时间状语从句教案
Teaching Plan for Adverbial Clauses of Time
Teaching Objectives:
At the end of the period, students are expected to:
1.master the connections of adverbial clauses of time
2.be able to analyze the different usage of the important connections of adverbial
clauses of time
3.translate sentences using adverbial clauses
Teaching Aids: PPT, Handout
Teaching Procedures:
if引导的条件状语从句讲义及答案
if 引导的条件状语从句（讲义） 状语 用来表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等，通常由 副词或介词短语充当，也可由一个句子充当。 I slept at home yesterday because I had a bad cold. 状语从句 状语从句指句子作状语。 根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、 方式等从句。 状语从句一般由连词（从属连词）引导。 I will go to school by bike tomorrow if it is sunny. Grammar focus —I think I ' ll take the bus to the party. —If you do, you ' ll be late. If you take the bus to the party, you —I think I ' ll stay at home. —If you do, you ' ll be sorry. If you stay at home, you ' ll be sorry. —What will happe n if they have the party today? ——If they have it today, half the class won —Should we ask people to bring food? —If we ask people to bring food, they and chocolate. 1 if 在本单元句中意为“ _______________ ； _______ ”，用于引导 即if 引导的是一个完整的句子，所以一定要有主谓，成为从 句，另一个句子则成为主句。 If you go there, I ' ll go, too. We will go hiking if it doesn ' t rain tomorrow. If Bob leaves tomorrow, I will hold a party for him toni ght. 2 if 引导的条件状语从句既可以放在主句前，也可放在主句后。 但是如果放在主句前，即句首时，从句后面要用 与主句 隔开。 You will keep healthy if you do more exercise. If you do more ll be late. t come. ll just bring potato chips
高中英语必修二状语从句教案
一地点状语从句 地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。 Where I live there are plenty of trees.我住的地方树很多。 Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都会想到你。 二. 方式状语从句 方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。 1）as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文体，例如：Always do to the others as you would be done by.你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。As water is to fish, so air is to man.我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。 Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds. 正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。 2）as if, as though 两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"，例如： They pletely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。） He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting. 他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。） It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。） 说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如： He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。He cleared his throat as if to say something.他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。 The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。 三. 原因状语从句 比较：because, since, as和for 1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或since。 I didn't go, because I was afraid. Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。 He is absent today, because / for he is ill. He must be ill, for he is absent today. 四. 目的状语从句 表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导，例如：
初中英语状语从句讲解、练习与答案(教案)
