信息专业英语复习提纲_给学生

一、专业术语英译汉

1.application software

2.system software

3.multiprogramming

4.timesharing

5.minicomputers

6.mainframe

7.word processing

8.electronic spreadsheets

9.peripheral devices

10.memory subsystem

https://www.360docs.net/doc/b114484490.html,puter architecture

12.secondary memory

13.virtual memory

14.auxiliary memory

15.alphanumeric key

16.nonvector interrupt

17.paralley algorithm

18.exhausive search

19.dymanic programming

20.circularly-linked list

21.degree of node

https://www.360docs.net/doc/b114484490.html,er documentation

23.operator documentation

24.programmer documentation

25.member function

26.inheritance

27.polymorphism

28.reusability

29.dynamic binding

30.Java virtual machine Java

31.concurrency control

32.probabilistic or deterministic models

33.semistructured problem

34.unstructured problem

35.management control

https://www.360docs.net/doc/b114484490.html,puter Integrated Manufacturing

37.Executive Information System

38.General Problem Solver

39.inference engine

40.islands of information

41.vacuum tubes

42.floating point data

43.ultraviolet light

44.dot-matrix printer

45.assembly language

二、专业术语汉译英

1.数字计算机

2.计算机系统

3.硬件系统

4.软件系统

5.个人计算机

6.存储容量

7.微型计算机

8.独立计算机

9.巨型计算机

10.存储单元

11.指令格式

12.触摸屏

13.喷墨打印机

14.激光打印机

15.输入输出接口

16.向量中断

17.算法

18.伪码

19.自下而上

20.二维数组

21.程序计数器

22.程序设计语言

23.软件工程

24.机器语言

25.程序测试

26.面向对象程序设计

27.成员变量

28.封装

29.可视化编程

30.派生类

31.恢复

32.职能信息系统

33.结构化问题

34.战略计划

35.运行控制

36.静态或动态模型

37.人力资源管理

38.知识系统

39.知识库

40.销售和营运计划

41.桌面印刷

42.寻址方式

43.主存

44.内存

45.二叉树

三、写出下列缩略语的英文全称

1.CPU

2.IC

3.LSI

4.CLSI

5.DBMS

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7.ALU

8.RAM

9.ROM

10.BIOS

11.DMA

12.FIFO

13.LIFO

14.RAD

15.AI

16.HTML

17.TPS

18.MIS

19.DSS

20.CIMS

21.ES

22.ERP

23.CRM

24.MRP

25.BPR

26.ALU

27.DRAM

28.SRAM

29.PROM

30.ADT

四、填空题

1. is designed to accomplish real-world tasks in fields.

2. controls the computer and enables it to run the hardware and application software.

3. A computer system consists of and .

4. List four types of computers:,,,and .

5. The computer hardware consists of three major parts which are the CPU, the memory subsystem,

6. There are two major types of memory: Random Access Memory(RAM) and .

7. The cache memory in personal computers is constructed from .

8. provides a method for transferring information between internal storage and external I/O devices.

9. Data transfer between the central computer and I/O devices may be handled in a variety of modes. These modes are programmed I/O, , and direct memory access (DMA).

10. A is a notational system in which ideas can be expressed informally during the algorithm development process.

11. Each primitive consists of two parts: and s.

12. The is refer to the computational time required by an algorithm.

13. We define the worst case running time of an algorithm to be the running time of that algorithm over all possible inputs of size n.

14. A is one of the most fundamental data structures used to store a collection of data items.

15. In programming, the documentation is classified , and .

16. A is a list of instructions or statements for directing the computer to perform a required data-processing task.

17. The lowest level of programming languages is .

18. Very-high-level languages are often called.

19. allow questions or commands to be framed in a more conversational way or in alternative forms.

20. A DSS should assist managers in making decision to solve problems.

21. The sees TPS as a large number of interactive users accessing shared databases.

22. In DSS, produce information as a result of either simulations that involves one or more.

23. A DSS model includes:, mathematical models, and.

24. One objective of a DSS is improving the manager’s decision-making effectiveness rather than its .

25. AI is being applied in business in the form of knowledge systems, which use to solve problem.

26. enables the user to interact with the expert system.

27.houses the accumulated knowledge of the particular problem to be solved.

