哈佛系统论文引用格式(harvard system)

Information Resources Harvard system

In-text references,reference lists and bibliographies

Style manual for authors,

Harvard System

Contents

Definitions4 Annotated bibliography4 Bibliography4 Citation4 Endnote4 Footnote4 In-text reference4 Periodicals5 Reference list5 Introduction5

Steps to referencing6

Organising a bibliography or reference list7 Writing a bibliography or reference list7 Collecting references7 In-text references8 Using volume and page numbers8 Dates8 One author or one organisation as author8 More than one work9 More than three authors9 Parts of a work written by someone other than the author9 More than one work by the same author9 No author or authoring body—neither a person nor an organisation10 One author citing another author10 Encyclopedias and dictionaries10 Audiovisual material (films,videos,television and radio programs) and CD-ROMs10 Web pages10 Unpublished works11 Personal communications,including email11

Reference lists and bibliographies11 Books11

1.Book with one author12

2.Book with two or three authors12

3.Book with organisation as author12

4.Book with government department as author12

5.Book with more than three authors12

6.Book with no author12

7.Book with an editor13

8.Book in a series13

9.Book known by a short title e.g.The Henderson report13

10.More than one place of publication13

11.Chapter or article from a book13

12.Entries in an encyclopedia13

Periodicals14

1.Articles with an author14

2.Articles with no author14

3.Individual volumes/issues14

https://www.360docs.net/doc/b718896204.html,plete run of a periodical15

5.Newspaper articles15

6.Reviews of books,films,television,performances etc.15

7.Annual reports16

Conference papers—published proceedings16 Australian Bureau of Statistics documents16 Acts of Parliament16 Standards17 Audiovisual material17

1.Videorecording e.g.videotapes17

2.Sound recording e.g.discs,tapes,reels,cassettes17

3.Slides17

4.Kit https://www.360docs.net/doc/b718896204.html,binations of media such as audiocassette plus printed material18

5.Radio and television broadcasts18

Pamphlets,leaflets etc.18 Unpublished sources of information19

1.Unpublished documents:diaries,personal papers,reports etc.19

2.Personal letters,interviews,conversations19

Electronic resources20 Page numbers on the web20 Dates20 Articles in online databases20

1.Article with an author21

2.Article without an author21

3.Conference paper21

Articles from online journals21 Reports from online databases22 Articles from online encyclopedias22 Extract from an online book22 Table from an online book22 Web pages22

1.Web document with an author23

2.Web page without an author23

3.Web page of a company or organisation23

4.Australian standards online23

5.Australian Bureau of Statistics documents online23

Email24

1.Email with permission to cite the email address24

2.Email without permission to cite the email address24

Other electronic resources24 Personal bibliographic software25 Cite while you write25 Webpages25 Management of qualitative data and electronic text25 Nvivo home page25 Further reading26 Standard abbreviations used in referencing27

Definitions

Annotated bibliography

a bibliography in which each citation is accompanied by a note that describes,explains or

evaluates the publication referred to.Annotations may cover such characteristics as scope, level,bias,style,relevance and credibility.

Bibliography

a list of books,articles and other sources of information having some relationship to each

other—usually those which you have consulted and found useful in your research.It may

include items which you have not referred to directly in the text of your essay or report.

Citation

formal description of a book,article or other information source containing all details essential for correct identification of the item.Sometimes called a ‘reference’ by the Harvard system.

Abbreviated citations are used for in-text references.

Endnote

like a footnote,but placed at the end of the essay,report or chapter.

Footnote

a note placed at the bottom of a page on which a reference or citation occurs in the text.

A number is placed in the text to indicate the cited work and again at the bottom of the same

page in front of the footnote.

In the Harvard system footnotes may be used for explanatory additions to the main text but are not used to give bibliographic information.

In the Footnote/endnote system,footnotes are used to acknowledge the sources of specific pieces of information,both direct quotations from the source or statements in your own words that paraphrase the author’s ideas.

In-text reference

used in the Harvard system to give a brief acknowledgment of the source of a specific piece of information within the main text of an essay or report.It may be placed in brackets

immediately following the relevant passage,or fully integrated into the text.In-text references must be accompanied by a reference list giving complete details of the works cited.

Periodicals

publications that are produced at regular intervals,such as magazines,journals and newspapers.

Reference list

a list of books,articles and other information sources that you have referred to directly (cited)

in the text of your essay or report.This is used with the Harvard system.No additional items are included in a reference list,even those you found broadly relevant to your research.