状语从句 状语从句用来修饰主句中的动词，副词和形容词的从句叫状语从句。根据其含义状语从句可分为时间状 语从句，地点状语从句，条件状语从句，原因状语从句，结果状语从句，比较状语从句，目的状语从句，让 步状语从句。 1. 时间状语从句 ⑴时间状语从句常用when, as, while, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as 等连词来引导。例如： It was raining hard ( rain hard 下大雨) when got to school yesterday. While he was doing his homework, the telepho ne rang. As he walked along (沿着走) the lake, he sang happily. He had lear ned a little Chin ese before he came to China. After he finished middle school, he went to work in a factory. (2) 在时间状语从句里，通常不用将来时态，用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如： I ' ll ring you up as soon as I get to New York. I will tell him everyth ing whe n he comes back. He won ' t believe it until he sees it with his own eyes. (3) 在带有till或until引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里，如果主句用肯定式，其含义是一直到……时” 谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式，其含义是直到……才……”,在…??…以前不……”,谓语动词可用瞬间动词。例如： The young man read till the light went out (熄灭) Let ' s wait until the rain ops. We won' t start until Bob comes. Don' get off (从下来) until the bus stops. 【Till是指直到某一特定事件发生的时候，而在那个时刻之后，该事情或状况仍将持续。Until是指直到某一特定事件发生的时候，而讲话的人在自己心里认为，在那个时刻之后，该事情或该状况将中止 (不怎么可能持续)。固定组合里from morning till night，till/until是不能替换的，】 2. 条件状语从句 (1) 条件状语从句通常由if, unless引导。例如： What shall we do if it snows tomorrow? Don' t leave the buildi ng uni ess I tell you to. (2) 在条件状语从句里，谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如： I ' ll help you with your English if am free tomorrow. He won ' t be late uni ess he is ill. (3) 祈使句+ and (or)+陈述句”在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。例如： Hurry up, or you ' ll be late. =If you don ' t hurry up, you ' ll be late. Study hard and you will pass the exam. =If you study hard, you will pass the exam. 3. 原因状语从句
状语从句教案
TheAdverbialClauses 抚宁一中王艳 I.Teachingtopic：TheAdverbialClauses II.Teachingtype：Grammar III.TeachingObjectives: 1Inknowledge： Enhancestudents’proficiencyandaccuracyinusingthe adverbialclauses. StepI ooseonekindoftheclausesandanswerquestionstogetpoints. 1.AdverbialClausesofTime(时间状语从句) 1）Askstudentstodomultiple-choicetoknowthedifferenceamong“when”,“while”and“as”. 2)Askstudentstothinkaboutotherconjunctionsandwritesentencesbythemselves.Thenaskst udentstocorrectmistakesbythemselvesandexplaintheimportantanddifficultpoints. 3)Askstudentstotranslatethreesentencestoknowdifferentmeaningsof“before” 2.AdverbialClausesofConcession(让步状语从句) 1）Askstudentstofillintheblanksaccordingtothepicture. 2)Askstudentstodomultiple-choicetoacquiretheimportantpoints. 3.AdverbialClausesofManner(方式状语从句)
教学设计IF引导的条件状语从句
教学设计IF引导的条件状语从句 一、教材、学生分析 初中英语语法，梳理总结。 二、教学目标 1 知识目标：正确运用if 引导的条件状语从句。 2 能力目标：能用if 引导的条件状语从句作出假设，用will谈论结果。 3 情感目标：围绕情景图片展开话题，提高他们学习英语的兴趣，竞争合作的小组活动培养团队学习精神。 三、教学重点和难点 重点: if引导的条件状语从句的基本结构。 难点: 条件状语从句的主、从句中的时态。 四、教学方法 口授讲解、对话互动、游戏、习题练习 五、教学过程 Step 1）导入Warming up and Leading in 1. Enjoy an English song : If you are happy 2 Ask some questions. If you are happy, what will you do? If I am happy, I will smile. If you are sad, what will you do? If I am sad, I will cry. Step 2). 语法讲解 1、show picture 1:主将从现 If he has a lot of money, he’ll buy a big house. 2、show picture 2:主现从现（客观真理、常态事实等） If you heat ice it turns to water. (也可用will turn)如果把冰加热，它就会化成水。） 3、unless和if not You will miss the train unless you hurry= You will miss the train if you don’t hurry. 4、“如果”和“是否”分清楚
when时间状语从句讲解教案教程文件
资料收集于网络，如有侵权请联系网站删除状语从句之时间状语从句 一．概念及分类名。复合句中从句可分为定语从句，和句子可以分为简单句，并列句复合句词性从句和状语从句。 用来修饰谓语动词，其他动词，定语，状语或整个句子的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、条件状语从句、目的状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句、方式状语从句、结果状语从句。 DaMing is a brave boy. DaMing is a brave boy and he always does something special. DaMing is a brave boy, who always does something special.
