国际经济贸易专业毕业论文外文翻译--绝对优势和比较优势介绍

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绝对优势和比较优势介绍

根据十九世纪英国经济学家大卫李嘉图引进的国际贸易的传统模式来解释这个模式，并且从贸易的比较优势中得出，它假定一个完全竞争和一个劳动生产单因素，不同的国家之间每输出单位对不断需求的劳动力是不同的。在李嘉图模型中的贸易基础是国家之间的技术差异。因此，有两种不同的方法来描述技术差异：第一种方法，叫做绝对优势，是大多数人理解科学技术不同的方法。第二种方法，叫做比较优势，是一个更为困难的概念。

绝对优势理论又称绝对成本说（Theory of Absolute Cost）、地域分工说（Theory of Territorial Division of Labor）。该理论将一国内部不同职业之间、不同工种之间的分工原则推演到各国之间的分工，从而形成其国际分工理论。绝对优势理论是最早的主张自由贸易的理论，由英国古典经济学派主要代表人物亚当·斯密创立。

绝对优势的主要内容：

(1)分工可以提高劳动生产率，增加国民财富。斯密认为，交换是出于利己心并为达到利己目的而进行的活动，是人类的一种天然倾向。

(2)分工的原则是成本的绝对优势或绝对利益。斯密进而分析到，分工既然可以极大地提高劳动生产率，那么每个人专门从事他最有优势的产品的生产，然后彼此交换，则对每个人都是有利的。即分工的原则是成本的绝对优势或绝对利益。

(3)国际分工是各种形式分工中的最高阶段，在国际分工基础上开展国际贸易，对各国都会产生良好效果。斯密由家庭推及国家，论证了国际分工和国际贸易的必要性。他认为，适用于一国内部不同个人或家庭之间的分工原则，也适用于各国之间。国际分工是各种形式分工中的最高阶段。

(4)国际分工的基础是有利的自然禀赋或后天的有利条件。斯密认为，有利的生产条件来源于有利的自然禀赋或后天的有利条件。自然禀赋和后天的条件因国家而不同，这就为国际分工提供了基础。

绝对优势是经济表现的最简单的方式。它是对于其他国家的资源来说，能够以较低的成本来生产出一个产品。对于一个国家出口产品来说，绝对优势既不是必要的也不是充分的条件。换言之，一个国家对另一个国家在经济上具有绝对优势，是指生产一件特定商品，价格比其他国家生产得更便宜，或者是利用同样数量的资源比其他国家生产产品数量更多。事实上，绝对优势的出现，会产生多种产品被考虑的现象。例如，当生产产品X时，如果A国比B国有经济优势，在生产产品Y时，A国对B国也有经济优势，那么A国在生产产品X和生产产品Y时，对B国都有绝对优势。

事实上，如果一个国家在利用同样数量的资源生产出更多的产品，或者是生产同样数量的产品耗费更少的资源，那么这个国家就对它的贸易伙伴具有绝对优

势。例如，赞比亚在生产铜制品方面比许多国家都有绝对优势，因为它的铜矿石和铝土矿储量相对较大。因此，在商品生产上，如果赞比亚的铜生产出口到其他商品或服务生产专业化的其他国家，就有明显的专业化合贸易收益。换句话说，一些国家在许多商品的生产上相对于其贸易伙伴来说具有绝对优势。一些国家拥有绝对劣势。他们进行低效的生产。比较成本理论认为，对于一个产品生产或服务效率低下的国家来说，对于这种低效产品生产进行专业分工，要比生产其他商品更有好处。

绝对成本说是科学成分与非科学成分的混合，其正确的方面，是深刻指出了分工对提高劳动生产率的巨大意义。各国之间根据各自的优势进行分工，通过国际贸易使各国都能得利。其错误主要表现在，认为交换引起分工，而交换又是人类本性所决定的。事实上，交换以分工为前提，在历史上分工早于交换。同时，交换也不是人类本性的产物，而是社会生产方式和分工发展的结果。绝对成本说解决了具有不同优势的国家之间的分工和交换的合理性。但是，这只是国际贸易中的一种特例。如果一个国家在各方面都处于绝对的优势，而另一个国家在各方面则都处于劣势，那么，它们应该怎么办？对此，斯密的理论无法回答，这个问题的解决是大卫·李嘉图的功劳。