Note:Sometimes you may provide both a reference list and a bibliography (or annotated

bibliography) with your essay or report.

Introduction

This guide is designed to help you document the sources of information you use for your

assignments.The style used in this guide is the Harvard system,which is also sometimes called the author-date system or the name-year system.It is based on the Australian

Government style guide,Style manual for authors,editors and printers2002,revised by

Snooks and Co,6th edn,John Wiley & Sons,Milton,Qld which can give you further

information and more examples.There are many different citation styles.You can view

a guide to some online resources on the Library’s infogate Styles for reference lists and

bibliographies at:https://www.360docs.net/doc/b718896204.html,.au/lib/infogate/citing.htm

Your department may give you instructions about how to cite resources,but if not,you can follow the guidelines given here.

There are several important reasons for citing sources of information you have used:

1.You must acknowledge any ideas or information you have obtained from other writers.

If you do not let your reader know that ideas or information presented in your work

are actually the work of other people,this is plagiarism for which you can be

penalised.

2.Ideas and information that originally appeared in other works will help you to

substantiate the statements you make in your assignment.

3.Your readers may wish to find out more about the subject of your work by reading

some of the books,articles and other information sources you have used.

Steps to referencing

Step 1:

When you are collecting information,you should record all bibliographic details.

In the case of a book,bibliographic details refer to information like author or editor,date of publication,title,edition (if not the first),volume number (if from a multi-volume work), publisher and place of publication.In the case of a journal article,it refers to author of the article,year of publication,title of the article,journal title,volume number,issue number and page number on which the article appears.

Step 2:

Cite the reference at the appropriate place within the text of the assignment.

Step 3:

Provide either a bibliography or a reference list at the end of the assignment.

Steps 2 and 3 involve listing citations using an accepted format.This guide tells you which information you need to include in citations (references) for most sources of information (books,articles,audiovisual material,web pages etc.) and how to set out that information by following the examples given.One widely used format,the Harvard system,is described in this guide.Ask your instructor if your school or department prefers this system.

Remember,if you are having any problems with writing reference,ask for help from:

I the librarian at the Consultation Desk

I your teacher or supervisor in the relevant subjects

I language support teachers at the Access Department.

Organising a bibliography or reference list

Writing a bibliography or reference list

Always be consistent.The following points may seem pedantic details but they can be

important in interpreting a reference.

a)Always assemble the information (e.g.author,title,publisher etc.) in the same order.

b) Be consistent in your use of punctuation.

c)Be consistent in your use of capital letters.

d)Observe the conventions on italics,underlining etc.which help to distinguish books

from articles:

I italics for the title of a book (or videotape,periodical or recording)

I enclose the title of an article in single quotation marks

Note: Underlining may be used instead of italics,however,using italics is now usually

preferred because of the predominance of wordprocessors and personal computers

which produce clear unambiguous italics.Underlined references can be confused with

hypertext links on the Internet.Underlining is mostly used with handwritten or

typewritten material.

e) Arrange your list of references in a clearly distinguishable order.A single sequence

arranged alphabetically by the first letter of each item (author’s name or title) is the

most common.Alternatives include:

I alphabetical within groups according to subject (e.g.a bibliography on mass media

divided into general,television and radio)

I alphabetical within groups according to form (e.g.books,periodicals,audiovisual)

Collecting references

As you find your information sources it is a good idea to record the references in full.It takes less time to write out the reference in full the first time,even if you decide not to use it,than to find the necessary information at the last minute when your assignment is due.

If you have used several libraries it is a good idea to note where you found your source,as well as its call number in that library.This information is not included in the bibliography or reference list with your assignment,but will help you to find the material again if necessary.

Staff and post-graduate students should read about Personal bibliographic software on p.25,and Management of qualitative data and electronic text on p.25.

In-text references

In the Harvard system,you place brief references in the text of your essay or report to

acknowledge the source of the information you have quoted or discussed.These brief

references are called in-text references,or sometimes they are called in-text citations,

textual references or textual citations.In-text references must be accompanied by a

reference list that gives full details of the works cited.The reference list comes at the end of your essay or report and is headed ‘References’.

Generally,an in-text reference comprises the author’s surname and the year of publication.

Additional details such as page numbers,volume numbers and authors’ initials should be used when necessary to avoid confusion.Direct quotations should always be acknowledged with a page number.

e.g.David Miller asks,‘what does each of us,individually,owe to other human beings,

regardless of their cultural make-up,or their citizenship,or their place of residence?’

