直接引语和间接引语知识点归纳

直接引语和间接引语

引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。直接引用别人的原话，两边用引号““标出，叫做直接引语；用自己的

语言转述别人的话，不需要引号这叫做间接引语，实际上间接引语大都是宾语从句（其中由祈使句转换的间接引语

除外，其转换后是不定式）。那么直接引语为陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和祈使句，转换为间接引语时，句子的结构，人称、时态、时间状语和地点状语等都要有变化，如何变化呢

1、人称的转变

1）直接引语中的第一人称，一般转换为第三人称，如：

He said，“ I am very sorry. ”------------- >He said that he was very sorry.

2）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对转述人说的，转换为第一人称，如：

“You should be more careful next time, ” my father told me. ---------------- >

My father told me that I should be more careful the n ext time.

3）直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对第三人称说的，转换成第三人称。如：

She said to her s on, “ ni check your homework toni ght. ” -------- >

She said to her son that she would check his homework that ni ght.

4）人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等，如：

He asked me, “ Will you go to the stati on with me to meet a frie nd of mi ne this after noon ”---- > He asked me whether I would go to the stati on with him to meet a frie nd of his that after noon.

总之，人称的转换不是固定的，具体情况，具体对待，要符合逻辑。

2、时态的转换

直接引语改为间接引语时，主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时，从句（即间接引语部分）的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化，变成过去时范畴的各种时态（实际也是宾语从句的时态要求），变化如下：

“I am very glad to visit your school ” , she sa id. ------------ >

She said she was very glad to visit our school.

Tom said, “ We are liste ning to the pop music. ”-------------- >

Tom said that they were liste ning to the pop music.

Mother asked, “ Have you fini shed your homework before you watch TV ”----------------- >

Mother asked me whether I had fini shed my homework before I watched TV.

He asked the con ductor, “ Where shall I get off to cha nge to a No. 3 bus ”----- >

He asked the con ductor where he would get off to cha nge to a No. 3 bus.

“Why did she refuse to go there ” the teacher asked. --------------- >

The teacher asked why she had refused to go there.

Mother asked me, “ Had you fini shed your homework before you watched TV ”----------------- >

Mother asked me whether I had fini shed my homework before I watched TV.

Tom said, “ We were havi ng a football match this time yesterday. ” ---- >

Tom said that they were having a football match that time the day before.

He said，“ I have n't heard from my pare nts these days. ” --- >

He said that he had n't heard from his parents those days.

3、直接引语变成间接引语时，从句时态无须改变的情况

1）当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时的时候，如：

He always says, “ I am tired out. ” -------------- >He always says that he is tired out.

2）当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候，如：

He will say, “ I ' II try my best to help you. ” 一>He will say that he will try his best to help

me.

3）当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时，如：

He said, “ I went to college in 1994. ”--- >He told us that he went to college in 1994.

4）当直接引语中有以whe n, while 引导的从句，表示过去的时间时，如：

He said，“When I was a child, I usually played football after school. ”---- >

He said that whe n he was a child, he usually played football after school.

5）当直接引语是客观真理或自然现象时，如：

Our teacher said to us, "Light travels faster tha n sound. ”---- >

Our teacher told us that light travels faster tha n sound.

6）当引语是谚语、格言时，如：

He said，“ Practice makes perfect. ”-------------- >He said that practice makes perfect.

7）当直接引语中有情态动词should, would, could, had better, would rather, might, must, ought to, used to, n eed 时，如：

The doctor said, “ You'd better drink ple nty of water. ” --- >

The doctor said I'd better drink plenty of water.

He said, “ She must be a teacher. ”--------- > He said that she must be a teacher.

He said, “ She ought to have arrived her office by now. ” --- >

He said that she ought to have arrived her office by the n.

The teacher said, “ You n eed n't hand in your compositi ons today. ”--- >

The teacher said we n eed n' t/did n't n eed to/did n't have to hand in our compositi ons.

She asked, “ Must I take the medici ne ”------------ > She asked if she had to take the medic ine.