可编辑word 资料收集于网络，如有侵权请联系网站删除二，时间状语从句 When, while, as, before, after, since, 引导时间状语从句的连接词一般有等。，until/tillas soon as When 观察下面例句，总结其用法 1.When he was a child he was always trying out new ideas. 他小时候就常常试验一些新的设想。 2. When she came into my room, I was just reading a book. 她走进我房间时，我正在看书。 3. Were you writing when the teacher came in? 老师进来的时候，你在写信吗？ 4. Sorry, I was out when you called me. 对不起，你打电话来的时候我出去了。 总结：从句表示动作可以______________也可以_________________,主句和从句的先后关系_______________________________________ When从句一般用于过去时比较多，主句无时态限制。 练习 Eg: When I got to the airport, the guests had left. 当我赶到飞机场时，客人们已经离开了。 可编辑word 资料收集于网络，如有侵权请联系网站删除When he had finished his
初中英语If引导的条件状语从句演示教学
初中英语――if引导的条件状语从句 在if 引导的条件状语从句中，if 和条件句位置灵活，可直接放在主句后面，若if 条件句放句首，从句后面要加逗号，和主句隔开。还要注意前后时态一致原则.引导条件状语从句的连接词主要有：if(如果）、unless（除非）或as long as （只要）等。unless在意思上等于if...not。 一、条件状语从句用法 1、引导条件状语从句最常用的连词是if,由if引导的条件状语从句表示在某种条件下某事很可能发生。如： If you ask him, he will help you. 如果你请他帮忙,他会帮你的。 If you fail in the exam, you will let him down. 如果你考试不及格,你会让他失望的。 另外,if从句还表示不可实现的条件或根本不可能存在的条件,也就是一种虚拟的条件或假设,从句多用一般过去时或过去完成时。如: If I were you, I would invite him to the party. 如果我是你,我会邀请他参加聚会。 2、unless = if...not.除非,若不,除非在……的时候 例如：Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired. =If you are not too tired, let's go out for a walk. Unless it rains, the game will be played. 除非下雨,比赛将照常进行。 二、时态问题 在条件状语从句中，要注意“主将从现”的规定，即主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表示将来时。例句： I will come to see you if I have time. 我有时间，我就来看你。 三如果if 条件句谈论的是重复发生和预示要发生的情景和事件，则主从句大多用一般现在时态。如： If bears are in danger ,they attack people. 误区提醒 if 既可以引导条件状语从句，表示“如果”，也可以引导宾语从句，表达“是否”。辨别它在这两种从句中的时态是我们经常容易出错的地方。另外，if 和unless的用法也需注意。 典型例题：----I wonder if your wife to the party. ----If your wife _________, so will mine。. A. will go，go B. will go, goes C.goes, will go D. will go, will go 解析：第一句中if表示“是否”，引导宾语从句，用将来时will go；第二句“如果你的妻子去，我的妻子也去”，if引导条件状语从句，用一般现在时表示将来时。your wife，单三人称主语，所以用goes 。
初中英语——条件状语从句
初中英语―条件状语从句 一．条件状语从句的概念 条件状语从句，即在某种条件下，一件事情可能发生。在英语中由连接词if或unless 等引导的状语从句叫做条件状语从句。条件是指某一件事情实现之后（状语从句中），一件事情（主句）才能发生，通常译作“假如，只要，如果”等意思。条件状语从句中，主从句的时态要遵循“主将从现”的原则。即，主句是将来时态时，从句用一般现在时代替将来时态。 二.条件状语从句的引导词 1.If conj . 如果，假如 If you ask him，he will help you．如果你请他帮忙，他会帮你的。 If you fail in the exam，you will let him down． 如果你考试不及格，你会让他失望的。 2.unless conj.除非,若不,除非在……的时候（if ...not...） You will fail to arrive there in time unless you start earlier. 如果你不早点动身,你就不能及时赶到那儿。 Unless it rains, the game will be played.除非下雨,比赛将照常进行。 3.so/as long as conj.只要 You may borrow my book as long as you keep it clean. 只要你保持书的清洁，你就可以把我的书借去。 三．关于条件句的时态，常见的有以下三种情况： 1、条件状语从句的主句是一般将来时，那么从句常常用一般现在时。 When I grow up, I’ll be a nurse and look after patients. 我长大后要当一名护士，照顾病人。 2、如果主句是祈使句，那么从句通常要用一般现在时。 If you want to have a chat ,call me up. 如果你想聊天，打我电话。 3、如果主句是含有情态动词时，根据需要从句多用一般现在时。
《if 引导的条件状语从句》教案
英语教学设计 课题类型：复习课 内容: The usage of “if” Review the usage of “if” I. Teaching aims and demands i. Knowledge objects:
