初中英语语法过去完成时

初中英语语法过去完成时
初中英语语法过去完成时

【初中语法系列】过去完成时,过去的过去!

对于理解过去完成时来说,其要义只有一点,那就“过去的过去”。

一. 过去完成时的概念与结构

概念:表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,即“过去的过去(past-in-the-past )”。

构成:“助动词had + 过去分词”,其中had 通用于各种人称。

They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.

在到达旅馆之前,他们已经吃过了早饭。

She had finished writing the composition by 10:00 this morning.

今天早晨10点之前,她已经写完了作文。

二. 过去完成时的用法

1. 表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束,即发生在“过去的过去”。例如:

When I woke up, it had stopped raining.

我醒来时,雨已经停了。(雨停发生在醒来之前,即“过去的过去”)

2. 表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始,一直延续到这一过去时间,而且动作尚未结束,仍然有继续下去的可能。例如:

By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. 到去年年底为止,他已经在这个工厂工作了20年。(到去年年底为止已工作了20 年,还有继续进行下去的可能)

三. 过去完成时的判断依据

1. 由时间状语来判定

一般说来,各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有:

(1)by + 过去的时间点,例如:

I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.

到昨天晚上九点钟为止,我已经读完了这本小说。

(2)by the end of + 过去的时间点,例如:

We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.到上学期末为止,我们已经学了两千多单词。

(3)before + 过去的时间点,例如:

They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.

在上周三之前,他们已经植了六百棵树。

2. 由“过去的过去”来判定

过去完成时表示“过去的过去”,是指在过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作有先后关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在:

(1)宾语从句中

当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时,且从句的动作先于主句的动作时,从句要用过去完成时。例如:

She said that she had seen the film before.

她说她之前看过这部电影。

(2)状语从句中

在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中,主、从句的动作发生有先后关系,动作在前的,要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用一般过去时。例如:

When I got to the station, the train had already left.

当我到达车站的时候,火车已经离开了。

注意:before, after 引导的时间状语从句中,由于before 和after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系,若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连,则主、从句都用一般过去时。例如:

Where did you study before you came here?

在你来这里之前,你在哪里学习?

After he closed the door, he left the classroom.

他关上门后,离开了教室。

(3)表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…",例如:

We had thought that you would come, but you didn't.

我原认为你会来的,但是你没有。

3. 根据上、下文来判定

I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.

昨天我在街上遇到了王涛。自从他去了北京我们一直还没有见过彼此。

四. 过去完成时与一般过去时的区别

虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,但在使用时应注意以下几点:

1. 时间状语不同,过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”;而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较:

They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.

到昨天十点为止,他们已经到达了车站。

They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.

他们在昨天十点的时候到达车站。

2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时,谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断,先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的则用一般过去时。例如:

She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.

她很高兴。她的全家对她也很满意。她刚刚在作文比赛中得了第一。

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