(Miller 2000,p.174)

Using volume and page numbers

If it is necessary to specify a volume or page in an in-text reference—for example if the work is very long,these may be useful for a reader—add these details after the publication year: (Barr 1977,p.77)

Barr (1995,p.29) described…

(Russell 1969,vol.3,p.138)

See note on Page numbers on the web on p.20.

Dates

Sometimes a publication year cannot be found.As the Harvard system is based on the

combination of author and date,one of the following substitutes should be used:

n.d.=no known date

c.1995 = circa 1995 (i.e.an approximate date)

?1995 = a dubious date

forthcoming = a work to be published shortly

One author or one organisation as author

The name and year may be placed in brackets at the end of the relevant clause or sentence.

e.g.These changes were noticed more than a decade ago (Barr 1995).

Alternatively,the author’s surname may be integrated into the text,followed immediately by the year,in brackets.

e.g.Barr (1995) was one of the first to draw attention to these changes.

If the author is an organisation,use the name of the organisation.

e.g.The management of medications for the elderly in aged care facilities received

greater attention in 2000 (Australian Pharmaceutical Advisory Council 2000).

More than one work

More than one work may be cited in a single reference:

(Parsaye & Chignell 1988; Simons 1985)

Note the authors are presented in alphabetical order—P before S.

or Parsaye and Chignell (1988),and Simons (1985) describe how…

Note that when two authors of a work are incorporated in the text the word ‘and’ is used rather than an ampersand (&).

More than three authors

When a work has more than three authors,the in-text reference shows the name of the first listed author and then the abbreviation ‘et al.’,which means ‘and others’:

(Gajski et al.1993)

However,the names of all the authors should be given in the reference list.

Parts of a work written by someone other than the author

When someone other than the author writes part of a work,such as a preface or introduction, give both names.

Block (in Gallway 2000) claimed…

(Block,in Gallway 2000)

In the reference list show details of the work in which the contribution,or part of the work, appeared.In this case it would be:

Gallway,WT 2000,The inner game of work,Random House,New York.

More than one work by the same author

When you refer to more than one work by the same author,list the publication years in chronological https://www.360docs.net/doc/b718896204.html,e lower-case letters to distinguish between works published in the same year (also include these in the list of references).

e.g.(Barr 1977,1995)

(Robertson 1988a,1988b)

Robertson (1984,1988b) showed that…

No author or authoring body—neither a person nor an organisation

Sometimes a work has no identifiable author.In this case,substitute the title of the book, article or web page for the author’s name—don’t use ‘Anonymous’ or ‘Anon’.

e.g.…in seventeenth century England (On travelling to London1683)

(Age11 Oct.1989,p.10)

Reform to drug laws was discussed but rejected by the Harm Minimisation Committee (Drugs and the law,2002)

In Drugs and the law(2002) it was claimed that reform to drug laws…

One author citing another author

When one author cites another author’s work,use all the authors’ names.

e.g.Chambliss and Ryther (cited in Liazos 1985) reported…

(Chambliss & Ryther,cited in Liazos 1985)

‘English as Charlton Laird has noted,is the only language that has,or needs,books of synonyms like Roget’s Thesaurus.“Most speakers of other languages are not aware

that such books exist.”’ (Laird cited in Bryson 1990)

In the reference list give details of the citing author:

Liazos A 1985 Sociology:a liberating perspective,Allyn and Bacon,London.

Encyclopedias and dictionaries

If there is an author for an article from an encyclopedia,use the author-date method already described.For a dictionary entry or an encyclopedia article with no author,provide in-text information like this:

The Macquarie dictionary(2001) defines it as…

(The Australian Oxford English dictionary1999)

Audiovisual material (films,videos,television and radio programs) and CD-ROMs Provide the title of the item in italics and the date

e.g.(Japanese language and people1991)

In the film Charlotte Grey(2002) the French Resistance fighters were portrayed…

Web pages

If there is an author for a web page,use the author-date method already described.

e.g.(Done 2002)

If there is no author,use the title of the web page.

e.g.(The senior dogs project2002)

Unpublished works

If there is an author for an unpublished work,use the author-date method already described.

e.g.(Florey 1925)

If there is no author,use the title of the unpublished work.

e.g.(Using online databases 2002)

Personal communications,including email

Personal communications include conversations,interviews,telephone calls,emails and

letters.As personal communications may not appear in a reference list unless your essay or report is based mainly on personal communications,your in-text reference should make it clear what kind of communication you have used

e.g.In a letter dated 29 May 1986,AD Francis,wrote…

The bus came to rest at the bottom of the hill on top of Mr HG Birtles (AD Francis

1986,pers comm.,29 May).