〔注〕：此处用had to代替must更好

Teacher: You may have the ball game this after noon.

Stude nt : What did the teacher say, Mon itor

Mon itor: He said we might have the ball game this after noon.

4、时间状语、地点状语及某些对比性的指示代词和动词变化

?He said that he had met Mr. Smith that morning. 他说他那天早晨见到史密斯了。

He said, “We went to the cinema yesterday . ” 他说:“我们昨天去电影院了。”

?He said they had gone to the cin ema the day before. 他说前一天他们去电影院了。

Lily said, “ I will come back next month . ” 莉莉说:“我下个月回来。”

T Lily said that she would go b ack the next mo nth. 莉莉说她下一个月就回去。

He said, “ It is nine o'clock now ”他说：“现在九点了。”

?He said that it was nine o'clock then.他说那时九点了。

He said, “ I have n't see n her today . ”他说：“今天我没见到她。”

?He said that he had n't seen her t hat day .他说那天他没有见到她。

She said, “I went there yesterday . ”她说：“昨天我去了那儿。”

T She said that she had gone there the day before. 她说前一天她去了那儿。

She said, “I'll go there tomorrow . ”她说：“明天我将去那儿。”

T She said that she would go there the next day. 她说第二天她将去那儿。

He said, “My sister was here three days ago_______ . ”他说：“三天前我妹妹在这丿L。”

T He said that his sister had been there three days before. ___________ 他说三天前他妹妹在那儿。(here T there;

ago T before)

She said, “I will come here this evening. ” 她说：“今晚我将来这儿。”

T She said that she would go there that evening.她说那晚她将去那丿丿。(come^go; here T there ; this T that )以上这些变化，要根据说话的具体时间和具体地点的情况而定，不可机械照搬。如果就在当地转述，here就不

必改为there, come 也不必改为go,如果就在当天转述， yesterday 或tomorrow 等时间状语也不必改变。直接引语

中的一般过去时如与一个具体的过去时间状语连用，间接引语的一般过去时时态不变。 Father said, “ I am free this after noon

”父亲说： "我今天下午有空。”

T Father said that he was free

this after noon.

父亲说他今天下午有空。

He sa id, “I am going there tomorrow . ”他说"我明天去那里。”

T He said that he was going

there tomorrow. 他说他明天去那里。

巧记：去掉引号加that ，人称变化要灵活，时态向后退一步，状语变化按规定

5、直接引语变成间接引语，句子结构的变化

1)

陈述句。用连词 that 引导，that 在口语中常省略。主句的谓语动词可直用接引语中的 said,也可用told

来代替，注意，可以说 said that, said to sb. that, told sb. that

，不可直接说 told that, 女口：

He said, “ I have bee n to the Great Wall. ” ---------------- >He said to us that he had bee n to the Great Wall. He said,

“ ni give you an exam in ati on n ext Mon day.

He told us that he would give us an exam in ati on the n ext Mon day. 此外主句中的谓语还常有：

repeat, whisper, answer, reply, explain, announce, declare, think

He said ，“ I'm late because of the heavy traffic. ” ------------- > He explained to us that he was late because of the heavy traffic.

如果间接引语是由that 引导的两个或两个以上的并列从句，第一个连词可以省略，以后的连词一般不省略， 以免混乱。

The doctor said,

“ You are not seriously ill, You will be better soon.

” -- >

The doctor said (that ) I was not seriously ill and that I would be better soon. 2)

直接引语为一般疑问句，(也称是否疑问句，)

间接引语用连词

whether 或if 引导，原主句中谓语动词

said 要改为asked (me/him/us 等)，语序是陈述句的语序，这一点非常重要

。

He said, “ Do you have any difficulty with pronun ciatio n

” ----- >

He asked (me ) whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation. He said,

“ You are in terested in En glish, aren't you

” ---- >

He asked whether I was in terested in En glish.

