工商管理专业英语
一、英译中
1．Vertical integration –垂直统一管理2．Markup –涨价
3．Lead time –订货和交货之间的时间4．Status Quo—现状现存情况或事态5．Market positioning–-市场定位6．Market segment—市场细分7．Executive –主管、高级执行人员8．Supervisor –监督9．Elasticity –弹性10．Differentiation –差异化11．Wholesale–批发商12．Retailer –零售商
13．Discount –折扣
14．Margin –最低利润
15．Media advertising –媒体广告16．Point of Purchase Advertising –售卖场所广告
17．Sales representative –销售代表18．Compensation –薪酬
19．Gross profit –毛利
20．Bidder –投标人
二、中译英
1. 如今的消费者要面对大量的产品、品牌、价格和生产厂商。
Today’s customers face a vast array of product and brand choices, prices, and suppliers.
2. 零售商们需要考虑目标市场和产品定位。
Retailer must consider target markets and product positioning.
3. 人员招聘是人力资源管理中的一个重要部分。
Recruitment is a significant part of Human Resource Management (HRM).
4. 顾客的满意度和产品质量有关。
Customer satisfaction is relative to product’s quality.
5. 每个企业都应该找到自身的竞争优势。
Every company should be aware of its competitive advantages.
6. 公司需要制订正确的战略。
A company should set the right strategy.
7. 促销的主要目的是为了扩大销售。
Sales promotion aims mostly to push more consumers toward purchases.
8. 一份损益表的基本构成是：销售，成本，盈利或亏损。
An operating statement consists of three basic components in the statement: sales, costs, and profit (or loss)
三、简答
1. What are the five competitive forces that collectively determine an industry’s long term attractiveness?
Present competitors (competition among existing industry)/potential competitors/the
2. What is “Strategic group”?
A strategic group consists of firms pursuing similar strategies—that is, employing a similar mix of strategy elements.
3. What does a company’s benefit include?
Paid vacations/sick leave/holidays/medical insurance
4. What does “Total Customer Value” include?
Product/services/personnel/image values
5. What does “Total Customer Cost” include?
Monetary/time energy/psychic costs
6. Will a customer always buy a product that has highest customer delivered value? If not, what can be the possible motivation behind?
Maybe, will not.
For example: Product a from company A—“value” =product b form company B
(1)The construction firm’s buyers enjoy a long-term friendship with B
(2)The firm’s buyers might be under strict company orders to buy at the lowest company
(3)The construction form rewards its buyers for short-term performance, causing them to
choose the less expensive b, even though a will perform better and be less expensive to operate in long run.
7. What is Just-In-Time System?
An increasing popular method of managing operations, including inventory control and production planning, is the just in time (JIT) system.
Like MRP, just in time system aims to have only the right amounts of materials arrive at precisely the times they are needed.
A manufacturer produces only enough to fill orders when they are due thus eliminating finished-goods inventory.
8. What is net profit? How is it different from net sales?
Net profit-at the bottom of the statement-is what the company earned from its operations during a particular period. It is the amount left after the cost of sales and the expenses are subtracted from net sales. Net sales and net profit are not the same. Many firms have large sales and no profits-they may even have losses.
9. Too many retailers fail to define their target markets and positions clearly. What is the common mistake they normally make?
Too many retailers fail to define their target markets and positions clearly. They try to have “something for everyone” and end up satisfying no market well.
10. What are the 4 ‘P’s in the marketing 4 ‘P’s?
Product/promotion/place/price
四、问答
附：（其余课堂重点）
1.What are the industry’s driving forces? P51
Changes in the market long-term growth rate/Changes in buyers segments/Diffusion of proprietary knowledge/Changes in cost and efficiency, derived from scale and learning effects/Changes in government regulations
2.backward integration:后向合并
3.inventory：库存
4.Material Requirement Planning（MRP）:原料需求计划p66
Method of getting the correct materials where they needed, on time, and without carrying unnecessary inventory
Managers use computer programs to calculate when certain materials are needed, when they should be ordered, and when they should be delivered so that they will not cost too much to store.
5.Operating Statement:资产损益表
The operating statement is a financial statement that summarizes the amount of revenues/profits earned and expense incurred by a business over a period of time. Many people consider it the most important financial report because its purpose is to measure whether or not the business achieved or failed to achieve its primary objective of earning an acceptable income.
