翻译原则

II. Discussion:
1.．几天工夫，由于抢购，商店的货物销售一空。
[译文]Within days，panic buying emptied store shelves．
[赏析]如果用“In a matter of a few days，the store shelves become empty because of panic buying”来表达，不但文字罗索，而且缺乏动感。
2.．颐和园是我国劳动人民勤劳和智慧的产物。
A. The Summer Palace is the result of China’S workingmen's industry and wisdom．
B. The Summer Palace is a monument to the industry and wisdom of the laboring people of China．
C The Summer Palace is the outcome of China’s workingmen’s industry and wisdom．
3.．要使中国的贸易体制与现行的国际贸易体制接轨。
A．We should bring China’s trade system in line with that internationally prevailing．
B We should connect China’s trade system with the trade system internationally prevailing．
C We should link the rail of China’s trade system with the prevailing trade system of the world．
III. 中式英语
有的译文，从语法角度看是没有什么错误的，但外国人看不懂，毛病就出在不符合英语的习惯表达。
例: 我的心和你在一起
My heart is together with you．
I shall be with you in spirit．
例: 她是一个大龄青年
She is a big-age youth．
She is a single youth well above her matrimonial age．
IV. 不合英语惯用表达
例: “互相借鉴对方的经验”
通常译为：to learn from each other’s experience，而英、美人则说：to profitably share experience．
例: 这些原则一直是我们民族的精神支柱。
译为：These principles have nourished the soul of our nation. 中国译者很可能使用“spiritual pillar”一词。
例: 我们应了解彼此生活的情况，建立人与人之间的友谊纽带。
译为：We should share the texture of our daily lives and forge the human bonds of friendship． “texture”用得很贴切，含义广而深，符合中文的“情况”之意．
例: 这种论点目前还有一定的市场。
译为：This argument has some appeal at present．没有用“market”，而用“appeal”，生动地表达了原意。
例: 要使中日友好事业延续到21世纪及今后世世代代。
译为：It is necessary to carry the cause of China-Japan friendship into the 21st century and beyond.
“into”和“beyond”两个介词把“延续到”和“今后世世代代”清楚而简练地表达了出来。
例: 他废寝忘食地工作
译为：He eats，drinks and sleeps his work．一般的词典多译为：“One is so absorbed or occupied in one’s work as to forget food and sleep．
例: “发挥余热”
这是中国最近一些年出现的一个词汇。表示同类意思时用了短语“to use one’s remaining availability. 表达得准确、生动。

V. 意义空缺
汉语中有许多简化和浓缩的词汇以及反映中国文化独特色彩词汇，译成英语时(特别是当它们在

一篇文章中第一次出现时)，需要加词解释，以补偿其中的“意义空缺”。如机械地进行对译，外国读者会莫名其妙，那样就等于“译犹未译”。
例: 据报导，当地警方将深入开展“严打”斗争和专项治理。
[译文]Reports say that local police will further their crackdown on all criminal activities and launch special campaigns to fight the crime and social evils that the public detest most．
[分析] “严打”和“专项治理”如只按表层意义译，而不译出它们内容，就会造成严重的意义空缺，从而使译文表意模糊。
例: 唐至开元、天宝以后，作者蔚起，和以前大不同了。
[译文]Towards the middle of the eighth century the fashion changed，and there were many writers of fiction．
[分析]开元、天宝是唐朝的两个年号，如音译则等于不译。所以译为“8世纪中叶”，就避免了“意义空缺”。
例: 钱先生周岁时“抓周”，抓了一本书，因此得名“钟书”。
[译文]When Qian was just one year old，he was told by his parents to choose one thing among many others．He picked up a book of all things．There upon his father very gladly gave him the name：Zhongshu(=book lover)．
[分析]“抓周”是中国一个独特的文化现象，即婴儿周岁时，母亲摆许多东西让他(她)抓，以预测婴儿未来的志向。如音译或译为“grasp things at the age of one"，则会造成原义全部流失。所以应该解释性地意译。

