场战略是用来制订营销组合策略方针。 市场细分是把一个市场当中具有相似需求和特点、可能会对特定产品和特定的营销程序产生相似回应的人们，分成不同的客户的子集的过程。目标或目标市场的选择是一个或多个，通过评估每个细分市场，寻求利益的相对吸引力，而且该公司业务的相对优势。最后，定位是设计产品和发展战略营销计划，共同在目标市场建立一个持久的竞争优势的过程。 目标市场定位战略的概念是众所周知的，尤其是被大多数消费品营销从业者在制定市场营销组合策略有用作为非理论概念的方式。然而在实践中，营销人员往往绕过正式的定位，直接制定营销组合策略。这可能是由于这样的事实，这些经理们不知道如何获取感知图---表明这是一个客户原始需求的产品的位置。 本文的目的是展示营销从业者能够获得定位和营销组合策略制定的感知图的现实途径。具体来说，感知映射及其关系的定位总是被第一时间注意到。这是通过统计技术的讨论，可以遵循用于创建感知图。最后，通过因子分析定位过程的例子是证明。 目标市场战略 目标市场战略是确定一个（或多个目标市场）的过程和它的（或他们）独特的定位。目标市场策略包括：（1）市场细分，（2）市场选择，（3）市场定位。 市场细分。市场细分是一个分割成几部分或几个同质异构的潜在市场的进程。换句话说，在一个潜在的市场客户可能有不同的偏好。因此，使用产品和产品计划并不是一个有效和高效的办法。为了有效和有效率，管理者需要根据顾客的喜好对潜在顾客进行整合，根据该公司的实力，用独特的服务来满足其中一个或多个组别细分市场。另一种看待市场细分的方式是测试市场是否存在同质偏好或者需求差异性。良好的市场细分结果应具有以下特征的部分：（1）实体性（即：每个细分市场的容量足够大），（2）可盈利/可辨识/可测性（即每个段可在人口或消费心理特征方面的描述）（3）无障碍性（即媒体消费和
外文翻译英文
A Distributed Approach for Track Occupancy Detection Abstract This paper investigates the problem of track occupancy detection in distributed settings. Track occupancy detection determines which tracks are occupied in a railway system. For each track, the Neyman–Pearson structure is applied to reach the local decision. Globally, it is a multiple hypotheses testing problem. The Bayesian approach is employed to minimize the probability of the global decision error. Based on the prior probabilities of multiple hypotheses and the approximation of the prior probabilities of multiple hypotheses and the approximationofthereceiving operation characteristic curve of the local detector, a person-by-person optimization method is implemented to obtain the fusion rule and the local strategies off line. The results are illustrated through an example constructed from in situ devices. Key Words:Track occupancy detection,Neyman–Pearson, Generalized likelihood ratio test, Bayesian approach,Distributed detection 1Introduction With respect to the majority of railway systems in China, a quasi-moving block method is employed to specify the safe zone of a train. A key piece of knowledge to be determined is the set of track segments that are occupied, i.e., track occupancy detection. Then the speed restriction curves for the following trains are calculated accordingly. When there are misdetections, collisions may happen; additionally, false alarms may lead to declines of line capacity. Track occupancy detection is achieved by a set of track circuits. The track circuit is a crucial device mainly composed of a transmitter–receiver pair and a track segment. The measurement is the receiving signal at the end of the track. For each segment, a decision is made locally and individually, which leads to frequent ambiguities on which tracks are occupied for the whole line. It means that the false alarm rate of the line increases greatly. Besides, for the next generation of railway systems, a moving block method is adopted. Such a method requires the exact position and velocity of the train. However, those data are not provided in the current detection mechanism.