6.资产损益表中需要掌握的词汇
net profit 净利润/gross profit 毛利润/gross sales 销售总额/net sales 扣除销货折扣和退货后净额/cost of sales销售成本/allowances 价格折让/net cost净价/sales salaries 销售人员的工资/advertising expense 广告费用
7.Invoice 发货清单
8.Staff 全体职员
9.Human Resource Management functions(人力资源基本职能) 包括human resource
planning/recruiting/selection p90
https://www.360docs.net/doc/b57421352.html,pensation(薪酬) 包括：pay/benefits/nonfinancial(nonmonetary rewards) p91
11.Customers are value-maximizers , within the bounds of search costs and limited
knowledge, mobility and income.
12.Customer Value=Total Customer value-Total Customer Cost
13.Value Chain: A major tool for identifying ways to create more customer value 价值链
14.Supplier 供应商
15.Distributor分销商
16.Retailers are rethinking their marketing strategies to attract and hold customers. They
face major marketing decisions about their target markets and positioning, product
18.Positioning decision 定位决策
19.Private brands/national brands: a brand that is created and owned by a retailer of a
product or service 中间商品牌
20.The price objectives fall into 3 categories: p164
Profit oriented/Sale oriented/Status quo
21.Sales promotion（促销手段）包括
Point-of-purchase advertising 售卖场所广告
Coupons 优惠券
Sampling 免费发放小礼品
Sweepstakes 抽奖
Contests 游戏竞赛
Trade shows and Exhibits 展览会
Unit5A-工商管理英语-第二版-课文翻译参考-雷涯邻主编-高等教育出版社
市场营销：概论 在过去的一百多年中，市场营销作为一项商业职能，其职责和概念有了长足的发展。最初，市场营销活动仅仅关注如何完成商业交换，即让顾客去买东西。通常一些较大的商业力量经常自己完成销售活动。在美国，在这些商业力量的影响下，销售过程的发展可以分为几个时期。Perreault和McCarthy 总结为以下五个时期（1）简单贸易时期（2）产品时期（3）销售时期（4）市场营销部门时期（5）市场营销公司时期。为了了解现代市场营销在美国商业中如何发挥作用，回顾每个时期的销售行为是很有帮助的。在讨论其发展过程后，将可以依据它在美国商业行为中的运做而提出一个现代市场营销的定义。 在简单贸易时期，通常“制造商”是专门生产一种或几种产品的乡村家庭。这些产品通常是农作物或牲畜，但是他们可以是使用简单的手工工具来完成的技艺。剩余的产品就卖给或以实物交换给当地的中间商，这些中间商又寻找更远的顾客来出售他们收集来的产品。这个时期在西方社会持续了几百年。此外，这个时期的中间人的活动范围都比较大。举个例子，文艺复兴时期的意大利特别是威尼斯商人，从印度、中国和东南亚进口商品。这些商人是这个简单贸易时期运作最成功的商人。 当19世纪末，工业革命在欧洲兴起的时候，美国开始发展起来，这时产品时期也取代了简单的贸易时期。产品时期最明显的特征就是机器使用率的提高和新的组织技术的发展，这些大大促进了产品数量的增加。因此有很多商品都能以较低的价格提供给更多的顾客，从而也大大刺激了需求的增长。所以，很多公司把更多的精力放在提高生产技术上。生产效率很高的公司很少关注产品的销售，因为这个时期需求远远大于供给。如果公司生产一件产品，通常就有现成的买主在等待着。 到了19世纪30年代，很多生产商已经大大地提高了产量，使得西方国家很多行业的生产能力超过了潜在顾客的需求，这就导致了销售时代的来临。销售时代的特征是相信顾客不愿购买产品，部分原因是因为如此众多的公司为了获得客户的关注而展开竞争。在这个时代，大多数公司向销售人员传授成功的销售技巧，这些技巧可以征服潜在顾客心中的抵制情绪。因此，销售人员常常成为了说服艺术和人际交往的专家。在大多数极端的案例中，很多销售策略都是为了操纵消费者，而很少或根本不顾及顾客是否对产品有需求。 随着大多数行业的销售和大部分西方国家在第二次世界大战后得到发展，销售时代过渡到市场营销部门时代。市场营销部门时代认为销售是一个更全面的活动，而非个体销售代表征服客户的活动。销售活动已经扩大到更多非个人的交流形式，而且组织创立了市场营销部门来协调整个公司的销售活动。在市场营销部门时代，营销经理主要贯彻执行由公司经理制定的销售战略。例如，20世纪50~60年代通用汽车公司通过市场营销部门来协调销售取得了巨大的成功。通过整合广告，特别是个人销售技巧，通用汽车公司在美国汽车业处于统治地位。
会计内部控制中英文对照外文翻译文献
会计内部控制中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
内部控制透视：理论与概念 摘要：内部控制是会计程序或控制系统，旨在促进效率或保证一个执行政策或保护资产或避免欺诈和错误。内部是一个组织管理的重要组成部分。它包括计划、方法和程序使用，以满足任务，目标和目的，并在这样做，支持基于业绩的管理。内部控制是管理阶层的平等与控制可以帮助管理者实现资源的预期的有效管理的结果通过。内部控制应减少或违规错误的风险关联未被发现的，但设计和建立有效的内部控制不是一个简单的任务，不可能是一个实现通过快速修复短套。在此讨论了内部文件的概念的不同方面的内部控制和管制。 关键词：内部控制，管理控制，控制环境，控制活动，监督 1、介绍 环境需要新的业务控制变量不为任何潜在的股东和管理人士的响应因子为1，另外应执行/她组织了一个很大的控制权。控制是管理活动的东西或以上施加控制。思想的产生和近十年的发展需要有系统的商业资源和控制这种财富一个新的关注。主题之一热一回合管制的商业资源是分析每个控制成本效益。 作为内部控制和欺诈的第一道防线，维护资产以及预防和侦查错误。内部控制，我们可以说是一种控制整个系统的财务和其他方面的管理制定了为企业的顺利运行;它包括内部的脸颊，内部审计和其他形式的控制。 COSO的内部控制描述如下。内部控制是一个客观的方法用来帮助确保实现。在会计和组织理论，内部控制是指或目标目标的过程实施由组织的结构，工作和权力流动，人员和具体的管理信息系统，旨在帮助组织实现。这是一种手段，其中一个组织的资源被定向，监控和测量。它发挥着无形的（重要的作用，预防和侦查欺诈和保护组织的资源，包括生理（如，机械和财产）和乙二醇，声誉或知识产权，如商标）。在组织水平，内部控制目标与可靠性的目标或战略的财务报告，及时反馈业务上的成就，并遵守法律，法规。在具体的交易水平，内部控制是指第三方采取行动以实现一个具体目标（例如，如何确保本组织的款项，在申请服务提供有效的。）内部控制程序reduce程变异，导