In an email dated 15 January 2003,Annette Steere wrote…

The pie eating competition was a great success (A Steere 2003,email,15 January)

Reference lists and bibliographies

In the Harvard system the author and the publication year form the link between in-text

references and the reference list.In the list of references the same citation details as in a bibliography are included.The citation details are arranged to clarify the link with in-text

references.

Books

For books,the following information is given,in this order:

a)Author(s)—either a person or an institution—or editor(s)

b) Year of publication

See note on Dates on p.8

c) Title—plus the subtitle if there is one

d) Title of series and volume number—if applicable

e) Edition—if it is not the first

f) Publisher

g) Place of publication—city

You can find this information on the imprint page of the book itself (i.e.the page immediately following the title page) or from the entry in the library catalogue.The following examples illustrate how to set out references for a variety of books in a reference list or bibliography.

Usually the author’s name comes first.Put the family name (surname) first,then initials of the given or personal names.No full stops and no spaces are used with people’s initials.

Book titles are https://www.360docs.net/doc/b718896204.html,e minimal capitalisation for book titles.

You should use only the author’s initials in your reference list,regardless of how his or her name is presented in the book.Sometimes you can use an author’s full name if it will help your readers to recognise the author e.g.Phillip Adams could appear in a reference list as Adams,Phillip.

Use an ampersand (&) between two authors’ names rather than the word ‘and’.

If you know some information for a reference,but it is not on the item itself,you can include it in a square bracket e.g.[Sydney].You may find this sort of information in a library catalogue.

1.Book with one author

https://www.360docs.net/doc/b718896204.html,ler,D 2000,Citizenship and national identity,Polity,Cambridge.

2.Book with two or three authors

e.g.Brown,PH & Broeske,PH 1996,Howard Hughes:the untold story,Dutton,New York.

3.Book with organisation as author

e.g.Australian Society of CPAs 1993,Accounting software in Australia 1993:the CPAs

guide to accounting software,Prentice Hall of Australia,Sydney.

4.Book with government department as author

e.g.Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2002,Australia-China:a photographic record:

to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations

between Australia and the People’s Republic of China:1972–2002,Department of

Foreign Affairs and Trade,Canberra.

5.Book with more than three authors

Names should be cited in the order they appear on the title page.

Gajski,DD,Vahid,F,Narayan,S &Gong,J 1994,Specification and design of

embedded systems,PTR Prentice Hall,Englewood Cliffs,New Jersey.

6.Book with no author

Use the title of the work.

Training Australians:a better way of working:27 case studies from leading Australian organisations of their best training strategies1990,Business Council of Australia,

Melbourne.

7.Book with an editor

e.g.Brown,C (ed.) 1996,Indonesia:dealing with a neighbour,Allen & Unwin in association

with Australian Institute of International Affairs,St Leonards,NSW.

8.Book in a series

List the name of the series after the title of the work.

Stoddard,KM 1983,Saints and shrews:women and aging in American popular film,

Contributions in women’s studies,no.39,Greenwood Press,Westport,Connecticut.

9.Book known by a short title e.g.The Henderson report

The reference list must contain a cross-reference to the formal author of the work,and the full document information must be given under the formal entry.

e.g.Henderson report—see Commission of Inquiry into Poverty 1975

Commission of Inquiry into Poverty 1975,Poverty in Australia,first main report,

(Prof.RF Henderson,chairman),Australian Government Publishing Service,Canberra.

10.More than one place of publication

If more than one place of publication is listed,use only the first-listed place.

11.Chapter or article from a book

Give the details of the chapter or article first,then the details of the publication in which it appeared.Enclose the title of the chapter or article in single quotation marks.

e.g.Hesketh,B & Rounds,J 1995,‘International cross-cultural approaches to career

development’,in WB Walsh & SH Osipow (eds),Handbook of vocational psychology:

theory,research,and practice,2nd edn,Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.,Mahwah,

New Jersey.

12.Entries in an encyclopedia

e.g.Tran,M 2001,‘Swedish massage’,The Gale encyclopedia of alternative medicine,

vol.4,Gale Group,Farmington Hills,Michigan,pp.1668–1670.

‘Puma’ 1998,The new encyclopaedia Britannica,15th edn,vol.9,Encyclopaedia

Britannica,Chicago,p.796.

For an example of an article in an online encyclopedia see p.22.