市场营销专业术语中英文对照标准翻译
市场营销专业术语中英文对照标准翻译 本文为市场营销中经常用到的一些中文与英文互译的标准用语，希望对市场营销从业人员有所帮助。 《财富》杂志Fortune 案头调研Desk Research 奥美公司Ogilvy & Mather 白色商品White Goods 百乐门Parliament 百威啤酒Budweiser 包裹销售法Banded Pack 宝洁公司Procter & Gamble 宝丽来Polaroid 宝马BMW 边际成本Marginal Cost 边际收益Marginal Benefit 标准差，均差Standard Deviation 别克Buick 波立兹调查公司Alfred Politz Research, Inc 波旁王朝Ancient Age Bourbon 波特福洛分析Portefolio Analysis 产品差异Product Differentiation 产品生命周期Product Life Cycle 产品系列Product Line 产品组合Product Mix 阐述Presentation 超级市场Supermarket 成对比较法Paired Comparisons 成功的理想主义者Successful Idealist 承诺型消费者Committed Buyer 程度测试Tachistoscope 橙色商品Orange Goods 冲动购买Impulse Buying 重叠率Duplication 抽样Sampling 传销Pyramid Selling 传阅发行量Pass-on Circulation 词语联想法Word Associaton 刺激营销Incentive Marketing 促销Promotion 达彼思广告公司Ted Bates & Copany 大卫·奥格威David Ogilvy 戴比尔斯De Beers
市场营销中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文翻译 中文翻译： 顾客满意策略与顾客满意营销 自20世纪八十年代末以来,顾客满意战略已日益成为各国企业占有更多的顾客份额,获得竞争优势的整体经营手段。 一、顾客满意策略是现代企业获得顾客“货币选票”的法宝 随着时代的变迁,社会物质财富的极大充裕,顾客中的主体———消费者的需求也先后跨越了物质缺乏的时代、追求数量的时代、追求品质的时代,到了20世纪八十年代末进入了情感消费时代。在我国,随着经济的高速发展,我们也已迅速跨越了物质缺乏时代、追求数量的时代乃至追求品质的时
代,到今天也逐步迈进情感消费时代。在情感消费时代,各企业的同类产品早已达到同时、同质、同能、同价,消费者追求的已不再是质量、功能和价格,而是舒适、便利、安全、安心、速度、跃动、环保、清洁、愉快、有趣等,消费者日益关注的是产品能否为自己的生活带来活力、充实、舒适、美感和精神文化品位,以及超越消费者期望值的售前、售中、售后服务和咨询。也就是说,今天人们所追求的是具有“心的满足感和充实感”的商品,是高附加值的商品和服务,追求价值观和意识多元化、个性化和无形的满足感的时代已经来临。 与消费者价值追求变化相适应的企业间的竞争,也由产品竞争、价格竞争、技术竞争、广告竞争、品牌竞争发展到现今的形象竞争、信誉竞争、文化竞争和服务竞争,即顾客满意竞争。这种竞争是企业在广角度、宽领域的时空范围内展开的高层次、体现综合实力的竞争。它包括组织创新力、技术创新力、管理创新力、产业预见力、产品研发力、员工向心力、服务顾客力、顾客亲和力、同行认同力、社会贡献力、公关传播沟通力、企业文化推动力、环境适应力等等。这些综合形象力和如何合成综合持久的竞争力,这就是CS策略所要解决的问题。CS时代,企业不再以“自己为中心”,而是以“顾客为中心”；“顾客为尊”、“顾客满意”不再是流于形式的口号,而是以实实在在的行动为基础的企业经营的一门新哲学。企业不再以质量达标,自己满意为经营理念,而是以顾客满意,赢得顾客高忠诚度为经营理念。企业经营策略的焦点不再以争取或保持市场占有率为主,而是以争取顾客满意为经营理念。因此,营销策略的重心不再放在竞争对手身上而是放在顾客身上,放在顾客现实的、潜在的需求上。当企业提供的产品和服务达
机械图纸中英文翻译汇总
近几年，我厂和英国、西班牙的几个公司有业务往来，外商传真发来的图纸都是英文标注，平时阅看有一定的困难。下面把我们积累的几点看英文图纸的经验与同行们交流。 1标题栏 英文工程图纸的右下边是标题栏（相当于我们的标题栏和部分技术要求），其中有图纸名称（TILE）、设计者（DRAWN）、审查者（CHECKED）、材料（MATERIAL）、日期（DATE）、比例（SCALE）、热处理（HEAT TREATMENT）和其它一些要求，如： 1)TOLERANCES UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIAL 未注公差。 2)DIMS IN mm UNLESS STATED 如不做特殊要求以毫米为单位。 3)ANGULAR TOLERANCE±1°角度公差±1°。 4)DIMS TOLERANCE±0.1未注尺寸公差±0.1。 5)SURFACE FINISH 3.2 UNLESS STATED未注粗糙度3.2。 2常见尺寸的标注及要求 2.1孔（HOLE）如： （1）毛坯孔：3"DIAO+1CORE 芯子3"0+1; （2）加工孔：1"DIA1"; （3）锪孔：锪孔(注C＇BORE=COUNTER BORE锪底面孔); （4）铰孔：1"/4 DIA REAM铰孔1"/4; （5）螺纹孔的标注一般要表示出螺纹的直径，每英寸牙数（螺矩）、螺纹种类、精度等级、钻深、攻深，方向等。如： 例1.6 HOLES EQUI-SPACED ON 5"DIA (6孔均布在5圆周上（EQUI-SPACED=EQUALLY SPACED均布） DRILL 1"DIATHRO＇ 钻1"通孔（THRO＇=THROUGH通） C/SINK22×6DEEP 沉孔22×6 例2.TAP7"/8-14UNF-3BTHRO＇ 攻统一标准细牙螺纹，每英寸14牙，精度等级3B级 （注UNF=UNIFIED FINE THREAD美国标准细牙螺纹） 1"DRILL 1"/4-20 UNC-3 THD7"/8 DEEP 4HOLES NOT BREAK THRO钻 1"孔，攻1"/4美国粗牙螺纹，每英寸20牙，攻深7"/8,4孔不准钻通（UNC=UCIFIED COARSE THREAD 美国标准粗牙螺纹）
外文翻译(英文)
Title: Modelling of transport costs and logistics for on-farm milk segregation in New Zealand dairying Material Source: Computers and Electronics in Agriculture Author: A. E. Dooley, Parker, H. T. Blair Abstract On-farm milk segregation to keep milk with high value properties separate from bulk milk will affect transport logistics. Separate milk collection, either as independent runs for different milk types,or storage of distinct milk types in the truck and trailer units, may increase the length and number of runs required. Two contrasting regions,with different farm sizes and roading networks were modelled,at two stages of lactation over 20 years. Thirty farms in each region were modelled with 0, 25, 50 and 100% of farms per region changing milk types over a transition period of up to 18 years. Genetic algorithm software was used to search for the order of the farm milk collection pick-ups which gave an optimal, least cost solution for milk collection for each prescribed set of inputs. Milk collection costs within scenario were variable over time depending on the amounts of the different milk types, increasing whenever another run was required, then decreasing over time as the milk load increased. Milk collection cost is small relative to milk income, with the status quo (SQ) cost for milk collection being less than NZ$9.61/kl for the North Island and NZ$13.53/kl for the South Island farm sets. The increased transport costs associated with collecting two milk types ranged from 4.5 to 22.0% more for the different scenarios. The extra cost to an average size North Island farm changing systems (25% farms changing), compared to an equivalent status quo farm, would be between NZ$307 and NZ$1244 per year. Fewer farms changing to differentiated milk production increased the costs per kilolitre of differentiated milk. Keywords: Milk transport; Scheduling; Milk segregation; Collection costs 1.Introduction
