工程英语论文
兰州交通大学
学期论文
中文题目国际工程谈判中的战术运用分析
英文题目The Analysis of Application of Tactics for International Project Negotiation
专业英语
姓名阮伟杰
学号201106424
指导教师刘虹
提交日期June.13
兰州交通大学学期论文评语
摘要
随着经济全球化的迅速发展和国家“走出去”战略的实施，我国对外承包工程规模日益扩大，合作领域不断拓宽，同时也面临着巨大的机遇和挑战。
国际工程是工程项目从咨询、融资、采购、承包、管理以及培训等各阶段的参与者来自不同国家，按照国际通用的项目管理模式进行管理的工程。一项国际工程包括招标、投标、融资、谈判等一系列程序，还有保险、索赔、争端和仲裁等的处理。谈判是一门艺术，而有关施工方面的谈判则是一门更高层次的艺术。业主和承包商之间谈判的成功与否直接关系项目能否顺利进行。所以，双方在谈判过程中应运用一定的战术和技巧。本论文通过分析国际工程中的谈判战术，旨在指导我们在谈判中更好地达到某一具体目标，实现双方利益最大化。
本论文由五部分组成。第一章，对谈判在国际工程中的重要性和必要性进行论述，对谈判这一具体程序进行简明扼要的介绍。第二章，通过阐述谈判者在谈判前的准备以及对工作的熟悉，说明会议前的储备是一项最基础的谈判战术。第三章，介绍最重要的两项谈判战术，分别是会议的控制和高额索赔。第四章，补充介绍一些其他的战术。第五章即结论部分，对论文进行了总结，强调了战术的应用在一项国际工程谈判中的重要性。
关键词：国际工程谈判战术运用技巧
Abstract
With the rapid development of economic globalization and the implementation of the national strategy “going out”, the scale of China’s foreign contracted projects is increasing and the areas of cooperation is broadening. At the same time, it’s also faced with many enormous challenges and opportunities.
International project is a kind of projects, whose participants are from different countries from consulting, financing, procurement, contracting, management and training such various stages.①An international project includes bidding, tendering, financing, negotiations and a series of procedures. Surely insurance, claims, disputes and arbitrations are also included. Negotiation is an art, and negotiation in construction is a high form of that art .Whether the negotiation between the owner and the contractor is successful or not is directly related to whether the project can run smoothly or not. So both parties should use some strategies and tactics. By analyzing the application of tactics for international projects, this paper is intended to guide us to achieve a special goal better in the negotiation and to realize maximum benefits between both sides.
This paper consists of five parts: the first chapter discusses the importance and necessity of negotiation in international projects and gives a brief introduction to specific procedure of negotiation. The second chapter, through stating negotiator’s preparation and familiarity with the job, it’s aimed at showing that the reserve before the meeting is the most basic negotiation tactic. The third chapter introduces two most important negotiation tactics, control of the meeting and tactics –large claims. The forth chapter adds some other tactics. The fifth chapter is the conclusion of this paper, emphasizing the importance of the application of the tactics in the international projects’ negotiations.
Key words: international projects negotiation application of tactics strategies
Contents
Chapter one Introduction (1)
1.1The importance of the negotiation (1)
1.2The specific procedures in negotiations (1)
Chapter two Basic tactics (2)
2.1 Preparation (2)
2.2 Knowledge (2)
Chapter three Important tactics (3)
3.1 Control of the meeting (3)
3.2 Large claims (3)
Chapter four Other tactics (4)
Chapter five Conclusion (5)
References (6)
Chapter one Introduction
1.1 The importance of negotiation
Negotiation requires the deliberate application of techniques and strategies aimed at a specific goal: the equitable adjustment of impacted contract based on time and cost. “On small changes, the difference in an engineer’s estimate and those of the contractor are often resolved through the simple verification of prices and computations”.②Of course, if the engineer’s estimate is higher than that of the contractor, the owner is likely to settle for the contractor’s price without negotiation.
As the dollar or time magnitude of a contract change increases, the likelihood of negotiation is greater and concurrently, the gap between engineer’s and contractor’s estimates is likely to widen. Each side has particular advantages and disadvantages. The contractor knows his cost exactly, can adjust his prices for maximum revenue and accept or reject a settlement as he so chooses. The owner’s representative, the engineer, has a strong advantage in that he holds the purse strings. The successful contractor and negotiator is the one that knows how to achieve his goal quickly.
