汽车工程客运车辆中英文对照外文翻译文献

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

中英文翻译

Passenger vehicles in the United States

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Note: this article adopts the U.S. Department of Transportation's

definition of a passenger vehicle, to mean a car or truck, used for passengers, excluding buses and trains.

The United States is home to the largest passenger vehicle market of any country in the world.[1]Overall, there were an estimated 254.4 million registered passenger vehicles in the United States according to a 2007 DOT study.[2] This number, along with the average age of vehicles, has increased steadily since 1960, indicating a growing number of vehicles per capita. The United States is also home to three large vehicle manufacturers: General Motors, Ford Motor Company and Chrysler, which have historically been referred to as the "Big Three." Chrysler however is no longer among the top three; but is number five, behind Toyota and Honda. The motor car though has clearly become an integral part of American life, with vehicles outnumbering licensed drivers.[2] Statistics

The United States Department of Transportation's Federal Highway Administration as well as the National Automobile Dealers Association have published data in regard to the total number of vehicles, growth trends, and ratios between licensed drivers, the general population, and the increasing number of vehicles on American roads. Overall passenger vehicles have been outnumbering licensed drivers since 1972 at an ever increasing rate, while light trucks and vehicles manufactured by foreign marques have gained a larger share of the automotive market in the

United States. In 2001, 70% of Americans drove to work in cars.[3] New York City is the only locality in the country where more than half of all households do not own a car (the figure is even higher in Manhattan, over 75%; nationally, the rate is 8%).[3]

Total number of vehicles

According to the US Bureau of Transportation Statistics for 2009 there are 254,212,610 registered passenger vehicles. Of these, 193,979,654 were classified as "Light duty vehicle, short wheel base, while another 40,488,025 were listed as "Light duty vehicle, long wheel base." Yet another 8,356,097 were classified as vehicles with 2 axles and 6 tires and 2,617,118 were classified as "Truck, combination." There were approximately 7,929,724 motorcycles in the US in 2009. [4]

According to cumulative data[1]by the Federal Highway Administration (FHW A) the number of motor vehicles has also increased steadily since 1960, only stagnating once in 1997 and declining from 1990 to 1991. Otherwise the number of motor vehicles has been rising by an estimated 3.69 million each year since 1960 with the largest annual growth between 1998 and 1999 as well as between 2000 and 2001 when the number of motor vehicles in the United States increased by eight million.[1]Since the study by the FHA the number of vehicles has increased by approximately eleven million, one of the largest recorded increases. The largest percentage increase was between the years of 1972

and 1973 when the number of cars increased by 5.88%.

Age of vehicles in operation

In the year 2001, the National Automobile Dealers Association conducted a study revealing the average age of vehicles in operation in the US. The study found that of vehicles in operation in the US, 38.3% were older than ten years, 22.3% were between seven and ten years old, 25.8% were between three and six years old and 13.5% were less than two years old. According to this study the majority of vehicles, 60.6%, of vehicles were older than seven years in 2001.[5] This relatively high age of automobiles in the US might be explained by unaffordable prices for comparable new replacement vehicles and a corresponding gradual decline in sales figures since 1998.[6] Also, many Americans own three or more vehicles. The low marginal cost of registering and insuring additional older vehicles means many vehicles that are rarely used are still given full weight in the statistics.

The median and mean age of automobiles has steadily increased since 1969. In 2007 the overall median age for automobiles was 9.4 years, a significant increase over 1990 when the median age of vehicles in operation in the US was 6.5 years and 1969 when the mean age for automobiles was 5.1 years.[7] Of all body styles, pick-up trucks had the highest mean age in 2001 (9.4 years), followed by cars with a mean age of 8.4 years and van with a mean age of 7.0 years. As SUVs are part of a

relatively new consumer trend originating mostly in the 1990s, SUVs had the lowest mean age of any body style in the US (6.1 years). The average recreational vehicle was even older with a mean age of 12.5. For all body styles the mean vehicle age increased fairly steadily from 1969 to 2001.[7] In March 2009, RL Polk released a study conducted between 2007 to 2008 which indicated that the median age of passenger cars in operation in the US increased to 9.4 years, and that the median age for light trucks increased from 7.1 years in 2007 to 7.5 years in 2008.

Sales

In the year 2009, about 5.5 million new passenger cars were sold in the United States[6] according to the U.S. Department of Transportation. This figure “Includes domestic and impor ted vehicles." (Department of Transportation) The number of vehicles sold in the US has been decreasing at a gradual yet continuous rate since 1999, when nearly 8.7 million vehicles were sold in the US. Looking back at history however, reveals that such decline is only part of normal market trends and most likely only a temporary affair. Overall, 1985 was a record year with cars sales totaling just over eleven million.[6] While imports have been gaining ground in terms of units sold during the 2000s and have regained roughly the same market share they held in 1992, the sales of domestic vehicles are still more than double those of imported vehicles. It should be noted, however that the US Bureau of Transportation Statistics "Includes cars

produced in Canada and Mexico" as domestic vehicles as both countries are part of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), thus including many cars by Asian and European manufacturers - many V olkswagens are made in Mexico, Toyotas in Canada, also. In 2006 the sales of vehicles made in NAFTA states totaled 5.5 million, while the sale of imported vehicles totaled 2.2 million. 923,000 vehicles were imported from Japan, making it the greatest exporter of vehicles to the US. Germany was the second largest exporter of vehicles to the US, with 534,000 units exported to the US in 2006. Imports from all other nations, except Germany and Japan, totaled 729,000.[8]

