英语六级考试历年阅读试题译文(2003年1月)

英语六级考试历年阅读试题译文(2003年1月)
英语六级考试历年阅读试题译文(2003年1月)

洛基英语,中国在线英语教育领导品牌

2003年1月六级试题译文

Passage One

译文

亿万富翁微软总裁比尔·盖茨没有获得大学学位,但是他的成功对在当今商界非常受宠的学位头衔MBA(工商管理硕士)的价值提出了新的疑问。

MBA是20世纪的产物,在纯学术学科如哲学和文化占主导地位的绿树成荫的大学校园里,它往往是低俗的商业铜臭和贪婪的标志。

然而,虽然经济萧条使商校毕业生的需求明显降低,但1993年,仍有大约79,000人希望接受MBA教育。这几乎是1960年商科毕业生的16倍,从而证实了人们的普遍假设,即MBA对那些想在将来某一天开公司的青年男女来说非常关键。

“如果想进入商界,没有MBA仍然处于劣势,”营销和管理学教授Donald Morrison 说。“但是,在过去的五年左右,当有人问‘我应该去读MBA吗’,很多答复是:看情况吧。”

比尔·盖茨和其他非MBA毕业生如Wal-Mart 连锁店的Sam Walton的成功,在商校校园里引起了有关工商学位的价值和管理技能是否可以通过教育获得等问题的自发讨论。

《哈佛工商学评论》刊登一些活泼、虚构的信件来调侃对工商管理学位的拥有者的抱怨。

文章称MBA雇员“令人极其失望”,并说“MBA雇员太急于升职,他们不了解政治情况和人,直到第三年才能够适应团队工作。但到那时,他们又开始另找工作了。”

大部分参加辩论的人认为,问题的关键是MBA获得者得到的是超越实际重要性和作用的未来财富和权力的光环。

二十世纪七、八十年代商校招生迅速扩大,造成了这样的假象,即若想在商务领域发展,没有MBA不行。60年代对反商业价值观的反冲和妇女运动使扩招迅速增长。

雇用MBA毕业生或与他们一起工作的商业人士说MBA毕业生通常知道如何分析系统,但不善于激励别人。“他们在公司里的人缘基础不是很好,”Towers Perrin 管理咨询公司副董事长和总裁James Shaffer 说。

Passage Two

译文

上周,当密执安Kalkaska的学校官员关闭学校的时候,媒体对此事纷纷报道,认为该镇2305名学生成了吝啬纳税人的受害者。其中不乏事实依据:该地的财产税比州平均税率低三分之一。但是,关闭学校也使Kalkaska的教育工作者和全州最大的教师工会——密执安教育协会成为政治论点。他们的目的是促使密执安州的立法者们通过正在争议的增加州政府对教育资金投入的法案。

Kalkaska 在居民们拒交增加了28%的财产税两周后,关闭了学校,这不是巧合。学校董事会说,若不增加投入,学校运作将短缺一百五十万美元。

但是,教育部门并没有尽全力使学校维持下去。学校官员不愿借用下一年度的州补助金,他们不愿整顿课外活动,也不愿考虑征收升幅更小一点——也许更易被接受的——财产税。事实上,过早关闭学校使Kalkaska损失很大,这包括付给教师和职员的600,000美元失业金和250,000美元州补助金。二月份,教育部门承诺给较早关闭的那些学校的教师和职员发放两个月的退休金,这样又将使该地区损失275,000多美元。

其他一些迹象表明,学校权威人士对政治宣传至少像维持学校运作一样迫切。密执安教育协会雇了一个公关公司为学校的关闭召集了一次集会,这吸引了14家地方、国家电视台和网络公司。全国教育协会、密执安教育协会家长委员会会长专程从华盛顿飞来参加这次活动。并且工会向学校官员传授接受采访的艺术。学校主管人Doyle Disbrow 承认本地区可以通过减少一些项目来维持学校的正常运作,但他否认关闭学校带有政治目的。

密执安的立法者对学校关闭事件非常恼火。州参议院已投票决定将教育系统纳入破产管理,并要求立即重开学校;密执安众议院本周将考虑此项法案。

Passage Three

译文

德国首相奥托·俾斯麦可能以他的军事和外交才能而出名,但他的遗产还包括许多当今社会保障体系。19世纪中叶,德国也同其他一些欧洲国家一样,由于不断增长的工业化使其经历了一场前所未有的接二连三地发生在工作场所的伤亡事故。部分是出于一个基督徒对无助人的怜悯,同时也出于削弱社会党工人运动的支持这一实际政治动机,俾斯麦首相在1884年创立了世界上第一部工人赔偿法。