1.2 specific procedures in negotiations
In the process of the negotiation, the general principle is according to the tendering requirement, in accordance with the tender response. In general, it’s not allowed to be out for bidding, because bidding is a legal behavior .If one of the parties violated, that is the transgression on the law .If there is not right contract bidding detailed or having no expression of content description, you should click on the program: one, now that you have been after bidding, it’s the major premise that bidding price remains the same .Two, any addition and changing in the process of the construction project should be clear. Three, the standard of the construction quality should be determined. Four, the limit time of the construction should be determined.
Chapter two Basic tactics
2.1 Preparation
The successful negotiation of price demands careful and complete preparation. Negotiation without adequate preparation invites failure…Spending sufficient time and effort on analyzing the proposal, gathering pertinent pricing and formulating a definitive and defensible negotiation position will serve the negotiation better than any repertoire of bargaining table techniques. Adequate preparation enables the negotiator to negotiate with strength -----to take and hold the initiative throughout the negotiation conference and to meet any contingency with confidence, self-respect, and integrity of position.
Before going into the negotiation meeting, it is important to establish a strategy, the framework from which the topics to be negotiated will be approached. The following points are stressed by Construction Contract Negotiating Guide: 1. Establish Objectives and How They Negotiating Guide. 2. Anticipate Position of Your Opponent. 3. Strategies Should Be Flexible.③
Proper preparation also means assembling all necessary data and documents that may be required to support the contractor’s position in the negotiation sessions. Most of this data probably is already included in the claim document, but additional substantiation that might be of assistance-comparison charts, for example------- should be brought along to the meeting.
2.2 Knowledge
Adequate preparation of knowledge involved and familiarity with the job are the two most important items required of successful negotiator. He can be more aggressive and is less likely to end up floundering for defensive comments when confronted with what would otherwise be unfamiliar questions. The contractor wants to take the offensive and be as aggressive as possible .Such an attitude, along with firm knowledge of the work, can be very persuasive and influential. Negotiator should
be armed with law, intercultural communication, marketing such related knowledge.
Chapter three Important tactics
3.1 Control of the meeting
The contractor wants to control the tone, pace, and atmosphere of negotiations by choosing which items to discuss first, taking the heat off items that are not going well, accepting certain decisions and knowing when to compromise. Some claims are better negotiated by discussing the strongest sections first, to be reassured that no flaws or surprises will be sprung later later to alter the rest of the claim. At other times, weaker portions should be discussed first to explore the attitude of the opposition. Keeping the opposition off balance is an active negotiation tactic that can be used to achieve optimum results.④If the owner wants to begin discussions, he should be allowed to talk so long as his attitude is conciliatory and the contractor is comfortable with the direction pursued.
To control communication, the chief negotiator should avoid the defensive stance, and keep the negotiating team members quiet. Control of communications can be maintained by diplomacy and tact. Be punctual, cordial, tolerant and patient. Use clear, simple language and keep distractions to a minimum.
3.2 Large claims
In large claims, the amounts claimed will usually be negotiated by item. Early in negotiations, the contractor should ascertain the owner’s position on all items, without making commitments, to get an idea where he stands on an overall basis. He should then study the differences to see where more work can be accomplished, and how much work might be needed to get the settlement closer to an acceptable amount. After strengthening his position with additional data, the contractor is ready for a second negotiating session .This time the contractor should make an all-out effort to
achieve his goal and begin to make compromise on individual items. At the conclusion of second session, the contractor should be approaching his goal and should attempt an overall settlement. ⑤If a satisfactory compromise cannot be reached, the negotiation sequence must be repeated until either an agreement or impasse is reached.
Chapter four Other tactics
Getting the owner to negotiation table can be a chore in itself. It is important not to give the owner any excuse to delay the negotiation. The proposal be as complete as possible and submitted as early as possible. Meet with the owner and negotiate a timetable for submission of the proposal and commencement of negotiations. ⑥Failure to negotiate can be a cause for breacb of contract, so the contractor should stay on top of the owner to be sure he comes to the negotiation table. With involved negotiations, the contractor should demand a schedule to insure that discussions remain continuous until a settlement is reached. Loss of momentum will do more harm than good when negotiating.