3) 直接引语为选择疑问句，间接引语用 whether ?-or …表达，而不用 if or …，也不用 either ?-or ….女口: He asked, “Do you speak English or French” ------------- > He asked me whether I spoke English or French.. I asked, “ Will you take bus or take train ” --- > I asked him whether he would take bus or

take train.

4) 直接引语为特殊疑问句，改成间接引语时，原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词, 来表达，语序改为陈述句语序。如：

(不可说 told that )

等，又如:

主句的谓语动词用 ask (sb.)

He asked，“ What's your name ”------- > He asked (m? what my name was.

He asked us, “ How many car factories have bee n built in your country ” -- >

He asked us how many car factories had bee n built in our coun try.

5）直接引语为祈使句时，改为间接引语，用带to的不定式表达，谓语动词常是ask, advise, tell, warn, order, request等。如ask sb. to do ,（由肯定祈使句变成）ask sb. not to do （由否定祈使句转变），并且在不定式短语中的时间状语、地点状语、人称及时态都作相应的变化。如：

He said，“ Be seated, please. ” ----------> He asked us to be seated.

“Do be careful with your handwriting. ” He said. -------- > He told me to be careful with my

han dwriti ng.

“Never come here again! ” said the officer nearby. ------- > The officer ordered the villagers never to go there aga in.

“Don't touch anything in the lab without permission, ” the teacher said. ---------- >

The teacher warned the stude nts not to touch anything in the lab without permissi on.

6）有些含有"建议”--- >、“劝告” ------ >的祈使句，可用suggest, i nsist, offer 等动词转述，如：

He said, "Let's have a rest. ” -------------> He suggested our havi ng a rest.

He said, " Let me help you. ” -------- > He offered to help me.

7）当直接引语形式上是疑问句，有表示请求，建议意义时，可用ask sb. to do sth. /suggest doing/advise sb. to do

sth. 等形式转述。如：

“Would you mind opening the door ” he asked. ----------- >He asked me to open the door.

“Why not going out for a walk ” he asked us. ---------- >

He advised us to go out for a walk. 或He suggested we go out for a walk.

8）直接引语是感叹句时，变间接引语可用what或how引导，也可用that引导，如：

She said, “What a lovely day it is! ”---------------- > She said what a lovely day it was. 或She said that it was a lovely day.

1. He asked_______ for the computer.

A. did I pay how much

B. I paid how much. how much did I pay D. how much I paid

2. “Have you seen the film ” he asked me. He asked me ___________ .

A. had I see n the film

B. have I see n the film

C. if I have see n the film

D. whether I had see n the film

3. “ Please close the window, ” he said to me.

T He_______ me _____ the wi ndow.

A. said to; to close

B. told to; clos ing

C. asked ; to close

D. said to; please close

4. “I am a teacher, ” Jack said. T He said _________ __ .

A. that I am a teacher

B. I was a teacher

C. that he is a teacher

D. he was a teacher

5. He said, “ Mother, the boy is very n aughty. ” T He ___________ - very n aughty.

A. said his mother that the boy was

B. said to his mother that the boy is

C. told his mother that the boy was

D. spoke to his mother that the boy was

6. “You' ve already got well, haven ' t you ” she asked.

T She asked _______ .

A. if I have already got well, hadn ' t you

B. whether I had already got well

C. have I already got well

D. had I already got well.

7. He asked , “ Are you a Party member or a League member ”

T He asked me _________ .

A. am I a Party member or a League member

B. was I a Party member or a League member

C. if I was a Party member or a League member

D. whether was I a Party member or a League member.

8. He asked, “ How are you getti ng along ” T He asked _________ .

A. how am I gett ing along

B. how are you gett ing along

C. how I was gett ing along

D. how was I getti ng along

9. He asked me ______ with me.

A. what the matter is

B. what the mater was

C. what ' s the matter

D. what was the matter

10. He said, “Don' t do that again. ” He ____ me _______ that again.

A. said to me; not to do

B. said to me; don ' t do

C. told me; don ' t do

D. told me; not to do