到1908年,美国是世界上惟一一个没有工人赔偿保障的工业国。美国受伤工人可以诉之法院要求赔偿金,但是他们仍需面对重重法律障碍。比如,工人必须证明他们所受的伤是直接由老板的疏忽引起的,而他们自己对工作场所潜在的危险一无所知。美国第一部州工人赔偿法于1911年通过,不久此法便遍及全国各地。

第二次世界大战后,付给美国工人的赔偿金与生活消费不相称。事实上,70年代真正的赔偿金标准要低于40年代,且在大部分州最高赔偿金低于四口之家的贫困线。1970年,理查德·尼克松总统成立了一个国家委员会来研究工人赔偿金问题。两年后,该委员会提出19项重要建议,其中一项就是要求把赔偿金的标准提高到州平均周工资的百分之百。

事实上,美国的平均赔偿金已从1972年的州平均周工资的百分之五十五提高到今天的百分之九十七。但正如大多数研究表明,赔偿金每提高百分之十,申请赔偿金的工人人数就会增加百分之五。由于工人赔偿金系统里增加了这么多钱,医生和律师们在这不断增长的蛋糕里为自己争取更大的份额就不足为怪了。

Passage Four

译文

二战之后富裕时代来临之初,美国零售业分析家Victor Lebow宣称:“我们巨大的生产力经济……要求我们把消费作为自己的生活方式,把购买和使用商品变成例行公事,在消费中寻求精神满足和自我满足。……我们须以更快的速度消耗、烧毁、用坏、取代和丢弃物品。”

美国已在响应Lebow的号召,世界上许多其他地方也纷纷仿效。

在工业国家,消费已成为生活的支柱。并深深地印在社会价值观念中。对世

界两个经济大国——日本和美国的观念调查显示,成功的消费主义定义更为流行。

世界幸运儿的过度消费是个环境问题,其严重性除人口增长外没有其他问题能与之相比。他们对资源掠夺性的使用将用尽或必将破坏森林、土壤、水、空气和气候。

然而,具有讽刺意味的是,高消费给人类带来喜忧参半的恩惠。长期以来受人尊重的价值观念,如诚实的品质、良好的工作、友谊、家庭和社团等往往在财富追求中牺牲了。

于是,工业国家的许多人感觉到他们富足的世界不知何故变空了——由于受到消费中心主义文化的误导,他们试图满足社会的、心理的和精神上的对物质的本质需求,但毫无成果。

当然,过度消费的另一极端——贫穷——并不是解放环境或人类问题的办法。贫穷给人类带来无穷尽的灾难,对自然界也没什么好处。一无所有的农民在拉丁美洲的雨林中刀耕火种,饥饿的游牧民族在贫瘠的进非洲草地上放牧,使之退化成沙漠。

如果过于贫穷或过于富裕都会导致环境破坏,那么,我们想知道多少才恰到好处。地球可在支持什么样的消费水平?什么时候更多的停顿是为了更能满足人类的需求?

Part IV Cloze

译文

妇女真的成了经理,她们会给这个工作带来不同的方式和技巧吗?女性经理比男性经理积极性更高、更有责任心吗?一些研究结果表明,女性经理对待管理工作的态度与男性经理不同,采用的技巧也不同。例如,她们更强调合作与交流,愿意带着情感因素作出公司的决定。可以看到,这些不同之处给公司带来了好处,因为她们扩大了管理技巧的范围,以帮助公司有效地管理员工。国际妇女论坛时进行的研究发现,一些女性经理所采用的管理方式不同于传统上男性经理的方式,也就是“命令加控制”的管理方式。女性经理采用互动式的领导方法,鼓励参与,共享权力与信息,加强了其他员工的自我价值感,使其他员工更热爱自己的工作。所有这些都反映了她们的信念:让员工为企业做出贡献,让员工认识到自己的力量和重要性,这对员工和公司都是有益的双赢局面。该项研究的负责人预言,互动式的领导方法会被许多公司用作管理方式。

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