28. The inference engine provides the ability that interprets the contents of the.

29. An expert system is a computer program that attempts to represent the of human experts in the form of .

30. ERP began life in the 1960s as , an outgrowth of early efforts in bill of material processing.

31. Enterprise Resources Planning (ERP) predicts and balances demand and .

32. The goals of ERP include high levels of customers service, productivity, cost reduction,

and .

33. Closed-loop MRP has provisions for from the execution function back to the planning functions. Plans can then be altered when necessary, thereby keeping priorities valid as conditions change.

34. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is an enterprise-wide set of forecasting, planning, and scheduling tools, which: Links customers and suppliers into a complete employs proven process for and coordinates sales marketing, operations, logistics, finance, product development, and human resources.

五、匹配下列术语及其定义

(1)ALU (2) RAM (3) E2PROM (4) DMA

1.an electrically erasable PROM.

2. A transfer mode that can be improved is the transfer of data between memory and I/O devices.

3.The unit which performs most arithmetic and logical operations.

4.Memory that is erased when the computer is turned off.

(1)transaction (2)MIS (3)EIS (4)HRIS

1.An atomic unit of execution that manipulates system resources.

2.executive information system.

3. A computer-based system that makes information available to users with similar needs.

4.human resources information system.

(1)artificial intelligence (2)the inference engine

(3)forward reasoning (4)case-based reasoning (CBR)

1.which uses historical data as the basis for identifying problems and recommending solutions.

2.the rules are examined one after another in a certain order.

3.the portion of the expert system that performs reasoning by using the

contents of the knowledge base in a particular sequence.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/b114484490.html,ing the computer for tasks that normally require human intelligence.

(1)ERP (2)MRP (3)Closed-Loop MRP (4)MRP II

1.Techniques for helping plan capacity requirements were tied in with Material Requirements Planning.

2.An outgrowth of early efforts in bill of material processing.

3. A method for the effective planning of all resources of a manufacturing company.

4.An enterprise-wide set of management tools that balances demand and supply.

六、根据所学课文内容，用英文简要回答问题

1. How many types of computers do you know? Name at least four of them.

(1) supercomputers

(2) mainframe computers

(3) minicomputers

(4) microcomputers

2. List three major part of the hardware.

(1) input and output devices;

(2) a central processing unit;

(3) memory

3. Name at least four of algorithm techniques.

(1) Brute-force Algorithms;

(2) Divide-and-Conquer Algorithms;

(3) Dynamic Programming;

(4) Greedy Algorithms;

(5) Randomized Algorithms.

4. How many classes of data structures do you know? Name at least four of them.

(1) arrays

(2) lists

(3) Linked List

(4) Stacks and Queues

(5) Tree

5. How many types of programming languages do you know?

(1) Machine language;

(2) assembly language;

(3) high-level languages;

(4) very-high-level languages;

(5) natural languages

6. List three categories of the data type.

(1) Numeric data;

(2) Boolean data;

(3) Character data

7. Identify the types of data transfer modes.

(1) programmed I/O

(2) interrupts

(3) direct memory access (DMA)

8. List the steps involved in a divide-and-conquer algorithm.

(1)First, divide the original problem into a number of subproblems.

(2)Next, solve the subproblems. If the subproblems are small enough, they should be solves directly; otherwise, they should be solved recursively.

(3)Finally, combine the solutions to the subproblems to produce the final solution.

9. List approach that is often used to solve optimization problem.

(1) Brute-force Algorithms;

(2) Divide-and-Conquer Algorithms;

(3) Dynamic Programming;

(4) Greedy Algorithms;

(5) Randomized Algorithms.

10. Describe differences between a binary tree and a tree.

(1) A binary tree can be empty, whereas a tree cannot;

(2) Each node in a binary tree has exactly two subtrees, which in a tree can have any number of subtrees;

(3) The subtrees of each node in a binary tree are ordered. The subtrees in a tree are unordered.

11. List the five steps of programming.

(1) Problem definition;

(2) Program design;

(3) Program coding;

(4) Program testing;

(5) Program documentation and maintenance.

12. How many types of programming languages do you know?

Traditionally, computer programming languages are divided into five levels or generations, which are as follows.

(1) First generation-machine language.

(2) Second generation-assembly language.

(3) Third generation-high-level language.

(4) Fourth generation-very-high-level language.

(5) Fifth generation-natural language.