市场营销翻译
专心翻译 做到极致 文献翻译 原文 Marketing theory McCarthy (E.J.Mccarthy) ,in 1960, also under the micro-marketing definition: Marketing is the responsibility of business activities, products and services will be directly from the producer towards the consumer or user in order to meet customer needs and the achievement of the company profits, but also a process of socio-economic activities with the aim to meet the social or human needs, to achieve social goals. this definition than in the United States, although the definition of marketing association a step forward that meet customer needs and realize the company's operating profit as a goal, but two definitions that marketing activities are production activities in the beginning of the end of the middle after a series of business sales activities, when the commodity to the user the hands of the end, the enterprise marketing activities and therefore is limited to the narrow scope of circulation, rather than operating as a business for sale throughout the entire process, including marketing research, product development, pricing, distribution, advertising, publicity reports, sales promotion, marketing staff, after-sales service and so on. Christian Grnroosto the definition and emphasized the purpose of marketing: Marketing is in the interests of a whole, through mutual exchange and commitment to establish, maintain, consolidate and consumers and other participants in the relationship between the parties to achieve the purpose. This definition has been in use ever since, until the summer of 2004 was revised. The new definition is nearly 20 years on the marketing of the first amendment to the definition, no wonder the majority of marketers attracted universal attention. The development of marketing theory has the following four stages: The first stage: start-up phase. Marketing in the late 19th century to 20 in the United States the world's creation of 20, due to industrial development and marketing at this time by a very narrow scope of the study, but research and commercial advertis ing network settings. Island in Illinois and other related courses at the universities. By the "Association of American Advertising" to "National Advertising and Marketing Association of Science Teachers", to marketing research to ensure the organization. At this time of marketing research is characterized by: a. focus on marketing and advertising techniques, modern marketing theory, concepts, principles had yet to emerge; b. University research activities are basically confined to the classroom and a professor of the study, and also society and the business community did not receive attention. Phase II: Application stage. During the 20th century to the end of World War II 20 for the application stage, begun to take shape at this time, the United States beg an large-scale domestic enterprises to use marketing to operate businesses, open overseas markets, European countries have to follow. Established in 1931, "American Marketing Association" Marketing preach, and in 1937 merged the two organizations, academia and the business community to absorb a wide range to join the Marketing from the University of the rostrum to the community. This stage of the development of marketing in the applications. The capitalist world in 1929 due to the outbreak of an unprecedented economic crisis, the economy of the Great Depression, large shrinkage in the purchasing power of a sharp decline in the community, the unprecedented sharp market. The whole capitalist economic crisis dealt a serious blow. This stage, marketing research is characterized by: a. there is no product to sell out of this narrow concept of; b. at a deeper study on the basis of a broader marketing and advertising technique; c. study in favor of selling the business organization set; d. beginning of the study of marketing theory to society, paying attention to the general business community. The third phase: the formation period of development. The 20th century, the 50's to 80's for the marketing stage of development, the U.S. military-industrial economy has begun to shift the public economic, social goods, the sharp increase in social productivity improved significantly, while the corresponding consumption level of residents has not been much improvement, market began to emerge in a state of oversupply. At this p oint the U.S.