Chapter five Conclusion
Negotiation is an art, and negotiation in international construction is a high form of that art, requiring much strategies and tactics. So negotiations not only should be fair and honest, but also it should have some proper tactic applications. In the long run, it behooves all concerned to attempt to negotiate equitable adjustments, for it keeps alive a spirit of cooperation and mutual respect. ⑦Sometimes it is difficult to reach agreements in the face of valid differences of opinion, the mass of government procurement rules and the maze of legal precedents that influence owners today. If, after earnest attempts, an agreement cannot be reached and the contractor believes his
position is correct, be sould implement the contract’s “Disputes” mechanism or take the matter to court, whichever procedure is appropriate under the contract in question. The government contractor, except in the case of a breach, must of course, exhausts his administrative remedies before seeking judicial relief.
References
①崔军、钱武云《国际工程承包总论》2013.3 中国建筑工业出版社
②周可荣《国际工程管理专业英语阅读选编》2001. 中国建筑工业出版社
③霍立伟工程合同谈判技巧2006 重庆大学建筑与房地产学院学报
④黄雪莹国际工程承包合同谈判全过程管理2010 《中国集体经济》
⑤周里建筑工程索赔浅析中国学术论文网
⑥中国对外承包工程商会https://www.360docs.net/doc/b514578427.html,
⑦中国国际工程咨询协会https://www.360docs.net/doc/b514578427.html,/2009/main.asp
土木工程英文文献
2.1 Reinforced Concrete Plain concrete is formed from a hardened mixture of cement ,water ,fine aggregate, coarse aggregate (crushed stone or gravel),air, and often other admixtures. The plastic mix is placed and consolidated in the formwork, then cured to facilitate the acceleration of the chemical hydration reaction lf the cement/water mix, resulting in hardened concrete. The finished product has high compressive strength, and low resistance to tension, such that its tensile strength is approximately one tenth lf its compressive strength. Consequently, tensile and shear reinforcement in the tensile regions of sections has to be provided to compensate for the weak tension regions in the reinforced concrete element. It is this deviation in the composition of a reinforces concrete section from the homogeneity of standard wood or steel sections that requires a modified approach to the basic principles of structural design. The two components of the heterogeneous reinforced concrete section are to be so arranged and proportioned that optimal use is made of the materials involved. This is possible because concrete can easily be given any desired shape by placing and compacting the wet mixture of the constituent ingredients are properly proportioned, the finished product becomes strong, durable, and, in combination with the reinforcing bars, adaptable for use as main members of any structural system. The techniques necessary for placing concrete depend on the type of member to be cast: that is, whether it is a column, a bean, a wall, a slab, a foundation. a mass columns, or an extension of previously placed and hardened concrete. For beams, columns, and walls, the forms should be well oiled after cleaning them, and the reinforcement should be cleared of rust and other harmful materials. In foundations, the earth should be compacted and thoroughly moistened to about 6 in. in depth to avoid absorption of the moisture present in the wet concrete. Concrete should always be placed in horizontal layers which are compacted by means of high frequency power-driven vibrators of either the immersion or external type, as the case requires, unless it is placed by pumping. It must be kept in mind, however, that over vibration can be harmful since it could cause segregation of the aggregate and bleeding of the concrete. Hydration of the cement takes place in the presence of moisture at temperatures above 50°F. It is necessary to maintain such a condition in order that the chemical hydration reaction can take place. If drying is too rapid, surface