工商管理学位英语考试模拟题_阅读理解题
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工商管理专业英语
工商管理专业英语重点 一．名词解释： 1.what is a manager? 答： A manager is a person who plans,organizes,directs,and controls the allocation of human ,material,financial,and information resources in pursuit of the organization’s goals. 2.What is the difference between middle managers and first-line managers? 答：The heavier emphasis onmanaging group performance and allocating resources represent the most important differences between first-line ang middle managers. 3.How can you characterize top-managers’ work? 答：Top managers spend most of their day(over 75 percent) planning and leading.pressures and demands on top managers can be intense. 4.What is the one of natural outcomes of outsourcing? 答：Modular corporations come into being. 二．选词填空 1.Adrian was in charge of the allocation of available funds. 2.Our firm is oriented towards the export side of the business. 3.The on-time delivery of goods is required in the contract. 4.The graphic display s will be heloful to illustrate the increase of the output. https://www.360docs.net/doc/b57421352.html,panies cannot survive fierce competition without innovative personnels. 6.Keeping the accounts is part and parcel of my job. 7.The CEO and other high-level executives are often referred to as top management. 8.The tasks that managers do include planning,organizing,leading,andcontrolling the work of an organization. 9.Functional managers supervise employees having expertise in one area,such as accounting,humanresources,sales,finance,marketing,or production. 10.general managers are responsible for the operations of a more complex unit,such as a company or a division. 11.He carried out a number of frauds on trusting people who lent him money.. 12.He would not havesucceeded in such a risky business if he had not been such a clever entrepreneur. 13.They could not tell the commcnding officer from his subordinates. 14.The two old rivals vie for the frist place. 15.Some people cannot be trusted to work wihout supervision. 16.Half of the medical supplies have already been allocated to the victims of the earthquake. 17.Can you differentiate this kind of rose from the others? 18.The factory has laid off workers because of the drop in sales. 19.They were blame for their failure to hold down expenditure. 20.The company has slashed the costs of the project in order to seize the last chance to survive. 21.The company is try ing to diversify its range of products so that they can get more market shares. 22.Mr. Black realized that his company was in dire straits and it went bey ond him to deal with the whole situation. 23.Tom, my next door neighbor, is exempt form military service because of his poor health. 24.With the economic environment improved , his company’s sale in that area is getting less susceptible to the crisis. 25.Mr.White declared that he was not liable for his partner’s debts.