VI. 意义走失
例: 在改革中，许多国营企业实行了合同制，被推向市场。
[译文]The contract system introduced in many state．Owned enterprises during the reform drive exposed the enterprises to market competition．
[分析]这里译“被推向市场”加了competition一字十分必要。如果不加上这个字，译文的意思就不完整。原文虽然没有，但却内含这样的意思。
例: 少数服从多数。
[译文]The minority verdict is subordinate to the majority verdict．
[分析]这里补译“verdict”是完全必要的，不然会造成意义空缺。
在改革中，许多国营企业实行了合同制，被推向市场。
[译文]The contract system introduced in many state．Owned enterprises during the reform drive exposed the enterprises to market competition．
[分析]这里译“被推向市场”加了competition一字十分必要。如果不加上这个字，译文的意思就不完整。原文虽然没有，但却内含这样的意思。
例: 少数服从多数。
[译文]The minority verdict is subordinate to the majority verdict．
[分析]这里补译“verdict”是完全必要的，不然会造成意义空缺。
VII. 力戒“角度单一”
汉译英时，如果从这个角度译不通顺，可以换另外的角度。也就是说思路要开阔，方法要灵活，避免“撞到南墙不回头”。例如，词类可以变换，语态可以变换

，肯定与否定可以变换，词序及叙事：也可以变换，等等。
1. 努力实现从扩大规模数量为主向提高质量效益为主的转变。
[译文]Efforts should be made to shift priority of expanding scale and quantity to improving quality and efficiency．
[分析]原文是祈使句，译成了陈述句；主动译成了被动；名词变”译成了动词；“实现”则省去未译。
2. 当地政府为了改善生态环境采取了许多措施。
[分析]一看到“采取了许多措施”，许多初学翻译的人很可能会很自然地想到“to take measures”这一短语。其实，翻译的角度是多种多样的，许多情况下都不应拘泥于一种译法。 [译文]The local government has done much for the irmprovement of the ecological environment．
VIII. 力戒“用词重复”
重复用词是汉译英的一个大忌。重复用词所带来的一个直接果是，译文显得缺乏文采，让人觉得单调乏味。以主语为例，如在一段汉语中集中叙述张先生的思想与活动，那么在译成英语就不能一直使用“Mr．Zhang”这个词作主语，而应该时不时地变一下用词，例如He，The man，The director(如果他是这个职位话)等等。如果多次提到一件事或一件东西，也不能重复使用同一个词，而应变换说法或者用代词指代等等。这样才显得语言活。而汉语在这一点上并不考究。汉译英时，至少在一篇文章中注重用词的变化，其中包括名词、动词、形容词及副词等等。
同样地，假若原话中的重复词语是表示某项研究属“早期的”，那么，译时便可视具体用法交替使用initial，pioneer，early，preliminary等词语表达；而在重复词是表示某项工作属“最新的”时，current，modern，up-to-date，new，improved等又都是可以交替选用的词语。
汉语的“影响”译成英语时有几十种不同的表达形式，但主要以下几种含义：①中性影响；②正面影响；③负面影响；④权威力等造成的影响；⑤由外力造成的后果或影响；⑥由思想灌输或宣鼓动所造成的影响；⑦由兴趣产生的影响；⑧由印象产生的影响；⑨由于不利因素造成的障碍性影响；⑩产生的作用。
(1)这份辛苦的工作正在影响到我的健康。(This hard work is telling on my health．)
(2)在做这类事情中他具有很大的有支配性的影响力。(He has much sway in doing this kind of thing．)
(3)科学知识要求完全不受个人情感的影响。(Scientific knowledge aims at being wholly impersonal．)
(4)柏拉图的教诲对亚里士多德有深远的影响。(P1ato’s teachings had a profound effect on Aristotle．)
(5)粗劣的食物影响儿童自然的生长。(Poor food arrests the natural growth of children．)
(6)他们让孩子们受到好书的影响。(They expose children to good books．)
(7)约翰半工半

