英语写作标点符号总结
The Penguin Guide to Punctuation
Here is what I got from the book The Penguin Guide to Punctuation:
1. Why we learn to punctuate
The significance of punctuation is that the wrong use of punctuation can give rise to a lot of problems and perplexities. And terrible punctuation does not require an enormous effort to put it right.
2. The full stop, the question mark and the exclamation mark
① The full stop
The full stop also called the period presents few problems. It is chiefly used to mark the end of a sentence expressing a statement.
? Put a full stop at the end of a complete statement.
? Do not connect two statements with a comma.
②A question mark
A question mark (?) is placed at the end of a sentence which is a direct
question.
Summary of question marks：
? Use a question mark at the end of a direct question.
? Do not use a question mark at the end of an indirect question.
? Use an internal question mark to show that something is uncertain.
③ The Exclamation Mark
The exclamation mark (!), known informally as a bang or a shriek, is used at the end of a sentence or a short phrase which expresses very strong feeling.
? Don't use an exclamation mark unless it's absolutely necessary.
? Use an exclamation mark after an exclamation, especially after one beginning with what or how.
3. Fragments and comma
A fragment is a word or a phrase which stands by itself but which does not make up a complete sentence. It may be used very sparingly in formal writing; when used, they should be followed by a full stop, a question mark or an exclamation mark.
There are many kinds of comma；
① The Listing Comma
The listing comma is used as a kind of substitute for the word and, or
sometimes for or.
? Use a listing comma in a list wherever you could conceivably use the word and (or) instead. Do not use a listing comma anywhere else.
? Put a listing comma before and or only if this is necessary to make your meaning clear ②The Gapping Comma
The gapping comma is use to show that one or more words have been left out when the missing words would simply repeat the words already used earlier in the same sentence.
③Bracketing Commas
Bracketing commas (also called isolating commas) do a very different job from the other three types. These are the most frequently used type of comma, and they cause more problems than the other types put together. The rule is this: a pair of bracketing commas is used to mark offa weak interruption of the sentence - that is, an interruption which does not disturb the smooth flow of the sentence. Note that word 'pair': bracketing commas, in principle at least, always occur in pairs, though sometimes one of them is not written, as explained below.
? Use a PAIR of bracketing commas to set off a weak interruption which could be removed from the sentence without destroying it.
? If the interruption comes at the beginning or the end of the sentence, use only one bracketing comma.
? Make sure the words set off are really an interruption.
? Use a listing comma in a list where and ox or would be possible instead.
? Use a joining comma before and, or, but, yet or while followed by a complete sentence.
? Use a gapping comma to show that words have been omitted instead of repeated.
? Use a pair of bracketing commas to set off a weak interruption.
4.The Colon and the Semicolon
①. The Colon
The colon (:) is used to indicate that what follows it is an explanation or elaboration of what precedes it.
②The Semicolon
The semicolon (;) has only one major use. It is used to join two complete
sentences into a single written sentence when all of the following conditions are met:
? Use a colon to separate a general statement from following specifics.
? Use a semicolon to connect two complete sentences not joined by and, or. but, yet or while.
5.The Apostrophe
①Contractions
The apostrophe is used in writing contractions - that is, shortened forms of words from which one or more letters have been omitted. In Standard English, this generally happens only with a small number of conventional items, mostly involving verbs.
②Unusual Plurals
When you have to pluralize an orthographically unusual form, use an apostrophe if it seems to be essential for clarity, but don't use one if the written form is perfectly clear without it.
③Possessives
An apostrophe is used in a possessive form, like Esther's family or Janet's cigarettes, and this is the use of the apostrophe which causes most of the trouble. The basic rule is simple enough: a possessive form is spelled with’s at the end.
6.The Hyphen and the Dash
①The Hyphen
The hyphen (-) is used to indicate that a long word has been broken off at the end of a line.
②The Dash
The dash (-) is the long horizontal bar, noticeably longer than a hyphen.
The dash has only one major use: a pair of dashes separates a strong interruption from the rest of the sentence.
7. Capital Letters and Abbreviations
①Capital Letters
? the first word of a sentence or fragment
? the name of a day or a month
? the name of a historical period
? the name of a holiday
? a significant religious term
? the first word, and each significant word, of a title
? the first word of a direct quotation which is a sentence
? a brand name
? a roman numeral
? the pronoun
② Abbreviations
An abbreviation is a short way of writing a word or a phrase that could also be written out in full.
? Do not use an abbreviation that can easily be avoided.