(完整word版)工程管理专业英语徐勇戈课-第二版-后答案
专业英语 Unit1 第一题1.设计/施工过程Design and construction process 2.房地产开发商Real estate developer 3.投机性住宅市场Speculative housing market 4.项目管理Project management 5.项目全寿命期Project life cycle 6.项目范围Scope of a project/project scope 7.专业化服务Professional services 8.重大基础项目建设Construction of major infrastructure projects 9.住宅类房屋建设Residential housing construction 10.办公和商业用房建设office and commercial building construction 11.专业化工业项目建设Specialized industrial projects construction 12.专业咨询师Professional consultants 13.总承包商Original contractor 14.价值工程value engineering 15.竞争性招标Competitive bidding 16.建筑和工程设计公司Architectural and engineering design company 17.运营与维护管理operation and maintenance 18.设计/施工公司design and construction company 19.分包商subcontractor 20.设施管理facility management 第一章 1、从项目管理的角度看，“业主”和“发起方”是同义的，因为两者的基本权力是制定所有重大决策。 2、项目范围界定后，详细的工程设计将提供建设蓝图，最终费用估计将作为控制成本的基准。 3、此外，业主可用内部能力处理整个过程中每一个阶段的工作，或者它可能会在各个阶段寻求专业意见及服务。 4、业主可以根据项目的规模和性质选择把整个过程或多或少的分解到各个阶段上，从而获得在实施中最有效的结果。 5、所有的组织方法各有利弊，这取决于在施工管理中的业主的知识以及项目的类型，规模和位置。 6、各类建筑的规划、采购的专业服务、建筑合同的制定、以及建筑设施融资的方法都可以完全不同。 7、. 专门的工业建筑，通常涉及技术复杂程度高，如炼油厂，钢铁厂，化学处理厂和燃煤或核电厂等的大型项目，如图1-4所示。 8、传统上，在初步设计开发阶段，业主作为技术顾问从事于建筑和工程（A / E）的公司或集团。 9、通过集成到一个单一的组织设计和施工管理，设计者和建筑者之间的许多冲突是可以避免的。 10、近年来，建设项目从成立到完成，新的施工管理人员（CM）的提供专业服务。 11、因此，业主必须明白自己的责任，也希望把过程中的风险分配给自己和其他参与者。 12、除非业主或专业的施工经理执行此功能，一个良好的总承包商会与他的团队合作，专业的承包商或分包商作过的项目数量在过去可以最有效的鼓励人的忠诚与合作。 13、例如，在纽约，专业承包商，如机械和电气承包商，不受建设项目总承包商的监督，公共项目初期必须签订独立合约。 14、主要原料供应商，包括钢结构制造和架设，金属板材，预拌混凝土输送，钢筋详图，屋面，玻璃等专业承包商。 第二章
土木工程英语论文
土木工程英语论文 LG GROUP system office room 【LGA16H-LGYY-LGUA8Q8-LGA162】
Structure of Bulidings A building is closely bound up with people, for it provides people with the necessary space to work and live in. As classified by their use, buildings are mainly of two types: industrial buildings and civil buildings. Industrial buildings are used by various factories or industrial production while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling, employment, education and other social activities. The construction of industrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings. However, industrial and civil buildings differ in the material used, and in the structure forms or systems they are used. Considering only the engineering essentials, the structure of a building can be difined as the assemblage of those parts which exist for the purpose of maintaining shape and stability. Is primy purpose is to resist any loads applied to the building and to transmit those to the ground. In terms of architecture, the structue of a building is and dose much more than that. It is an inseparable part of the building form to varying degrees is a generator of that form. Used skillfully, the building structure can establish or
《土木工程专业英语》段兵延第二版全书文章翻译精编版
第一课 土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋，混凝土，塑料，石头，沥青，砖，铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中，土木工程师设计，建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水，同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计，建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。他们建造供水和废水处理厂，设计空气净化器和其他设备以最小化甚至消除由工业加工、焚化及其他产烟生产活动引起的空气污染。他们也采用建造特殊倾倒地点或使用有毒有害物中和剂的措施来控制有毒有害废弃物。此外，工程师还对垃圾掩埋进行设计和管理以预防其对周围环境造成污染。