读上完大学而没有使学业受到影响。(John worked his way through college without detriment to his studies．)
(8)他们在政治上缺乏影响力。(They lack political clout．)
(9)他们的休息和睡眠受到附近建筑工地噪声的严重影响。(Their leisure and sleeping hours become spoilt by the noise from a construction site nearby．)
(10)一个伟大的人不论做什么均有影响。(A great man leaves his mark on whatever he does．)
(11)我的话对他简直没有任何影响。(What I said made practically no impression on him．)
(12)这种形势将导致十分不利的影响。(This will lead to unfavorable repercussions．)
(13)我认为，男孩子身体过胖会影响他参加体育运动。(In my opinion, being overweight will handicap a boy in sports．)
(14)文艺对人们的思想有很大的影响。(Literature and art have a great influence upon people’s ideology．)
(15)他深受新思想的影响。(He is imbued with new ideas．)
IX. Comments on students’ work
X. Homework
1.他要讲经济问题和国际形势问题。
[译文]He is going to speak on the economy and the international situation．
[分析]“问题”不必要译出，类似的情况还有“宣传教育工作”、“工业发展状况”、“出口计划的执行情况”、“浪费现象”，其中“工作”、“状况”、“情况”、“现象”都不必译出。汉语的某些抽象词喜用范围词或定性词，译成英语时多数要省略或作变通处理。
2.现在有许多人在提倡民族化，科学化，大众化。
[译文]Many people nowadays are calling for a transformation to a national，scientific and mass style．
[分析]现代汉语使用“化”的例子很多，但不都意味着要译成后缀“一ization”的对应词，许多情况下需要变通处理。如“科学化”，就不能译为“scientification”。此外，像“国产化”，“良种化”，“老龄化”，“年轻化”，“知识化”，“沙漠化”，“汉化”，“淡化”等等都没有英语对同，加后缀“一ization”自造也行不通。译时只能根据上下文灵活臭，即利用其他词、词组或句子译出这些词的内涵意义。 “实现政府各级班子领导的年轻化、知识化、专业化”，可译为to ensure that younger，more educated and professionally more competent cadres are brought to the leadership of governments at levels。又如“科研成果产业化”，可译为to apply scientific research results to industrial production。
3.应大力发展“外向型经济”
[译文]Great efforts should be made to develop “external-oriented economy”.
[分析]汉语中的“型”近年来也是颇时髦的语言。一般以oriented组成词组，如：export-oriented enterprise(产品出口型产业)但也有其他翻译方法：“技术密集、知识密集型项目”译为“technology-and-knowledge intensive project”；“劳动

密集型产业”译为“labor-intensive enterprise”；“粗放型产业”译为“extensive enterprise”等等。
4.中国是个文明古国，幅员辽阔，面积达960万多平方千米。
[初译]China is a country with an ancient civilization．She has a vast territory and covers an area of 9．6 million square kilometers．
[分析]此译文是比较典型的“中国式”英语。问题主要是：①没有突出信息重心，不符合英语的表达习惯；②语言累赘，例如第二句既然说了面积960万多平方千米，那么就自然表达了“幅员辽阔”这一概念，不需要再译出。这句汉语可以考虑译为：Covering all area of 9．6 million square kilometers and more，China is a country with ancient civilization．
5．上头说把沟堵死。好嘛，沟一堵死，下点雨，咱们这儿还不成了海?(提示：①要把意合的词和逻辑关系译出来；②“成了海”是个比喻说法，不宜直译。)
6．她已经洗完了衣服，坐在小溪边的石头上撩起布衫揩脸上的汗水。(提示：此句是连动式，动作密集，应译出主干结构，把次要动词译为非谓语动词形式。)
7.突然钻出一只狗，追着她咬，几乎把她吓糊涂了。(这是无主句。宜把“狗”确定为译文的主语。)
8.．“持续性”的概念不仅以环境保护为优先，而且在最广义上涵盖对于人类福利的关心。(提示：“不仅……而且……”不一定非要译为“not only…but also…”。即便使用这一短语，也不宜重复使用，比如可以用它引起倒装句，以示用词和句型的多样化。)
9.发展中的世界正在经历一场经济管理的革命。从中国到墨西哥，从加纳到俄罗斯，各国一致认为：必须培育开放和稳定的经济环境，提倡创业精神，鼓励竞争性的私营部门活动。人们普遍认为，实行与市场“亲友”的发展方针，是经济增长、技术进步和创造就业机会的基础。(提示：①“各国一致认为……”和“人们普遍认为”应该译为不同的结构，以求多样化；②“提倡创业精神，鼓励……”可译为定语从句修饰“经济环境”。)
5.The authorities said the Ditch would be filled in. Well then，the place would have turned into a lake on rainy days，wouldn’t it?
6.She had already finished washing．Seated on a stone beside the stream，she wiped her perspiring face with her tunic．
7.Suddenly a dog began to chase after her，scaring her almost out of her wits．
8.While environmental protection is a priority，the concept of “sustainability” also encompasses a concern for human well being in the broadest sense．
9.A revolution in economic management is occurring throughout the developing world from China to Mexico，froGhana to Russia，there is a consensus that countries must foster an open and stable economic climate that encourages entrepreneurship and compet

itive private sector activity. A“market friendly” approach to development is widely viewed as the basis for economic growth，technological progress，and job creation．