? In an abbreviation, use full stops and capital letters in the conventional way.? Do not forget to punctuate the rest of the sentence normally
8. Quotation Marks
The use of quotation marks, also called inverted commas, is very slightly complicated by the fact that there are two types: single quotes (") and double quotes ("").
? Put quotation marks (single or double) around the exact words of a direct quotation.
? Inside a quotation, use a suspension to mark omitted material and square brackets to mark inserted material.
? Use quotation marks to distance yourself from a word or phrase or to show that you are using it ironically.
? Place quotation marks around a word or phrase which you are talking about.
学术英语写作总结
专业英语写作考点总结 part ? academic english writing （专业英语写作）chapter 1 six considerations in academic writing 1、academic writing is a product of many consideration : audience, purpose, organization, style, flow and presentation. （学术写作六要素：写作对象，目的，组织结构，文体特征，表达连贯和宣讲或宣读）。 2、organization usually has the following four parts : 问题-解决方法包括四个部 分 (1) description of a situation （描述情况） (2) identification of a problem （甄别问题） (3) description of a solution （描述解决方法） (4) evaluation of the solution （评估解决方法） 3、formal grammar style：（正规的语法风格） (1) generally avoid contractions （一般来讲避免使用略缩词） 例：won’t改为will not (2) use the more appropriate formal negative forms （使用更为适宜的正规的否定 形式） 例：not...any改为nonot...much改为little not...many改为few (3) limit the use of “run-on” expressions, such as and so forth and etc. （限 制使用多个词连用的表达法） 例：句子内不能出现and so forth和etc.出现时应将省略的部分扩展出来。 (4) avoid addressing the reader as you(except, of course, if you are writing a textbook or other instructional materials).（避免向读者说“你”）例：you can see the results in table 1. 改为：the results can be seen in table 1. 改为： it is necessary to consider how costs may be lowered. 或者 we now need to consider how costs may be lowered. (6) place adverb within the verb. （将副词放于动词词组内）例：this model was developed by krugman originally. 改为：this model was originally developed by krugman. (7) consider whether you should split infinitives.（考虑是否该使用割裂不定式）例：we need to adequately meet the needs of those enrolled in the program. (8) aim for an efficient use of words. （目的是为了有效地使用词汇）例：there are some inorganic materials that can be used by bioengineers in the process of tissue engineering that have been shown to be very promising. 改为：some inorganic materials used in tissue engineering have shown great promise. 习题： （1）you can use this model to analyze the effects of several parameter changes. 错误：使用了you。 改为：this model can be used to analyze the effects of several parameter changes. （2）ok, what are the reasons that coffee prices have fallen? there’re a lot of possibilities. 错误：使用了口语ok；直接引语的使用；使用了缩略词there’re。
2016考研英语作文：标点符号使用规则
2016考研英语作文：标点符号使用规则 考研英语大纲对于考研英语写作的评分标准有明确规定，其中一项标准表述如下"标点符号反映语言准确性的一个方面。评分时，要视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。如书写较差，以致影响读者理解，将分数降低一个档次"。还有一些考生英语基本功不太扎实，在进行英语写作时甚至出现一"逗"到底的情况，没有养成正确的书写习惯。在此为2016考研考生编写此文，希望大家在基础阶段能够夯实基本功，踏实复习。 一、标点符号 标点符号有助于明确或强调句子的意思，而且，考研英语作文评分标准中要求考生在写作时使用的标点符号要正确，因而有必要学会正确使用各种英文标点符号。此处提出一些基本规则，在学习写作时应特别注意并牢记。 1. 结构完整的句子，不论长短，后面都用句号。 2. 不要用逗号连接两个并列句;应用逗号加连词，或用分号。
3. 把逗号和句号分清：逗号带个小尾巴(,)句号是个黑圆点(.)，不是一个圆圈(。)，中文的句号才为小圆圈。 4. 在疑问句后用问号，但在改为间接引语的问句后不用问号： "Have you done your exercise?" the teacher asked. The teacher asked whether we had done our exercises. 5. 感叹句只用在需要强调的感叹句或表示强烈感情的词语后面。不要用得太多。 6. 直接引语应放在两个引号之间。说话人和表示"说"的动词可放在引语前面、后面或中间： She said, "We have decided to take the exa mi nation." "We have decided to take the examination," she said. "We have decided, "she said, "to take the examination."