土木工程毕业设计外文文献翻译修订版
土木工程毕业设计外文文献翻译修订版 IBMT standardization office【IBMT5AB-IBMT08-IBMT2C-ZZT18】
外文文献翻译 Reinforced Concrete （来自《土木工程英语》） Concrete and reinforced concrete are used as building materials in every country. In many, including the United States and Canada, reinforced concrete is a dominant structural material in engineered construction. The universal nature of reinforced concrete construction stems from the wide availability of reinforcing bars and the constituents of concrete, gravel, sand, and cement, the relatively simple skills required in concrete construction, and the economy of reinforced concrete compared to other forms of construction. Concrete and reinforced concrete are used in bridges, buildings of all sorts underground structures, water tanks, television towers, offshore oil exploration and production structures, dams, and even in ships. Reinforced concrete structures may be cast-in-place concrete, constructed in their final location, or they may be precast concrete produced in a factory and erected at the construction site. Concrete structures may be severe and functional in design, or the shape and layout and be whimsical and artistic. Few other building materials off the architect and engineer such versatility and scope. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. As a result, cracks develop whenever loads, or restrained shrinkage of temperature changes, give rise to tensile stresses in excess of the tensile strength of the concrete. In
土木工程专业英语论文.doc
Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing Abstract The crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword: Concrete crack prevention processing Foreword Concrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and
土木工程外文文献翻译
专业资料 学院： 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 抗侧向荷载的结构体系 常用的结构体系 若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重，那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了。确实，较好的高层建筑普遍具有构思简单、表现明晰的特点。 这并不是说没有进行宏观构思的余地。实际上，正是因为有了这种宏观的构思，新奇的高层建筑体系才得以发展，可能更重要的是：几年以前才出现的一些新概念在今天的技术中已经变得平常了。 如果忽略一些与建筑材料密切相关的概念不谈，高层建筑里最为常用的结构体系便可分为如下几类： 1.抗弯矩框架。 2.支撑框架，包括偏心支撑框架。 3.剪力墙，包括钢板剪力墙。 4.筒中框架。 5.筒中筒结构。 6.核心交互结构。 7. 框格体系或束筒体系。 特别是由于最近趋向于更复杂的建筑形式，同时也需要增加刚度以抵抗几力和地震力，大多数高层建筑都具有由框架、支撑构架、剪力墙和相关体系相结合而构成的体系。而且，就较高的建筑物而言，大多数都是由交互式构件组成三维陈列。 将这些构件结合起来的方法正是高层建筑设计方法的本质。其结合方式需要在考虑环境、功能和费用后再发展，以便提供促使建筑发展达到新高度的有效结构。这并
不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反，有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了，然而，如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导，那么，得以发展的就只能是好的结构，并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何，要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计，两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论，但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低，中高度的建筑中常用的体系，它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系，或者和其他体系结合起来使用，以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑，可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系，这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS，STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地，由于柱梁节点固有柔性，并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点，所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然，在设计的后期阶段，实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强，在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色，它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑，并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。
工程管理专业英语翻译(第二版)徐勇戈
