城市与建筑专业英语(英译汉,段落翻译)

一

第一章第七段P5

○120世纪70年代资本主义经济不景气。

○2传统的价值观遭受挑战，规划专业遇到危机。

○3规划已无力履行其平衡全国增长与广泛传播社会效益的承诺。

○4在此期间，规划与执行相结合，不只是设计和改革。

○5并且，规划不仅仅是官员提出的政策，而是参与到政策的制定，使规划被赋予政治含义。

○6大多数激进的规划师想再次定义规划，其中应该包括社会正义，平等，财富和权力再分配的目标。

○7规划不再是一个由专业知识所完成的设计过程，而是一个由所有阶层市民参与的政治进程。

○8与之相关的政策或条例已经被建立起来从而形成一个开放平等的规划过程。

○9因此，除了原土地使用分配和社会经济战略、规划程序，还包括规划制定、规划申请、规划实施，应被纳入规划系统。

二

第三章第一段P19

○1与早期的工业城市的经济相比较，它们（世界城市）在很大程度上取决于区位优势，如廉价的劳动力，原材料，容易与其他城市的联系等。

○2如今，经济全球化是一种趋势，以国际贸易和投资，跨国公司等为标志。并且，一些大城市如伦敦和纽约在全球经济中扮演了十分重要的角色。

○31966年，Peter Hall给“world city”(世界都市)了一个综合的定义：他强调一

个世界城市首先是政治权力的中心，同时它也是贸易，金融，文化和教育中心。○4在Hall的观点中，世界城市是全球权力，联系和影响力的中心。

○5在此之后，John Friedmann指出“世界都市”有积极和消极的两面。

○6积极的一面是，城市建立了其在世界经济的连接点的地位、一个高效的运输和能源网络服务及其与其他城市的关系。

○7作为一个世界都市，它受益于全球贸易与投资，同样也对整个区域带来了巨大的影响。

○8消极的一面是，“世界城市”的处所，会使其成为对外部资本，企业家以及移民具有吸引力的的磁场。

○9如果失控，有可能导致贫民窟和社会问题的发展，一个国家可能无法应付。

三

第三章Further Reading 第一段P22

○1传统上，资本流入城市或州和资本家存活，通过引进新技术来达到更高效率的机械化和减少劳动力的规模和技能，使其竞争合理化。

○2然而，当城市发展到20世纪70年代，仅此服务是不够的。

○3在20世纪70年代初，石油危机爆发，主要是生产成本增加造成的。

○4在发达国家，由于20世纪60年代的经济发展，社会福利增加，劳动力价格随之增长。

○5加之，法律规定工作时间是有限的，。

○6因此，20世纪70年代经济开始停滞。

○7资本家发现，资本不能被传统的方式有效的利用。

○8他们开始思考迁都- 寻找新的劳动力和土地价格低的场所。

第五章Further Reading P38 第十二、十三段

第十二段

城市规划者会谈到“可持续发展”时，他们会用有创意的草案计划以前所未有的方式去整合城市和自然。

“可持续发展”的城市定义，旨在将“可持续发展”的理念注入到的区域，社区和街道的实际规划中去。

它涉及到一个整合城市化和自然保护设计科学的追求。

第十三段

环境伦理学家谈到“可持续发展”时，他们思考自然是否有“权利“和当前由人类造成的物种灭绝速度是否是道德的。

道德定义“可持续发展”的声称自然资源保护主义者在原则方面优于自然资源的保育和剥削性。

道德定义上的“可持续发展”的探索了人类思考他们是否是，或不是，自然领域的一部分，以及如何定义要引导道德的选择。

五

第八章Further Reading 第七、八段P167

第七段

○1作为中央政府的意见，他们已经承认“熟悉和宝贵的公共景点“的保持力有着强大的公众支持力。

○2重要的是要认识到，“建筑或历史古迹”的条款，是被假设基于划定保护区和被列出的大厦，没有真的压缩他们在历史景观方面的公众价值。

○3有研究表明，在人民的生活中，旧楼收购有着巨大的象征意义，，经常日蚀的历史，建筑或风格价值可能被附加到它们身上，并保存历史设置对稳定群体特性是非常重要的。

第八段

○4最后，现在看来城市保护是环境可持续性政策的基本组成部分，确保现有的建设领域的使用和重复使用，发挥出它们最好的优势，并认识到，历史建筑的寿命和适应性，以及他们经常更紧凑的形态和混合使用的字符，就目前来说是重要的资源，并为将来的可持续城市形态提供的教训。

○5可持续发展的倡导者认为，回收应伴随着建设环境，特别是那些与公众有最大联系和他们视为最舒适的领域。

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段落翻译练习-汉译英答案

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