高考英语作文万能模板汇总
高考英语作文万能模板汇总 应用文写作模板 一. 邀请信 【篇首句】介绍自己，简要说明活动，并邀请对方。 1.I’m Wang Ming from YuWen School，the president of the Student Union. 我是来自育文学校的王明，学生会主席。 2.An English speaking contest of our school will be held on August 6. 我们学校有一场英语演讲比赛将在8月6号举行。 3. There will be a party in my garden on Sunday. 周日，在我的花园里会举行一场聚会。 4. I’d like to invite you to judge it. 我想邀请你做它的裁判。 5. I’m writing to invite you to... 我写信是邀请你...... 6. I wonder if you can come to... 我想知道你是否能来...... 【篇中句】介绍活动具体内容，并说明受邀人参加理由。 1. It will begin at 2:00 pm and last two hours, during which time 15 well-prepared contestants will deliver their speeches. 它将于下午两点钟开始，四点钟结束，在此期间将会有十五位准备充分的参赛者发表演讲。 2. We will start at 8:00 am and arrive there at 9:00. 我们将会在上午八点出发，九点到达那里。 3. During the afternoon, we’ll...together. 下午，我们会一起...... 4. Remember to take water and lunch with you.
公文写作中常见标点符号误用例析
【职场技巧】：公文写作中常见标点符号误用例析 标点符号是公文的有机组成部分，也是公文起草者最容易忽视的部分。笔者在公文审核过程中，经常碰到文笔流畅但标点符号屡犯错误的情况，归纳起来，常见的标点符号使用错误有以下十二个： 例1：各中小学要积极贯彻落实《中华人民共和国预防未成年人犯罪法》、《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》、《中华人民共和国义务教育法》及相关要求。（错误） 各中小学要积极贯彻落实《中华人民共和国预防未成年人犯罪法》《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》《中华人民共和国义务教育法》及相关要求。（正确） 例2：公安部门要加强校园“警务室”、“护学岗”、“安全网”建设，落实护校制度。（错误） 公安部门要加强校园“警务室”“护学岗”“安全网”建设，落实护校制度。（正确） 解析：标有引号的并列成分之间、标有书名号的并列成分之间通常不用顿号。若有其他成分插在并列的引号之间或并列的书名号之间，宜用顿号。 常见错误二：在标示数值和起止年限时使用连接号不规范 例3：制定并实施学校安防达标建设三年行动计划（2013-2015年）。（错误） 制定并实施学校安防达标建设三年行动计划（2013—2015年）。（正确） 例4：要加快工程进度，确保科技园3-5年内建成。（错误） 要加快工程进度，确保科技园3～5年内建成。（正确） 解析：标示时间、地域的起止一般用一字线（占一个字符位置），标示数值范围起止一般用浪纹线。 常见错误三：在并列分句中使用逗号统领 例5：各职能部门在查处取缔无证无照经营工作中要各司其职、互相配合，工商部门负责查处取缔未取得有效许可证擅自从事经营活动的行为；工信部门负责依法监督管理无线电和电子电器产品维修行业；公安部门负责依法监督管理旅馆业、公章刻制业。（错误）
英语写作总结
关于六级和考研作文 对于考研和六级的你们而言，作文只有一次，所以不要害怕自己用滥一些表达 方式。一下给大家的建议和词汇并非最难的，但是本人以为最实用的,如有遗漏 和不足，欢迎补充。 1.考前反复熟记框架，挑选5个单词和2个表达方式强制自己在文中使用 2.用上非谓语结构，以及经典的介词词组远远比从句更吸引人。太复杂的表达 不要用，容易错，也容易表意不明。（强调句不错，可以使用） 一．普通词替换 1．Remarkable（显著的，显赫的，替换significant） 2．Dramatically（戏剧性地，这个单词用的人很多了，可以不用） 3．Durable/enduring（持续的，恒久的，很实用的单词） 4．Overwhelming（常用语overwhelming majority<绝大多数>，或者表示“不可抵挡”） 5．Incredible/unbelievable（不可思议的，难以置信的，非常推荐使用这个形容词） 6．Tranquil（安静的，代替peaceful，高级词汇） 7．Simultaneously（同时地，代替meanwhile，很实用很推荐） 8．Fulfill（代替finish，还可以表示更高端的“实现”等意义） 9．Whereas（表转折，非常推荐，but的意思） 10．Witness（句子倒转使用，“见证了…”也可代替see，很推荐） 11．Sophisticated（复杂的，世故的） 12．Alarming（震惊的，一般表示数字，也可以用it really shocks me that…） 13．Decent/elegant/dignity（尊严，得体的，高雅的，高贵的类似意思） 14．Self系列（self-esteem, self-improvement等） 15．Manifold（多方面的，各种各样的，代替various） 16．Manifest（显示，体现出，代替indicate或show） 17．Affirm（断言，声称，还有assert和allege） 18．Prevailing（代替popular，流行的，还有epidemic不常用） 19．Endeavour（努力，很实用的单词，endeavor to do）
英文写作标点符号