U2-S1什么是项目管理？ 建筑项目管理不仅需要对设计和实施过程有所理解，而且需要现代管理知识。建设项目有一组明确的目标和约束，比如竣工日期。尽管相关的技术、组织机构或流程会有所不同，但建设项目同其他一些如航天、医药和能源等准等领域的项目在管理上仍然有共同之处。 一般来说，项目管理和以项目任务为导向的企业宏观管理不同，待项目任务的完成后，项目组织通常也会随之终止。（美国）项目管理学会对项目管理学科有如下定义：项目管理是一门指导和协调人力物力资源的艺术，在项目整个生命周期，应用现代管理技术完成预定的规模、成本、时间、质量和参与满意度目标。 与此形成对照，一般的工商企业管理更广泛地着眼于业务的更加连贯性和连续性。然而，由于这两者之间有足够的相似和差异，使得现代管理技术开发宏观管理可以用于项目管理。 项目管理框架的基本要素可以用图2-1表示。其中，应用宏观管理知识和熟悉项目相关知识领域是不可或缺的。辅助性学科如计算机科学和决策科学也会发挥重要作用。实际上，现代管理实践与各专业知识领域已经吸收应用了各种不同的技术和工具，而这些技术和工具曾一度仅仅被视作属于辅助学科领域。例如，计算机信息系统和决策支持系统是目前常见的宏观管理工具。同样，许多像线性规划和网络分析这样的运算研究工具，现在广泛应用在许多知识和应用领域。因此，图2- 1反映了项目管理框架演变的唯一来源。 具体来说，建设项目管理包含一组目标，该目标可能通过实施一系列服从资源约束的运作来实现。在规模、成本、时间和质量的既定目标与人力、物力和财力资源限制之间存在着潜在冲突。这些冲突应该在项目开始时通过必要的权衡和建立新备选方案来解决。另外，施工项目管理的功能通常包括以下: 1. 项目目标和计划说明书中包括规模、预算安排、进度安排、设置性能需求和项目参与者的界定。 2. 根据规定的进度和规划，通过对劳动力、材料和设备的采购使资源的有效利用最大化。 3. 在项目全过程中，通过对计划、设计、估算、合同和施工的适当协调控制来实施项目各项运作。 4. 设立有效的沟通机制来解决不同参与方之间的冲突。 项目管理学会聚焦九个不同独特领域，这些领域需要项目经理所具有的知识和关注度： 1. 项目宏观管理，确保项目要素有效协调。 2. 项目范围管理，确保所需的所有工作（并且只有所需的工作）。 3. 项目时间管理，提供有效的项目进度。 4. 项目成本管理，确定所需资源和维持预算控制。 5. 项目质量管理，确保满足功能需求。 6 . 项目人力资源管理，有效地开发和聘用项目人员。 7 . 项目沟通管理，确保有效的内部和外部通信。 8. 项目风险管理，分析和规避潜在风险。 9. 项目采购管理，从外部获得必要资源。
土木工程专业外文文献及翻译
（ 二 〇 一 二 年 六 月 外文文献及翻译 题 目： About Buiding on the Structure Design 学生姓名： 学 院：土木工程学院 系 别：建筑工程系 专 业：土木工程(建筑工程方向) 班 级：土木08-4班 指导教师：
英文原文： Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing Abstract The crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing Foreword Concrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the
土木工程专业英语结课论文
2012级土木工程（本）专业《土木工程英语》课程论文 论文题目：高层建筑防火的研究 Research of high-rise building fire prevention 专业班级： 学生姓名： 学号： 论文成绩： 评阅教师： 2015年11 月14 日
（一） 基于性能化防火设计方法的商业综合体典型空间防火优化设计研究 正文：改革开放以来，我国市场经济蓬勃发展，各种类型的商业建筑如雨后春笋般涌现。然而人们在享受高效便捷的购物消费和休闲娱乐的同时，商业综合体及其建筑群的巨大规模、多样功能、众多人数、复杂流线、与城市多层面多点衔接等特点，极大程度地增大了灾害风险，特别是城市和建筑中最易发生的灾种——火灾的风险。传统的建筑防火设计以“条文式”的防火规范为依据，无法满足部分现代商业综合体迅速发展的设计需要，当因结构、功能、造型等方面的特殊要求，出现现行国家消防技术规范中未明确规定的、现行国家消防技术规范规定的条件不适用的、依照国家消防技术规范进行设计确有困难的情况时，将采取针对性更强、更加先进、经济、合理、有效的性能化防火措施进行建筑和规划设计。与此同时，性能化防火设计方法以其在火灾场景和人员疏散模拟等方面的突出优势，也将被更多地运用于优化“条文式”防火设计规范框架内的规划与建筑方案设计。可见研究大型商业综合体的性能化防火设计措施，并利用性能化防火设计的方法调整优化规划与建筑设计以避免和减轻火灾危害是亟待解决的重要课题。本论文共分为十章，分别介绍了课题的研究背景与意义，国内外商业综合体性能化防火的研究现状，要素构成及火灾危险性，建筑的火灾机理与性能化防火设计参数，五大类商业综合体典型空间的防火优化措施，最后提出结论与展望。本文的核心研究内容是结合商业综合体空间要素构成特征的火灾特点以及建筑防火设计中的三个重要指标（防火分区、疏散距离、疏散宽度），提炼五大类商业综合体的典型空间，即密集空间、竖向贯通空间、超大水平开敞空间、狭长通道空间和地下空间，以建筑学和城市规划学的视角，一方面运用计算机技术，对“超规范”的设计方案进行性能化防火设计安全评价，另一方面对条文式规范框架内的设计方法进行优化。性能化防火策略作为消防设计乃至贯穿整个建筑、规划设计全过程的设计思路，已初步为我们展现出应用领域的美好前景，本文旨在进一步完善和发展以数字技术为基础的性能化防火设计方法，为建筑和城市减灾防灾目标的实现提供更有力的保障。
土木工程类外文文献翻译
外文文献翻译 1 中文翻译 1.1钢筋混凝土 素混凝土是由水泥、水、细骨料、粗骨料（碎石或；卵石）、空气，通常还有其他外加剂等经过凝固硬化而成。将可塑的混凝土拌合物注入到模板内，并将其捣实，然后进行养护，以加速水泥与水的水化反应，最后获得硬化的混凝土。其最终制成品具有较高的抗压强度和较低的抗拉强度。其抗拉强度约为抗压强度的十分之一。因此，截面的受拉区必须配置抗拉钢筋和抗剪钢筋以增加钢筋混凝土构件中较弱的受拉区的强度。 由于钢筋混凝土截面在均质性上与标准的木材或钢的截面存在着差异，因此，需要对结构设计的基本原理进行修改。将钢筋混凝土这种非均质截面的两种组成部分按一定比例适当布置，可以最好的利用这两种材料。这一要求是可以达到的。因混凝土由配料搅拌成湿拌合物，经过振捣并凝固硬化，可以做成任何一种需要的形状。如果拌制混凝土的各种材料配合比恰当，则混凝土制成品的强度较高，经久耐用，配置钢筋后，可以作为任何结构体系的主要构件。 浇筑混凝土所需要的技术取决于即将浇筑的构件类型，诸如：柱、梁、墙、板、基础，大体积混凝土水坝或者继续延长已浇筑完毕并且已经凝固的混凝土等。对于梁、柱、墙等构件，当模板清理干净后应该在其上涂油，钢筋表面的锈及其他有害物质也应该被清除干净。浇筑基础前，应将坑底土夯实并用水浸湿6英寸，以免土壤从新浇的混凝土中吸收水分。一般情况下，除使用混凝土泵浇筑外，混凝土都应在水平方向分层浇筑，并使用插入式或表面式高频电动振捣器捣实。必须记住，过分的振捣将导致骨料离析和混凝土泌浆等现象，因而是有害的。 水泥的水化作用发生在有水分存在，而且气温在50°F以上的条件下。为了保证水泥的水化作用得以进行，必须具备上述条件。如果干燥过快则会出现表面裂缝，这将有损与混凝土的强度，同时也会影响到水泥水化作用的充分进行。 设计钢筋混凝土构件时显然需要处理大量的参数，诸如宽度、高度等几何尺寸，配筋的面积，钢筋的应变和混凝土的应变，钢筋的应力等等。因此，在选择混凝土截面时需要进行试算并作调整，根据施工现场条件、混凝土原材料的供应情况、业主提出的特殊要求、对建筑和净空高度的要求、所用的设计规范以及建筑物周围环
土木工程英文参考文献