13. List differences between compilation process and assembly process.

(1) High-level language programs are compiled, and assembly language programs are assembly;

(2) High-level languages are platform-independent. The same high-level source code can be compiled to run on different microprocessors and operating systems, or computing platforms. Assembly language programs usually run on only one platform.

(3) A high-level language statement is usually converted to a sequence of several machine code instructions. Each assembly language instruction corresponds to one unique machine code instruction.

14. Describe the expert system model.

The model of an expert system consists of four main parts.

(1) The user interface enables the user to interact with the expert system.

(2) The knowledge base houses the accumulated knowledge of the particular problem to be solved.

(3) The inference engine provides the reasoning ability that interprets the contents of the knowledge base.

(4) The expert and the knowledge engineer use the development engine to create the expert system. 15. Describe the function of user interface.

(1) The user interface enables the manager to enter instructions and information into the expert system and to receive information from it.

(2) The instructions specify the parameters that guide the expert system through its reasoning processing.

(3) The information is in the form of values assigned to certain variables.

16. Comparing the advantage and disadvantages of Expert System.

Expert system shells have brought artificial intelligence within the reach of firms that do not have the resources necessary to develop their own systems using programming languages.

In the business area, expert system shells are the most popular way for firms to implement knowledge-based systems.

17. Explain the evolution of ERP.

Stage One——Material Requirements Planning (MRP)

Stage Two——Closed-Loop MRP

Stage Three——Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP II)

Stage Four——Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

七、将下列句子翻译成中文

1. By using various coding techniques, groups of bits can be made to represent not only binary numbers but also other discrete symbols.

2. System software includes not only complex programs used by techniques to create application software in the first place but also the organizational programs needed to start up the computer and

govern its use of other programs.

3. Data are numbers and other binary-code information that are operated on to achieve required computational results.

4. Rather than arithmetically or logically manipulating characters, a computer may concatenate strings of characters, replace some characters with others, or otherwise manipulate character strings.

5. Software application like word processing, electronic spreadsheets, database management programs, painting and drawing programs, desktop publishing, and so forth became commercially available giving more people reasons to use a computer.

6. By asserting these internal and external control signals in the proper sequence, the control unit causes the CPU and the rest of the computer to perform the operation needed to correctly process instructions.

7. In a computer with virtual memory, less-used parts of programs are shifted from RAM to hard disk and are moved back only when needed.

8. A technique used to compensate for the mismatch in operating speeds is to employ an extremely fast, small cache between the CPU and main memory whose access time is close to processor logic clock cycle time.

9. The data transfer rate of peripherals in usually slower than the transfer rate to the CPU, and consequently, a synchronization mechanism may be needed.

10. In some computers the interrupt vector is an address that points to a location in memory where the beginning address of the I/O service routine is stored.

11. In short, communication problems arise when the language used for an algorithm’s representation is not precisely defined or when information is not given in adequate detail.

12. Another common algorithmic structure involves that the need to continue executing a statement or sequence of statement or sequence of statements as long as some condition remains true.

13. In many algorithms, running time will vary not only for inputs of different sizes, but also for different inputs of the same size.

14. Thus, dynamic programming is a bottom-up technique that usually begins by solving the smallest subprograms, saving these results, and then reusing them to solve larger and larger sub problems until

the solution to the original problem is obtained.

15. The conversion from this conceptual one-dimensional array organization to the actual arrangement within the machine’s memory is straightforwar d, and the data can be stored in a sequence of 24 memory cells with consecutive addresses in the same order envisioned by the programmer.

16. Documentation is needed for everyone who will be involved with the program-users, operators, and programmers.

17. Rather, programs written in a high-level language or assembly language are converted to machine language, which is then executed by the computer.

18. The corresponding programs set forth precise procedure, or series of instructions, and the programmer has to follow a proper order of actions to solve a problem.

19. 4GLs may not entirely replace third-generation languages because they are usually focused on specific tasks and hence offer fewer options.

20. Inheritance is the means by which objects of a class can access member variables and function contained in a previously defined class, without having to restate those definitions.

21. Since many users may be simultaneously exercising the same transaction, the TP subsystem must be able to keep track of which instantiation of the transaction belongs to which user.

22. The access method routines not only invoke the scheduler to determine whether they can “safely” access the data, but they also invoke log manger routines to log redo and possibly undo data.

23. Another characteristic of transaction processing mentioned earlier is that once a transaction commits, the data updated by it is persistent.