1. Review the usage of “ if ”in adverbial clauses of condition 2. Review the usage of “if” in subjunctive mood 3. Review the usage of “if” in objective clauses ii. Ability object: Train students’ speaking ability iii. Moral object: Make students know more about helping the people in trouble II. Teaching key points 1. How to tell the differences among the three situations 2. How to do exercises more correctly according to what we reviewed III. Teaching difficult points 1. Tell the differences between the usage of “if” i n adverbial clauses of condition and in subjunctive mood 2. How to use “if” in these three different situations IV. Teaching methods 1. Sentence chains activity to help 2. Competition 3. Talk about the pictures V. Teaching aids some colorful cards, The blackboard , A projector VI. Teaching procedures StepI.lead in and review the usage of “if” in adverbial clauses of condition. Listen to a song----“If you’re happy”. Students listen to it a nd summarize the usage of “if” in adverbial clauses of condition. eg, 1. If it rains tomorrow, I won’t go shopping.
状语从句教学案
英语高考专题复习讲与练13 状语从句 一、考点聚焦 1、时间状语从句 （2）引导时间状语从句的连接词除上述外还有： ①till, not … until …, until, before, since Don’t get off the bus unt il it has stopped. He waited for his father until(till)it was twelve o’clock. before 的有关句型 It will be +段时间+before+从句（一般现在时）“要过…..才” It will be five years before he returns from England. It won’t be long before +从句（一般现在时）“不久…就会” It won’t be long before he recovers from the injury. It was 3 years before he regained the love from his parents. It wasn’t long before the whole nation rose up to drive the enemy out of their country. He rang off before I could answer it. ②hardly / scarcely … when, no sooner … th an, as soon as once表示“一……就” As soon as I have finished it , I’ll give yu a call. Once you show any fear, he will attack you. We had hardly got / Hardly had we got into the country when it began to rain. No sooner had he arrived / He had no sooner arrived than she started complaining. ③directly, immediately, the moment, the minute that… 一……就 He made for the door directly he heard the knock. ④each time, every time, next time, any time ,by the time Each time he came to my city, he would call on me. ⑤the day, the time, the first(second, third …)time, the spring (summer, autumn, winter)
状语从句——条件状语从句 教案
一、复习预习 状语从句指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导，也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。 二、知识讲解 知识点： 【考查点1】 引导条件状语从句最常用的连词是if，常见的if条件状语从句表示在某条件下，某事很可能发生，条件是可能存在的，主句中某种情况发生的概率也是很高的。如： If you ask him，he will help you．如果你请他帮忙，他会帮你的。 If you fail in the exam，you will let him down．如果你考试不及格，你会让他失望的。 If you have finished the homework，you can go home．如果你作业做完了就可以回家了。 另外，if从句还表示不可实现的条件或根本不可能存在的条件，也就是一种虚拟的条件或假设。从句多用一般过去时或过去完成时，表示对现在或过去的一种假设。如：