最新工商管理专业英语专业词汇汇总
Unit one formal organization 正式组织 division of labor 劳动分工departmentalization 部门化 delegation 授权 stakeholders 利害相关者 organizational chart 组织结构图 flatter organization 扁平组织 cash flow 现金流量 trade credit 商业信用 short-term loans 短期贷款 commercial paper商业票据 life insurance companies 人寿保险公司pension funds 退休基金 bonds 债券 stocks 股票 unit two macroeconomics 宏观经济学 national income theory 国民收入理论inflation通货膨胀 deflation通货紧缩 the level of interest rates 利率水平international trade balance国际贸易平衡monetary policy 货币政策 fiscal policy财政政策 unemployment rate 失业率 price index 价格指数 the consumer price index 消费价格指数 the producer price index 生产价格指数 the GDP price deflator GDP 价格平减指数nominal GDP 名义GDP real GDP实际GDP disposable income 可支配收入 transfer payment 转移支付 substitution effect 替代效应 income effect 收入效应 equilibrium price均衡价格 equilibrium output均衡产出 oil embargo 石油禁运 multiplier effect 乘数效应 expansionary monetary policy扩张货币政策time lags 时滞 unit four industrial organization theory 产业组织理论
外文翻译--如何监测内部控制
附录A
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管理学常用英文单词 含音标
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ABC Classification ABC分类法 Activity-Based Costing 业务量成本法/作业成本法 ACRS (Accelerated cost recovery system) 快速成本回收制度 Action Message 行为/措施信息 AIS (Accounting information system) 会计信息系统 Allocation 已分配量 Anticipated Delay Report 拖期预报 A/P (Accounts Payable) 应付帐款 APICS (American Production & Inventory Control Society) 美国生产及库存控制协会 AQL (Acceptable quality Level) 可接受质量水平 A/R (Accounts Receivable) 应收帐款 Automatic Rescheduling 自动重排产 Available To Promise (APT) 可签约量 Back flush 倒冲法 Backlog 未完成订单/未结订单 Back Scheduling 倒序排产 BE analysis (Break-even analysis) 盈亏临界点分析，保本分析 Bill of Material (BOM) 物料清单 Business Plan 经营规划 B/V (Book value) 帐面价值 Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP) 能力需求计划
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工商管理专业英语词汇
Unｉt 1 The Evｏluｔion of Maｎaｇemｅｎｔas a Fiｅｌdｏf Stｕdｙ ｅvolutｉon n．the pｒoceｓs of devｅlｏpｉng发展 geneｒalize v.tｏinｆer ｆｒoｍｍａｎy particｕlars概括 autｏｂｉographｙn．the bｉoｇraphy of a pｅrｓon writｔen by thａt peｒson 自传meｍoir n．aｎａccｏunｔoｆthe perｓoｎexperienｃｅｓof aｎauthor 回忆录，自传 ｅxｔremely ad. Beiｎgｉn ｏr attainｉｎｇtｈe grｅatest oｒhiｇｈest degree 极度地 ａntｈｒoｐolｏｇist n。someone wｈｏsｔｕdｉes anthrｏpoｌoｇy人类学家 peｒｓpｅcｔiveｎ。ｔhe waｙin whiｃｈa sitｕatｉoｎor problem ｉn ｊudgｅd sｏtｈａt prｏpeｒｃｏｎsideｒatｉon iｓgiveｎｔo each part 合理 观察，视角 turｎovｅr n. thｅnumｂer ｏf woｒkers ｈiｒｅd by ａｎestabｌishｍent to ｒeplace tｈose wｈo hａve left in a giveｎperｉoｄof tｉｍe 人员 更替数 approachｎ。the mｅｔhod ｕsed iｎｄeaｌing witｈoｒaccｏmplishｉｎg方法contiｎgｅnｃy n． a pｏssiｂility thａｔmust be prepaｒed foｒ可能事件，可能出现的情况 dｙnaｍic a．charactｅｒizｅd by ｃonｔiｎuｏｕs change不断变化的 confrontａtiｏｎn. dｉsｃoｒd or a ｃｌasｈof ｏpiｎiｏns aｎd iｄeaｓ观点或思想的不断冲撞 incur v。to acｑuｉｒe ｏr coｍe inｔo获得 coｍｐroｍise v. someｔhinｇｔｈat coｍbiｎeｓquａｌitｉes or elements of ｄｉｆfｅｒeｎt thｉngs折中 inteｒdｅpｅndent a．