Introduction to Civil Engineering Papers Civil Engineering for the development of a key role, first as a material foundation for the civil engineering construction materials, followed by the subsequent development of the design theory and construction technology. Every time a new quality of building materials, civil engineering will be a leap-style development. People can only rely on the early earth, wood and other natural materials in the construction activities, and later appeared in brick and tile that artificial materials, so that the first human to break the shackles of natural building materials. China in the eleventh century BC in the early Western Zhou Dynasty created the tile. The first brick in the fifth century BC to the third century BC, when the tomb of the Warring States Period. Brick and tile better than the mechanical properties of soil, materials, and easy to manufacture. The brick and tile so that people began to appear widely, to a large number of housing construction and urban flood control project, and so on. This civil engineering technology has been rapid development. Up to 18 to the 19th century, as long as two thousand years, brick and tile has been a major civil engineering construction materials, human civilization has made a great contribution to the even was also widely used in the present. The application of a large number of steel products is the second leap in civil engineering. Seventeen 1970s the use of pig iron, the early nineteenth century, the use of wrought iron bridges and the construction of housing, which is a prelude to the emergence of steel. From the beginning of the mid-nineteenth century, metallurgical industry, smelting and rolling out high tensile and compressive strength, ductility, uniformity of the quality of construction steel and then produce high-strength steel wire, steel cables. As a result of the need to adapt to the development of the steel structure have been flourishing. In addition to the application of the original beam, arch structure, the new truss, a framework, the structure of network, cable structures to promote the gradual emergence of the structure of Yan in the form of flowers. From the brick building long-span structures, stone structures, a few meters of wood, steel structure to the development of tens of meters, a few hundred meters, until modern km above. So in the river, cross the bridge from shelves, on the ground since the construction of skyscrapers and high-rise tower, even in the laying of underground railway, to create an unprecedented miracle. In order to meet the needs of the development of steel works, on the basis of Newton's mechanics, material mechanics, structural mechanics, structural engineering design theory came into being, and so on. Construction machinery, construction technology and construction organization design theory also development, civil engineering from the experience of rising to become science, engineering practice and theoretical basis for both is a different place, which led to more rapid development of civil engineering. During the nineteenth century, 20, made of Portland cement, concrete has come out. Concrete can aggregate materials, easy-to-concrete structures forming, but the tensile strength of concrete is very small, limited use. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the surge in steel production, with the emergence of this new type of reinforced concrete composite construction materials, which bear the tension steel, concrete bear the pressure and play their own advantages. Since the beginning of the20th century,