Lecture Nine: Translation of Sentences. Week 9
◇Time Needed：Two periods（40 minutes per period）
◇Teaching Objectives：
I. Train student to work out the keleton of target sentence.
II. Acquaint students with the idea that working out the keleton of target sentence should be the first step in translating.
◇Key Teaching Points：
I. Working out the keleton of target sentence.
◇Difficult Teaching Points:
I. Acquaint students with the idea that working out the keleton of target sentence should be the first step in translating.
◇Teaching Contents:
I. Check last homework.
II. Subject:
1.1.必须符合英语的语言习惯和文化习俗
热烈欢迎世界各地客商来此进一步加强合作，建立和发展贸易关系。
Customers from various countries and regions are warmly welcome to establish and develop business contacts.
英语是主语显著的语言；读者希望自己被当作客人看待
1.2 主语必须符合英美等西方人的思维方式
中国人“天人合一”的思维方式强调人与自然的浑然一体，习惯以人做主语。英美人重客观，因而英语句子常以物或抽象概念做主语。
在历史上，由于长江不断改道在武汉地区形成了众多的湖泊。
The constant change of the course of the Changjiang River in history helped form a great many lakes in the areas around Wuhan.
中国人强调人的主观能动性，所以许多情况下往往喜欢以人作句子的主语；英、美人则强调事物的客观性，所以常以物和具体的事实作主语，而人则退到次要的位置。因此，汉译英确立主语时，有时要体现出英、美人的这种思维方式。
我看当然像这么回事。
[译文]It certainly seems so to me?
[分析]“我”非但没有译成主语，而且被置于很次要的位置。
他想到把这件事全都交给他的妻子去办。
[译文]It occurred to him to leave the whole thing to his wife．
[分析]“他”被译成状语。类似的句型还有：It dawned(has dawned)on sb．that…，如：Has it dawned on you that his story may be fabrications?(你从来没想到过他的故事可能是捏造的吗?)
这时我激动得说不出话来。
[译文]Words fail me here．
[分析]译文的主语变成了“Words”。英语类似的句型还有：your letter reached me yesterday．(我昨天收到你的信。)His name just escaped me．(我一时记不起他的名字了。)
1.3主语必须是句中应该突出的部分
由于汉英的区别，译文不一定要采用原句的主语。
到去年年底，我部已同有关省市签订了100余艘中小船舶的建造合同和协议。
By the end of last year, contracts and agreements were signed with some provinces and cities for the construction of more than 10

0 medium-and-small sized vessels.
1.4主语必须符合句中的逻辑关系
英语中，主谓之间必须符合相互制约的语法关系；而汉语中，许多主谓只存在话题和说明的关系。
我们的事业从胜利走向胜利。
We have won one victory after another for our course.
1.5主语必须符合上下文行文的需要
主语在连句成篇、承上启下的过程中起着重要作用。
柯灵，生于1909年，浙江省绍兴人。中国现代作家。1926年发表第一篇作品叙事诗《织布的妇人》。1930年任《儿童时代编辑》。
Ke Ling was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Provinces in 1909. He is a modern Chinese writer. His first writing, a narrative poem, The Woman Weaver appeared in 1926. He was one of the editors of Children times from 1930 onwards. (许余龙：《对比语言学概论》)
1.6.如果汉语句子中主语是地点(个别情况下是时间)，谓语动!状态动词或者“有”，“发生”,“出现”等词时，那么译成英语时使用“There be”句型，这种情况下就应把汉语句子中的那个宾语变成译文的主语。
【例l】好像有点不大对头。
[译文]There seems something wrong about it．
【例2】街角躺着一个病得很重的老人。
[译文]There lies at the corner of the street an old man who is seriously i11．
【例3】在这部小说里看来没有更为有趣的东西了。
[译文]There appears to be nothing more interesting in this novel．
【例4】北京近几年发生了重大变化。
[译文]There have been great changes in Beijing these years．
III. Discussion
【例1】古今中外，在商贸市场上历来都是大鱼吃小鱼。
[译文]There exists a law at all times and in all countries: that the great fish eat up the small in the world of business．
[分析]由于主语过于隐蔽，所以使用“There be”句型引出逻辑上的主语。“law”在原文中没有，但它内含于原文之中。
【例2】古今中外，这种情况概莫能外。
[译文]There is no exception to this in modern or ancient times，in China or elsewhere．
[分析]此句与第4例的情况有类似之处，但主语更加隐蔽。
【例3】世纪交替，千年更迭，人类社会的发展正在揭开新的篇章。
[译文]The turn of the century has opened a new chapter in the development of human society．
[分析]译文没有照译原文中最明显的主语“人类社会的展”，而是把“世纪交替，千年更迭”两个短句变成了一个名词短语日来充当译文的主语，这样处理是合乎英语习惯的。
【例4】没有调查研究就没有发言权
[译文]He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak。
[分析]“没有调查研究”其实是“没有调查研究的人”的浓缩。译文加主语“He”，表明译者捕捉住了原文的意义中心。类似还有“不尝黄连苦，怎知蜜糖甜”，“穷则思变”、“饱