If I were you，I would invite him to the party．如果我是你，我会邀请他参加聚会。 I would have arrived much earlier if I had not been caught in the traffic．要不是交通堵塞，我本会来得早一些。 【考查点2】 另外要注意if 条件句的时态搭配 1．if从句用一般现在时，主句用一般将来时 If he runs he’ll get there in time. 如果他用跑的，他就会及时赶到那儿。 The cat will scratch you if you pull her tail. 如果你拉猫的尾巴，它就会抓你。 2．if从句用一般现在时，主句用may/might/can If the fog gets thicker the plane may/might be diverted. 如果雾在大一些，飞机可能就会改在别的机场降落。 If it stops snowing we can go out. 如果雪停了，我们就可以出去。 3．if从句用一般现在时，主句用must/should If you want to lose weight you must/should eat less bread. 如果你想减肥，你必须少吃面包。 4．if从句用一般现在时，主句用一般现在时 If you heat ice it turns to water. (也可用will turn)如果把冰加热，它就会化成水。 5．if从句用现在进行时，主句用一般将来时 If you are looking for Peter you’ll find him upstairs. 如果你是在找彼得，上楼就会找到他。 6．if从句用现在完成时，主句用一般将来时
初中英语状语从句知识点总结
初中英语状语从句知识点总结（一） 用来修饰主句中的动词，形容词或副词等而充当状语的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句常用从属连词来引导，与主句连接起来。若置于句末，则前面不加逗号。根据意义和作用，状语从句可分为时间原因条件等几种。下面我们就来分析一下这几种状语从句。 1时间状语从句 时间状语从句常用从属连词when,after,until,as soon as,等来引导。 当主句是祈使句或谓语动词是一般将来时态或情态动词时，其时间状语从句中的谓语动词常用一般现在时态表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。这就是我们常说的“主将从现”。 如：Please call me when you get there.当你到那时，请给我打个电话。 I will write to you as soon as I arrive in Beijing.我一到北京就给你写信。 <温馨提示>since引导时间状语从句表示“自从…以来”，从句中的动词一般表示动作的起点，用过去时;而主句的动作延续的情况则用一般现在时或现在完成时。常用的句型为： It has been/is+一段时间+since+过去时。 如：I has been/is three years since we met last time.自从我们上次见面，已经三年了。 2条件状语从句 引导条件状语从句的连词或词组有：if(如果),unless(除非),as long as(只要)等。如果主句是将来时，条件状语从句也用一般现在时来表示。 如：I will stay at home if it rains tomorrow.如果明天下雨，我就待在家。 You can’t learn English well unless you wo rk hard. 除非你努力学习，否则是学不好英语的。 <温馨提示>由if引导的条件状语从句，若从句表达的是与现在事实相反的事实，则常用虚拟语气，即用过去时态表示(如果涉及到be动词，一律都用were)。此时，主句则用过去将来时。
if引导的条件状语从句教案资料
语法10单元语法再现梁老师组稿2017-12-31 一、观察下面的句子 If you go to the party, you will have a great time. If you do , you will be late. If you do,you will be sorry. If they have it today, half the class won’t come. If we ask people to bring food, they will just bring potato chips and chocolate. 以上几个句子中“if”有相同的含义“如果”，引导条件状语从句逗号后面的句子是主句。整个连起来的大句子叫主从复合句。 注意主句和从句的时态有什么特点。 总结：If引导的条件状语从句用一般现在时，主句用一般将来时。 简称“主将从现” 练习：（1）If you ______(come)here, you ___________(be) happy. (2) If it _________(rain) tomorrow, we__________(not, go) to the park. (3) If he _________(come) here, I ___________(call) you. (4) If it ___________(not rain), we _________(have) a picnic(野餐). (5) If we do that, more people _________(want) to play the games. (6) If they _______ that , the games _______(be) more exciting, too. (7)What ______ happen if they_______ (have) the party today? (8) What ______ happen if they _______ a video at the party? (9) If he ______(take) a taxi, it _______(be) too expensive. (10) If I _______(go) to the movies, I ____________(finish) my homework. 条件状语从句的引导词还有“unless 除非（否则），如果不”
状语从句教案58877
The Adverbial Clauses 抚宁一中王艳 I. Teaching topic：The Adverbial Clauses II. Teaching type：Grammar III. Teaching Objectives: 1 In knowledge： Enhance students’ proficiency and accuracy in using the adverbial clauses. 2 In ability: Facilitate students’autonomy and cooperative learning abilities. 