mutuaｌｌy ｄependent 互相依存的 ｃhaｒactｅriｓｔic n.ａｆeaｔure tｈat ｈelpｓtｏｉdenｔify 特性 ｐｏpulａrｉtｙn。ｔhe ｑｕality ｏr state of beｉng ｐopular 普及 sｏle a。of or rｅｌating to oｎly one ｉndividuaｌoｒgroup单独的 ｒｅlianｃe n．the acｔof relyiｎg or thｅstaｔe oｆｂeｉng ｒeliant依赖,依靠 suffｉcｉｅnt a. beiｎg aｓmｕchａs ｉs neeｄed 充足的 ａｌlｉance ｎ。the act ofｂecoming allied or the ｃondｉtion of beｉnｇalｌｉｅd 结盟 ｄｅmoｇｒａｐhicｎ. oｆｏr rｅlating ｔo demograｐhy 人口统计 cｏmplement v．tｏseｒｖe as a cｏmpｌeｍent tｏ补足 Uniｔ２The Scopｅｏf Managｅmeｎt?enｔａil v。ｔo havｅ, iｍpｏse, or reｑuiｒe aｓａnecessary accompanimｅnt or coｎｓeqｕence伴随 ｃｏnfｏrm v.ｔo act oｒbe in accoｒd oｒagreemeｎｔ使和谐一致 eｎviｓion v。tｏpicturｅｉn the mｉnd 想象 affｏrdable a。ｔｈaｔcａn be ａffｏｒｄeｄ买得起的 strive v。ｔo exert ｍuch eｆfort or energy 努力 mｉssｉoｎn.ｓpeciａｌaｓsigｎment given tｏａｐｅrsoｎｏr grｏｕp 任务 iｎｆorｍerciａｌn． a ｃomｍeｒciaｌteｌevｉsiｏｎprogram ｏr rｅlatively long c
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外文翻译--中小型民营企业内部控制研究
中文5900字 本科毕业设计（论文） 外文参考文献译文及原文 学院 专业 年级班别 学号 学生姓名 指导教师 年月日
中小民营企业内部控制研究 Research on the Internal Control of Small and Medium-sized Private Enterprises 目录 摘要 (1) 1 选题背景 (2) 2内部控制理论的概述 (3) 2.1 内部控制的根本性质 (3) 2.2内部控制的责任 (3) 3 确保内部控制的充分性 (5) 4 先天的内部控制 (9) 5 结论 (11) Abstract (12) 1Background Topics (13) 2 Internal control theory outlined (15) 2.1 The Fundamental Nature Of Intaral Control (15) 2.2 Responsibillty For Internal Control (15) 3 Ensuring that the internal control adequacy (17) 4 Inherent limitations of internal control (22) 5 Conclusion (25)
摘要 内部控制这个概念已经不是一个新概念。这篇文章将研究每个公共部门财政经理和董事会成员应该了解的关于内部控制的内容。在分析了虚假的财政报告的根本原因以后，Treadway 委员会把大部分的责任归咎于内部控制管理的不足。作为回应，建立Treadway委员会的各个组织成立了一个赞助组织委员会（COSO），设法补救的Treadway委员会揭露出来的问题。 COSO为了确保此架构足够及全面的内部控制，确定了5个重要组成部分：1、控制环境；2、风险评估；3、政策及程序；4、沟通；5、监测与追踪。一个健全的架构与内部控制是必要的，同时必须意识到这类框架是难于达到一个完美的境界。内部控制在本质上是一种管理责任。
各类学士学位英语翻译
各类学士学位英语翻译 Bachelor of Arts B. A. 文学士 Bachelor of Arts in Education B. A. Ed. , B. A. E. 教育学文学士Bachelor of Arts in Computer Science B. A. CS 计算机文学士Bachelor of Arts in Music B. A. Mus,B. Mus 音乐艺术学士 Bachelor of Arts in Social Work B. A. S. W 社会工作学文学士Bachelor of Engineering B. Eng. , B. E 工学士 Bachelor of Engineering in Social Science B. Eng. Soc 社会工程学士Bachelor of Engineering in Management B. Eng. Mgt 管理工程学士Bachelor of Environmental Science/Studies B. E. Sc. , B. E. S 环境科学学士 Bachelor of Science B. S 理学士 Bachelor of Science in Business B. S. B. , B. S. Bus 商学理学士Bachelor of Science in Business Administration B. S. B. A 工商管理学理学士 Bachelor of Science in Education B. S. Ed. , B. S. E 教育学理学士Bachelor of Science in Engineering B. S. Eng. , B. S. E 工程学理学士Bachelor of Science in Forestry B. S. cF 森林理学士 Bachelor of Science in Medicine B. S. Med 医学理学士 Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology B. S. M. T. , B. S. Med. Tech 医技学理学士 Bachelor of Science in Nursing B. S. N. , B. S. Nurs 护理学理学士
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