暖思淫，饥寒起盗心。”等等。

IV. Predictive part
2.1 所选的谓语在人称和数上与主语一致
当前，我国的职业教育和成人教育正在加快发展。
Vocational education and adult education are being pushed on energetically in our country.
2.2所选的谓语必须保持时态和原文语义相吻合
他做实验时心不在焉，几乎引起化学药物爆炸。
His absent-mindedness during the experiments nearly caused an explosion of the chemical.
2.3所选的谓语必须与主语在逻辑上搭配得当
这次旅游可选择的对方有北京、上海或西安。
The tour will include Beijing, Shanghai and Xi’an.
这一证书课程分在三年中学完。
This certificate course of studies will spread over three year.
2.4 原文若是形容词短语、名词性短语、数量词或介词短语做谓语，译文常代之以系表结构
这种打字机轻便高效、经久耐用又经济实惠，适合高中学生使用。
This type of typewriter is portable and durable, economical and practical for high school students.
2.5 原文若有几个动词同时出现（连动式或兼语式），译文可选一个主要动词做谓语，其他动词用其他形式（非谓语、介词短语等）
招商代表团吸引了许多东南亚客商来新加坡洽谈项目。
The delegation of inviting investment has attracted many businessmen from Southeast Asia to Singapore to hold talks on different projects.
V. 其他句子成分的安排
近年来，中、泰两国国民经济发展迅速，为两国的经济、贸易合作提供了良好的基础。
A. In recent years the national economies of China and Thailand have quickly developed, providing a good foundation for economic and trade cooperation between the two countries.
B. Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of the national economies in China and Thailand, which has prepared for good economic and trade cooperation between the two countries.
C. China and Thailand, with the rapid development of their national economies in recent years, have laid a good foundation for their economic and trade cooperation.
D. The raid development of the national economies of China and Thailand in recent years has laid a sound foundation for economic and trade cooperation between the two countries.
VI. 语序的调整
4.1 定语
汉语习惯把最能表明事物本质的短语放在最前面，把表程度、规模的定语放在后面，英语则相反。
他是以为中国现代优秀作家。
He is an outstanding contemporary Chinese writer.
我们要把祖国建设成社会主义的现代化强国。
We will build our motherland into a modern powerful socialist country。
4.2 状语
他每天早晨在教室里认真地学习。
He studies hard in the classroom every morning.
VII. Homework
1. 星期天早晨他的身体状况仍未好转。Sunday morning found him still unwell.
2.我们期望在不久的将来中国任能受到更

好的教育。
It is our anticipation that the Chinese people will get a better education in the near future.
3.他对这件事漠不关心。
His attitude towards the matter is one of indifference.
4.不同国家的社会习俗往往大相径庭。
Social customs are usually different from country to country.
5.第二次世界大战是1945年8曰15日结束的。
The Second World War ended on august 15th, 1945.
World War II came to an end on August 15th, 1945.
6.我禁不住流下了热泪。幸亏月光下的夜色，没让人看到我的脆弱。
I felt tears streaming from my eyes. Thanks to the dimness of the evening under moonlight, I had been able to conceal my frailty.
7.赶超世界先进水平，关键是时间。时间就是生命，时间就是速度，时间就是力量。趁你们年富力强的时候，为人民做出更多的贡献吧。
In catching up with and surpassing the world advanced levels, time is the key factor. Time means life, time means speed, time means strength. You are now in the prime of life, and you should come forth with greater contributions for the benefit of the people.
8.她一手提着竹篮，内有一个破碗，空的。
In one hand she carried a bamboo basket, in which there was a broken bowl, empty.
9.你可能知道中国一项坚持开放政策并对引进投资采取积极立场，以在平等互利的基础上与其他的国家扩大经济合作和技术交流。
You are probably aware that China has always persisted in an open policy and take a positive stand with regard to introducing foreign investment, with a view to expanding economic cooperation and technical exchange with other countries on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.
10.这种经营方式的特点是共同投资，共同管理，共付盈亏，可使双方的关系更加密切，协作更为加强，对双方都是有利的。
The main features for this form of business are joint investment, joint management and joint share in profits and losses. These are beneficial to both parties in that they will enhance business relation and cooperation.