3 In emotion: Stimulate students’ interest and cultivate their confidence in learning English grammar. IV. Teaching important points： Get students to know the usage of the adverbial clauses and the differences among the conjunctions. V. Teaching difficult points: Help students develop good learning habits and abilities. VI. Teaching Methods: 1. Communicative teaching method 2. Discussion and role-play method 3. The deductive method and the inductive method VII. Teaching Aids: A blackboard，chalk and multimedia Step IV. Teaching procedures (教学步骤): Step I：Lead in (8 minutes) The teacher shows the dialogue to the students and asks students to find out the clauses, that is, the adverbial clauses. Then ask the students to brainstorm the kinds of the Adverbial Clauses. Purpose: to draw students’attention by showing the interesting dialogue between the two familiar characters. Step II：Revise the Adverbial Clauses one by one. The teacher divides the students into two groups ----- boys and girls. Then ask the students to choose one kind of the clauses and answer questions to get points. 1. Adverbial Clauses of Time (时间状语从句) 1）Ask students to do multiple-choice to know the difference among “when”, “while” and “as”. 2) Ask students to think about other conjunctions and write sentences by themselves. Then ask students to correct mistakes by themselves and explain the important and difficult points. 3) Ask students to translate three sentences to know different meanings of “before” 2. Adverbial Clauses of Concession(让步状语从句) 1）Ask students to fill in the blanks according to the picture. 2) Ask students to do multiple-choice to acquire the important points. Clauses of Manner(方式状语从句) 1）Ask students to fill in the blanks according to the pictures. 2）as if/though … (either the Indicative Mood or the Subjunctive Mood) 4．Adverbial Clauses of Place（地点状语从句） Ask students to do multiple-choice to know the usage of “where”and “wherever”----- the
初中英语状语从句教案及练习讲解
新课标初中英语状语从句教案及精品练习讲解 掌握状语从句的作用。▲掌握状语从句的意义。▲掌握各种不同类型的状语从句。 【知识要点】状语从句在句中作状语，修饰句中的动词、形容词或副词等。 状语从句由从属连词作关联词，从属连词在从句中不充当句子成分。状语从句在主句之前，一般要用逗号分开，朗读时用升调。 状语从句在主句之后，一般不用逗号，朗读时用降调。 状语从句按其意义和作用可分为时间、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、方式、比较、地点等类型。 1. 时间状语从句 (1) 常用的连词有when（当……时候），while（当……时候）,before(在……以前)，after（在……以后），until(till)（直到……为止）,since（自从……以来）, as soon as（一……就）等。(2) 时间状语从句中一般不用将来时，若谈论将来的事情，往往用一般现在时代替： 如：I'll go on with the work when I ________ (come) back tomorrow. As soon as he ___________(finish) the work, he will come to see me.. 2. 条件状语从句 常由if (假如、如果) No matter (不管) 来引导，如果主句是一般
将来时，从句往往用一般现在时来表示将来。 如：I'll go for a picnic if it _____(be) fine. No matter what he ________(say)，I won't believe him，3. 原因状语从句 (1) 常由because, since, as引导。 (2) because表示直接的原因，着重点在从句，用于回答why, 语气最强。because 不能与so 连用。 since一般表示对方已知的，无须加以说明的既成事实的理由，全句中心在主句，语气比because弱，常译为“既然”。 as表示十分明显的原因，一般说明因果关系，着重点在主句，语气较弱。常译为“由于”。 for是个并列连词，只能放在另一个并列分句后面，表示一种推理或解释，或用作附加说明，而不是指理由或原因，语气最弱，一般不放在句首，常译成“因为”。 如：______ it is raining hard, we won't go hiking. _______ you are ill, I'll go alone. I can't go to school ________ I am ill. You haven't met him, ______ he didn't come here. 4. 结果状语从句 一般由so...that, such...that引导，so 与such的区别：(1) so ＋形容词＋a / an＋名词 (2) such＋a / an＋形容词＋名词（3）such＋形容词＋不可