摘要】根据中英文标点符号本身的差异以及运用规则上的不同,对英文写作中常见的又容易被忽视的几种标点符号的运用规则,尤其是逗号、分号和冒号进行分析和探讨,并结合例句说明标点符号的重要性和正确表达方式,以提高英文写作的质量。 【关键词】英文写作标点符号运用规则 【Abstract】According to the differences between punctuation marks in English and those in Chinese as well as differences when they are actually used, the article mainly discusses in detail the proper use of some common punctuation marks easily ignored in English writing, especially comma, semicolon and colon. And examples are given to show that punctuation marks are important and erroneous expressions should be avoided. So as to try our best to perfect the English writing. 【Key words】English writing Punctuation Rules of applying 英文写作作为一种重要的交流手段,使用日益频繁。现在很多情况下都离不开英文写作,如学术著作、论文等,国内很多中文期刊也要求写英文摘要。但是许多作者经常混淆了中文与英文标点符号的运用规则,常常出错。中文与英文标点符号虽然有很多相同之处,但是仍存在很多差异。本文针对英文写作中常见的却往往又被大家所忽视的一些标点符号的运用规则进行说明。 一、中英文基本符号比较 英文中到底有多少种标点符号,目前国内众说纷纭,有的说13种(毛荣贵,1999),有的说16 种(《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》(第四版)),有的说20种(薄冰,2000)。不管它究竟有多少种,总之,“标点符号是书面语中不可缺少的部分,用来表示停顿、语气以及词语的性质和作用”(《标点符号用法》,国家语言文字工作委员会,1990)。基于此,本文先对中文与英文的基本标点符号做一个简单比较,以说明二者的异同。 英文主要标点符号有以下14种左右(张道真,1999):apostrophe撇号(’),colon冒号(:),comma逗号(,),dash破折号(—),dots省略号(…),exclamation mark感叹号(!),full stop/period句号(.),hyphen 连字号(-),italics/underlining斜体/下划 线,parentheses/brackets括号(( ) [ ] { } ),question mark问号(?),quotation marks 引号(‘ ’ “ “),semicolon分号(;),slash斜线号(/)。 中文主要标点符号有16种左右(雷智勇,1998):点号7种:逗号、顿号、分号、冒号、句号、问号、感叹号;标号有9种:引号、括号、破折号、省略号、间隔号、单书名号、双书名号、着重号和连接号。 对比《标点符号用法》(国家语言文字工作委员会,1990)和文献,[1,2]我们会发现中英文标点符号的一些异同点。有些标点符号它们从形式到功能,中文和英文都相似,如句号、问号、感叹号、冒号、分号、引号、圆括号;有些却有所差异。例如:省略号、破折号、连接号、间隔号等,中文和英文的书写格式有差别;顿号、书名号等,仅中文所特有;撇号、斜线号等,为英文所特有;而逗号、方括号等,中文和英文的用法有较大的差异。限于篇幅,本文就英文写作中常常出错而又容易被大家所忽视的五个标点符号,具体谈谈其运用规则。 二、英文中没有而常被错用的符号 1.顿号(、) 英语里没有顿号,表示并列的词语或结构时英语用逗号。例如: John, James, and Harry have come. 2.书名号(《》)
高考英语写作模板大全
高考英语写作模板大全 这篇文章汇集了邀请信、建议信、口头通知、申请信、投诉信和道歉信的篇章布局和首段、中段、尾段涉及到的重要句型，对学生的高考英语写作会有直接的帮助。 一. 邀请信 【篇首句】介绍自己，简要说明活动，并邀请对方。 ⒈I’m Li Hua from Yucai School，the president of the Student Union. 我是来自育才学校的李华，学生会主席。 ⒉An English speaking contest of our school will be held on August ⒍我们学校有一场英语演讲比赛将在8月6号举行。 ⒊There will be a party in my garden on Sunday. 周日，在我的花园里会举行一场聚会。 ⒋I’d like to invite you to judge it. 我想邀请你做它的裁判。 ⒌I’m writing to invite you to…我写信是邀请你…… ⒍I wonder if you can come to…我想知道你是否能来…… ⒎We sincerely hope you can attend it. 我们真诚希望你能够参加。 ⒏It’s my pleasure/a great honour for me to invite you to…我很荣幸的邀请你…… ⒐It’s a pity that you have to go back to America soon. So a farewell party for you will be held in the Sun Club this Saturday evening. Could you come at 6:00 pm? 很遗憾你不久就要回美国了。所以，这周六，在阳光俱乐部我们会为你举行一个欢送会。下午六点你能来吗？ 【篇中句】介绍活动具体内容，并说明受邀人参加理由。 ⒈It will begin at 2:00 pm and last two hours, during which time 15 well-prepared contestants will deliver their speeches. 它将于下午两点钟开始，四点钟结束，在此期间将会有十五位准备充分的参赛者发表演讲。 ⒉We will start at 8:00 am and arrive there at 9:00. 我们将会在上午八点出发，九点到达那里。 ⒊During the afternoon, we’ll…together. 下午，我们会一起…… ⒋Remember to take water and lunch with you. 记得带上水和午餐。 ⒌By the way, you may take Bus No. 322 in front of your apartment and it will take you directly to the club. 顺便说一下，你可以乘坐你家公寓前的322路公交车，它会直接把你带到俱乐部。 ⒍I know you are a native speaker of English and an English teacher, and I, on behalf of our school, sincerely invite you to be part of the contest. 我知道你的母语是英语，还是一个英语老师。我，代表我们学校，真诚的邀请你来比赛现场。 ⒎Since you are so eager to improve your English, it will prove to be a great chance. 既然你如此渴望提高英语，这会是一个很好的机会。 ⒏I’m sure that you will enjoy yourself there. 我保证你在那里会过得很愉快。 【篇尾句】期待对方接受邀请，并期待对方尽快回复。 ⒈Will you be available during that time? Please contact me at 1234567 at your earliest convenience. 那期间你有空吗？请方便时尽快给我打电话1234567。 ⒉Would you please let me know as soon as possible if you can accept my invitation? 请尽快告诉我你能否接受我的邀请好吗？ ⒊We will feel much honored if you could come. 如果你能来，我们会非常荣幸。 ⒋We are looking forward to your coming. 我们期待着你的到来。 ⒌I am longing to see you soon. 我期待着尽早见到你。 二. 建议信 【篇首句】说明写信目的。 ⒈I’m sorry to hear that you are having trouble fitting in your new school. Such problems are quite normal. Perhaps the following suggestions are helpful. 很遗憾听说你在适应新学校方面有困难。这样的问题是很正常的。可能下面的建议会有一些帮助。
2017年东莞市教师招聘考试笔试重要分析(语文学科)
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英语作文常用句型总结(完美打印版)
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英文论文写作中标点符号应注意的事项
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衡水中学高考满分英语作文模板大汇总(全)
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*3+Now,it iscommonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that..... They claim/ believe/argue that ... But I wonder/doubt whether..... 现在，普遍的观点认为...他们坚信....但我对此却表示怀疑... 2)现象法：引出要剖析的现象或者问题，然后评论。 [1] Recently the rise in the problem/phenomenon of ... has cause/aroused public/popular/wide/ worldwide concern. 近来有个现象(问题)不断发生...并且已经受到公众广泛关注。 [2] Recently the issue of the problem/phenomenon of ... has been brought into focus/into public attention. 最近关于....的现象(问题)已经进入了公众的视线。 [3] Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality ... is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/constantly.
语文高三第一轮复习：标点符号的正确用法
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b.这究竟是怎么回事呢，同志们? ⑶第三注意特指问，每句末尾都用问。(特指性的问句，每个问句的末尾都要打上问号。)如果连续几个问句不是表示选择关系，而是各自发问，那么有多少问，就要用多少个问号。 例： 除了他能去，还有谁呢?你吗?你能去吗?我看你不能去吧? ⑷第四注意无疑问，陈述语气不用问。(有些句子的局部虽然带上疑问词，但整个句子的语气是陈述语气，这样的句子就不能打问号。)注意谓语动词是否带疑问语气。 例： a.我不知道他叫什么。 b.谁都不知道他叫什么。 c.让我们来看看这个评价是否恰当。 d.要在城西修建立交桥的消息传出后，许多人都非常关心这座立交桥将怎么建，那里的近千株树木将怎么办。 e.基础知识究竟扎实不扎实，对今后的继续深造有重要影响。 5、有些表示委婉语气的祈使句，句末也可用问号。 2、感叹号 关键注意倒装叹，全句末尾才用叹。(倒装性的感叹句，感叹号要打在全句末尾。) 注意：语气很重，很强烈的祈使句、反问句也用叹号。 例：
英语写作中常用句型总结
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《美国大学英语写作》中标点符号的使用规则
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