24. The information specialists decided that the only solution was for them to design and implement systems to produce information that they thought the managers needed.

25. The horizontal dotted line separates the problems that had, at that time, been successfully solved with computer assistance from those problems that had not been subjected to computer processing. 26. Heuristics do not guarantee results as absolutely as do conventional algorithms that are incorporated into DSSs, but they offer results that are specific enough most of the time to be useful. 27. The concept of expert system is base on the assumption that an expert’s knowledge can be captured in computer storage and then applied by others when the need arises.

28. The knowledge base contains both facts that describe the problem area and knowledge representation techniques that describe how the facts fit together in a logical manner.

29. In its most basic form, the help desk consists of one or more technical experts who, perhaps using an 800 number, receive users’ telephone calls for help.

30. Expert system shells have brought artificial intelligence within the reach of firms that do not have the resources necessary to develop their own systems using programming languages.

31. There’s a lot o sloppy terminology flying around today in the business press, and one misnomer is to label enterprise-wide transaction processing software systems as ERP.

32. It is a strong contributor to America’s amazing economic performance of the 1990s and the emergence of the New Economy.

33. When our customer demand changes, we and our suppliers can manage changes to our schedules on a very coordinated and controlled basis.

34. This is important, because in a manufacturing enterprise, change is not simply a possibility or even

a probability.

35. Its goals include high levels of customer service, productivity, cost reduction, and inventory turnover, and it provides the foundation for effective supply chain management and e-commerce.

八、判断题

第一章

1. The software system is the physical equipment that you can see and touch.

2. Typically, a data value is set to zero to represent FALSE and 1 value for TRUE.

3. In the earliest general-purpose computer, most input and output media were magnetic disks.

4. Supercomputers are largest, fastest, and most expensive computer available.

5. A computer system consists of hardware system and software system.

第二章

1. The data bus always receives data from the CPU, and the CPU never reads the data bus.

2. Math memory holds whatever programs and data are available for immediately use by the CPU.

3. Dynamic RAM does not have to be refreshed.

4. Dot-matrix printer work by squirting tiny droplets of liquid ink at the paper.

5. The auxiliary memory is very small, relatively expensive, and has very high access speed.

第四章

1. A number of different algorithms can exist for solving a computational problems, and each of these algorithms could have a same running time complexity.

2. The divide-and-conquer algorithm is a bottom-up technique that usually begins by solving the smallest subproblems, the dynamic programming solves problems in a top-down fashion.

3. An important property of arrays is that their size and shape are constant.

4. If all of the elements stored in a list are of the same type, then the list is said to be heterogeneous. However, if different types of elements are stored in the list, then the list is said to be homogeneous.

5. A queue is a dynamic set that obeys the LIFO property.

第五章

1. The computer hardware recognizes only assembly language instruction.

2. A program written in the assembly language of one microprocessor can run on a computer that has a different microprocessor.

3. Assembly languages are platform-independent, but high-level languages are not platform-independent.

4. The 4GLs are also called nonprocedural languages.

5. Each assembly languages instruction corresponds to one unique machine code instruction.

第十五章

1. The objective of the DSS is to make the decision-making process as efficient as possible.

2. DSS should assist managers in making decisions to solve structured decision problems.

3. The DSS is aimed at the area where most problems are found.

4. The implementer sees TPS as a large number of interactive users accessing shared databases.

5. In DSS, groupware enables multiple problem solves, working together as a group, to reach solutions.

第十六章

1. The model of an expert system consists of five main parts.

2. AI includes work in the following areas: neural networks, perceptive systems, learning, robotics, AI hardware, and natural language processing.

3. The user interface enables the user to interact with the expert system. The knowledge base houses the accumulated knowledge of the particular problem to be solved.

4. The development engine provides the reasoning ability that interprets the contents of the knowledge base.

5. The porting of the expert system that performs reasoning by using the contents the knowledge base in a particular sequence is the knowledge base.

第十七章

1. Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRPII) predicts and balance demand and supply.

2. Material Requirements Planning (MRP) involves three additional elements: sales and operations planning, financial interface, simulation.

3. The goals of MRPII include high levels of customer service, productivity, cost reduction, and inventory turnover, and it provides the foundation for effective supply chain management and e-commerce.

4. The second step of ERP is Closed-loop MRP.

5. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) predicts and balances demand and supply. It is an enterprise-wide set of forecasting, planning, and scheduling tools.