Periodicals

Maximal capitalisation is used for the titles of periodicals.For all other titles,capitalisation

is minimal.

Periodical titles are italicised.

In general you will find that all the issues of a magazine or journal published in one year are collectively called a volume and may be given a volume number.An issue number or the name of a month or season may identify each issue within that volume.Inspect the periodical carefully as it may have an entirely individual numbering system.

1.Articles with an author

For articles in journals and magazines,include the following information:

a) Author(s)—if given

b) Year of publication

c) Title of article—enclose title in single quotation marks

d) Title of periodical

e) Place of publication (city)—only if there are 2 or more periodicals with the same title

f) Volume and/or issue number

g) Day,month and season—if applicable

h) Page number(s)

e.g.Salusinszky,I1995,‘Thomas Keneally:my part in his downfall’,Quadrant,vol.39,

no.10,October,pp.23–26.

2.Articles with no author

‘Calcium levels control human vision’ 1988,New Scientist,no.1636,29 October,p.34.

3.Individual volumes/issues

For a single issue or a limited run,the following details are sufficient:

a) Title—plus subtitle if there is one

b) Year of publication

c) Volume and/or issue number(s)

d) Month and day of month or season—if applicable

e.g.Overland,1983,no.93,December.

Futures:the Journal of Forecasting and Planning,1986–1989,vols.18–21.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/b718896204.html,plete run of a periodical

If you need to write a reference for a complete run of a currently published periodical, include the following information:

a) Title—plus subtitle if there is one

b) Date(s) of publication

c) Name of publisher

d) Place of publication (city,state)

e) Volume and/or issue number(s)

f) Frequency of publication

e.g.The Australian Accountant,1936–,Australian Society of Certified Practicing

Accountants,Melbourne,vol.1–,Monthly.

‘1936–’ and ‘vol.1–’ means that the first issue appeared in 1936 and the periodical is still being published.

5.Newspaper articles

Replace the volume/issue number by the day and month:

e.g.Hogan,R1996,‘Investors weigh implications for $A’,Australian Financial Review,

1August,p.6.

‘A welcome lowering of rates’ 1996,The Australian,1 August,p.10.

6.Reviews of books,films,television,performances etc.

Include:

a) Name of reviewer

b) Year

c) Title of the review

d) Description of what is being reviewed and its author

e) Periodical in which the review appeared

f) Day and month—if applicable

g) Page numbers

e.g.Carroll,S 2002,‘The stuff of theatre’,review of Double act:a life of Tom Stoppard

by Ira Nadel,The Age,28 September,Saturday Extra,p.8.

‘Saturday Extra’ before the page number indicates a special independently numbered section of the newspaper.

7.Annual reports

These are not periodicals in the usual sense,but are important regular publications of

government bodies,companies and other organisations.A reference for an annual report should include:

a) Name of organisation

b)Date of publication—if applicable

c)Short descriptive title

d)Year(s) covered

e.g.Department of Transport and Regional Services 2001,Annual report 2000–2001,Canberra.

Foster’s Brewing Group 1998,Annual Report 1998.

For an example of an online annual report,see p.23 under 3.Web page of a company or organisation.

Conference papers—published proceedings

Papers presented at conferences and similar gatherings are often collected and published by the organisation that arranged the conference.A reference to a published conference paper is similar to one for a chapter or article from a book.

Note that the place and year that the papers were published is included,while the place and date that the conference was held are omitted (unless these form part of the title of the proceedings).

DuPont,B 1974,‘Bone marrow transplantation in severe combined immunodeficiency with an unrelated MLC compatible donor’,Proceedings of the third annual meeting of the

International Society for Experimental Hematology,International Society for Experimental Hematology,Houston,Texas,pp.44–6.

Pockley,P 1987,‘National programs for promoting public understanding of science and technology:progress,problems and prospects’,ANZAAS Congress Papers,no.56,paper 76.

Australian Bureau of Statistics documents

Include the ABS catalogue number after the title.

Australian Bureau of Statistics 1991,Work patterns of women,cat.no.6204.2,ABS,Canberra. For examples of Australian Bureau of Statistics documents online see p.23.

Acts of Parliament

Add the name of the jurisdiction in brackets after the title of the act.

Electoral Act 2002(Vic).

Standards

Standards Australia defines a standard as ‘a published document which sets out technical specifications or other criteria necessary to ensure that a material or method will consistently do the job it is intended to do’.