美国的客运车辆

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

这篇文章的中立性是有争议的。请参见讨论页上的讨论。直到纠纷得到解决，请不要删除此消息。（2007年12月）注：本文采用美国能源部运输的客运车辆的定义，是指供乘客使用的汽车或卡车，公共汽车和火车除外。

在世界上任何一个国家，美国是最大的客运车辆市场[1]。总体而言，根据2007年交通部的研究，在美国估计有254.4万美元注册的客运车辆[2]。自1960年以来，随着车辆的平均年龄，客运车辆总数已稳步上升，表明人均车辆越来越多。美国也属于三个大型汽车制造商：通用汽车，福特汽车公司和克莱斯勒汽车公司，这在历史上被称为“三巨头”。虽然克莱斯勒不再跻身前三甲，排名第五，数量落后于丰田和本田。虽然汽车已显然成为美国人生活中不可分割的一部分，与多于驾驶执照的车辆[2]。

统计

在联合国合众国部运输的联邦公路管理局，以及在全国汽车经销商协会已发表数据关于一般人群中，在美国的道路上车辆总数，增长趋势，以及持牌司机和车辆增加的数量之间的比例。自1972年以来，整体客运车辆以不断增加的速率增加已多于驾驶执照，而轻型卡车和外国MARQUES制造的车辆都获得了较大的份额在美国的汽车市场。在2001年，70％的美国人开车上班[3]。纽约市是该国唯一的地方，那里一半以上的所有住户不拥有自己的汽车（在曼哈顿的数字甚至更高，超过75％;国家，税率为8％）[3]。

车辆总数

据2009年美国交通部统计局统计有254212610辆注册的客运车辆。其中，被列为“轻型车，短轴距”的有193979654辆，而另有40488025辆被列为“轻型车，长轴距”。然而，另外的8356097辆被列为2车轴和轮胎以及2617118辆汽车被列为“卡车，组合。”1999年在美国大约有7929724摩托车[4]。

根据联邦公路管理局（FHWA）累计数据[1]，自1960年以来机动车的数量也稳步上升，只有在1997年那次停滞不前，以及从1990年到1991年下降。否则，自1960年以来机动车数量已由每年估计有369万辆增加，在1998年和1999年之间，以及2000年和2001年之间达到最大的年度增长率，

且美国的汽车数量增加了八百万辆[1]。联邦住房管理局的研究表明车辆的数目增加了约11个亿，是最大的历史记录增长之一。最大的百分比增幅是1972年和1973年之间，汽车数量增加了5.88％。

操作车辆的年龄

在2001年，全国汽车经销商协会进行的一项研究揭示在美国操作车辆的平均年龄。研究发现，在美国运行的车辆中，有38.3％是年龄超过10岁，7至10岁占22.3％，25.8％为三个月及六个月岁之间而其余的13.5％不到两年。根据这项研究大部分的车辆，在2001年60.6％的车辆是7年以上[5]。在美国相比新更换车辆，汽车比较高的年龄可能被解释为买不起的价格，且自1998年以来相应的销售数额逐渐下降[6]。此外，许多美国人拥有三个或更多的车辆。额外的老旧车辆的登记和投保的低边际成本是指许多很少使用的车辆仍然在统计中占全部重量。

自1969年以来，汽车的中位数和平均年龄已经稳步上升。2007年汽车的整体中位数年龄为9.4年，相对于1990年美国运作车辆6.5年的中位数年龄以及1969年时5.1年的汽车平均年龄显着地增加[7]。所有的车身造型，在2001年皮卡有最高的平均年龄（9.4岁），其次是平均年龄7.0岁的汽车和平均年龄8.4岁的面包车。如越野车是一个相对较新的消费趋势的一部分，主要起源于20世纪90年代，越野车有

在美国任何身体风格的最低平均年龄（6.1年）。平均休闲车甚至更老，其平均年龄为12.5。从1969年到2001年所有的车身造型的平均车龄都相当稳步增长[7]。

在2009年3月，RL波尔克发布了2007年至2008年进行的一项研究，这表明在美国的运作乘用车的年龄中位数上升到了9.4年，并且轻型卡车的平均年龄从在2007年的7.1年上升在2008年的7.5年。

销售

根据美国运输部，2009年在美国共售出约5.5百万辆新的乘用车[6]。这个数据“包括国产和进口车辆”。（交通部）自1999年在美国销售近8.7百万车辆以来，在美国销售的汽车数量已以一个渐进而持续的速度下降。然而，回顾历史表明，这样的下跌只是正常的市场趋势和最有可能只是暂时的事务的一部分。总体而言，1985年首创纪录，汽车销售总额刚刚超过11百万辆[6]。虽然进口已获得在2000年出售单位的一定地位，且已经恢复了大致相同的他们在1992年举行的市场份额，国内汽车销量仍超过双进口车辆。应当指出，然而，美国交通局统计“包括在加拿大和墨西哥生产的汽车”，因为这两个国家的国内汽车的北美自由贸易协定（NAFTA）的一部分，因此，包括亚洲和欧洲制造商的许多汽车- 许多大众汽车在墨西哥生产，且许多丰田汽车也在加拿大制造。2008年在北美自由贸易区国家，车辆的销售总