For standards,the following information is given,in this order:

a)Author(s)

b)Year of publication

c)Title

d)Standard Number

e)Publisher

f)Place of publication

e.g.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 1987,IEEE standard for software user

documentation,(ANSI/IEEE 1063–1987),IEEE,New York.

Standards Association of Australia 1992,Marking of overhead cables for low-level

flying,(AS 3891.2–1992),Standards Australia,Homebush,NSW.

For an example of an online Australian standard see p.23.

Audiovisual material

You may need to write a reference for a videotape,DVD,TV program etc.It is similar to a book https://www.360docs.net/doc/b718896204.html,e the label on the item or the library catalogue to find the information you need. Include the following details:

a) Author (if there is one)

b) Year of production

c) Title

d) Format (use a general term such as ‘sound recording’)

e) Name of producer/director

f) Place of production

1.Videorecording e.g.videotapes

e.g.Murnau,FW 1984,Nosferatu the Vampire (Dracula)[videorecording],Video Yesteryear,

Sandy Hook,Conn.

2.Sound recording e.g.discs,tapes,reels,cassettes

e.g.Jane Knowles1996 [sound recording],ABC Radio Tapes,Sydney.

3.Slides

e.g.Birnstihl,H 1980,Emotions[slide],Northside Productions,North Melbourne.

4.Kit https://www.360docs.net/doc/b718896204.html,binations of media such as audiocassette plus printed material

e.g.Japanese language and people1991 [kit],BBC-TV in association with Intervoice

Incorporated,London.

5.Radio and television broadcasts

Include:

a)Title.If no title is given in the program,you should supply your own short descriptive

title,enclosed in square brackets.

b)Year of broadcast

c)Format

d)Series title

e)Broadcasting station

g)Day/month of broadcast

e.g.Muddy waters1995 [television program],Sixty Minutes,GTV9,22 October.

[Bankers to greed]1992 [television program],Four Corners,ABC Television.

Making waves1995 [television program],SBS Television,9March.

Making an issue out of violence1991 [radio program],Women on the line,3CR,

10 August.

Pamphlets,leaflets etc.

Organisations rather than individuals generally produce these kinds of small publication. They often contain useful information but are difficult to cite because few have adequate identification details printed on them.Try to give enough relevant information to enable the reader to identify the item if required.Include as many of the following details as possible.

a) Author

b) Date of publication (estimate this if not given)

c)Title (or your own short descriptive title)

d)Publisher

e)Place of publication

f)Brief description,including format and content

g)Location (if held in permanent library collection) or current supplier/distributor.

e.g.Emy,HV 1993,From the free market to the social market:a new agenda for the ALP?,

Australian Fabian Society Pamphlet,no.53,Pluto Press in association with the

Australian Fabian Society,Leichhardt,NSW.

Alpine sell-out?1992,Native Forests Action Council,North Melbourne,Leaflet

supporting Alpine National Park proposal.Held in ‘Conservation Issues’ file of the

Black Stump Public Library,NSW.

Unpublished sources of information

Information obtained directly from people and organisations,by letter or interview,or from unpublished material such as theses,diaries or other personal or business records should be acknowledged.Sometimes an in-text reference is sufficient; sometimes a reference should also be included in the reference list.Generally,you should include a reference in your bibliography or reference list only if the source of information is a document or other record which is available for other people to consult.

When citing unpublished materials,set out as for articles but do not include quotation marks for the title.

1.Unpublished documents: diaries,personal papers,reports etc.

e.g.Florey,HW 1925,Letter to his mother,6 April,Florey papers in the possession of

Dr Joan Gardner,Melbourne.

Sobieralski,C 1995,Development of a dangerous goods compliance model for the

photographic manufacturing industry,MEng thesis,Swinburne University of

Technology,Melbourne.

Syme Family 1854–1947,Personal and business papers,LaTrobe Collection,

State Library of Victoria.

2.Personal letters,interviews,conversations

If you have obtained information directly from a person or organisation through a personal letter,formal interview or informal conversation,this should be acknowledged in an in-text reference.This type of source is usually not referred to again in a reference list,except when the essay or report is based mainly on such sources,in which case it is appropriate to list them.

Note that the format is given before the name of the person (or organisation) for these references.It is useful to include some information indicating the significance of the person to the subject of your work in the reference.

Interview with F Walsh,Member of Swinburne Council,29 June 1989.

Lecture on electronic funds transfer systems,by John Smith,School of Business,

Swinburne University of Technology,8 April,1998.

Personal letter from AD Francis,retired bus driver,29 May 1986.