大卫·李嘉图在其代表作《政治经济学及赋税原理》中提出了比较成本贸易理论（后人称为“比较优势贸易理论”）。比较优势理论是一个基于假设的纯理论，比较优势理论认为，国际贸易的基础是生产技术的相对差别（而非绝对差别），以及由此产生的相对成本的差别。每个国家都应根据“两利相权取其重，两弊相权取其轻”的原则，集中生产并出口其具有“比较优势”的产品，进口其具有“比较劣势”的产品。比较优势贸易理论在更普遍的基础上解释了贸易产生的基础和贸易利得，大大发展了绝对优势贸易理论。

比较优势理论是从现实世界的复杂性中提取的一个抽象理论。这一理论解释了为什么它可以实现两个当事方（国家，地区，个人）之间的交易，即使其中一方可能在生产每一个项目时都能够比另一方更加便宜。事实上，比较优势理论是一个示范：它展示了即使一个国家在所有产品的生产中具有绝对劣势，或者一个国家在所有产品的生产中具有绝对优势，它都可以从贸易中获益。作为结果，具有比较优势的一方可以放弃生产通过它的劳动力和资源生产得到具有较少价值的产品或服务，从而生产特定的产品或服务，同样，另一方也放弃了同样的产品或服务，来生产特定的产品或服务。

比较优势的方法在相对程度的条件下是有效的。由于国家资源和技术水平有限，他们往往在他们具有比较优势的产品或服务上进行生产。比较优势是和一种产品与另一种产品相比而产生的机会成本相关的。然而，这个理论有一定的局限性，因为它是在假设的基础上进行的。例如，一家公司的生产成本不仅要基于要素成本，如工资和材料，而且也要基于生产量。另一个局限是，它忽略了产品和方案的差别，具体来说，国家或国际市场的竞争力只是由它的成本地位决定的。实际的产品，程序分化和公司的效益，要比提供一个有竞争力的产品更为重要。

比较优势的理论的假设条件：

（1）假定贸易中只有两个国家和两种商品（X与Y商品），这一个假设的目的是为了用一个二维的平面图来说明这一理论。

（2）两国在生产中使用相同的技术。即：如果要素价格在两国间是相同的，两国在生产同一商品时，就会使用相同数量的劳动。由于要素价格通常是不同的，因此，各国的生产者都将使用更多的低价格要素，以降低生产成本。

（3）模型只假定在物物交换条件下进行，没有考虑复杂的商品流通，而且假定1个单位的X产品和一个单位的Y产品等价（不过他们的生产成本不等）。

（4）在两个国家中，商品与要素市场都是完全竞争的。

（5）在一国内要素可以自由流动，但是在国际间不流动。

（6）分工前后生产成本不变。

（7）不考虑交易费用和运输费用，没有关税或影响国际贸易自由进行的其他壁垒。但是，在贸易存在的条件下，当两国的相对商品价格完全相等时，两国的生产分工才会停止。如果存在运输成本和关税，当两国的相对价格差小于每单位贸易商品的关税和运输成本时，两国的生产分工才会停止。

（8）价值规律在市场上得到完全贯彻，自由竞争，自由贸易。

（9）假定国际经济处于静态之中，不发生其他影响分工和经济变化。

（10）两国资源都得到了充分利用，均不存在未被利用的资源和要素。

（11）两国的贸易是平衡的，即总的进口额等于总的出口额。

总之，比较优势始终决定着贸易的方向，但无论是竞优势还是绝对优势，都影响着资源分配，贸易格局和贸易量。绝对优势，从某种意义上说，家庭消费的统一下降会导致家庭所有部分的产出，也会导致符合比较优势的国家分工较少。比较优势，从某种意义上说，使更多的国内企业把国外企业的边缘部门驱逐出去，同时也使一些国内的边缘部门缺乏竞争力。因此，我们没有理由假定国家的比较优势是静态的。如果一个国家做它具有相对优势的方面，并能够得到收益，它就有能力提供更好的教育和基础设施。

外文原文

Introducean absolute advantage and comparative

advantag e

According to the classic model of international trade introduced by David Ricardo (19th-century English economist) to explain the pattern and the gains from trade in terms of comparative advantage, it assumes a perfect competition and a single factor of production, labor, with constant requirements of labor per unit of output that differ across countries. The basis for trade in the Ricardian model is the differences in technology between countries. As a result, there are two different ways to describe technology differences: the first method, called absolute advantage, is the way most people understand technology differences; and the second method, called comparative advantage, is a much more difficult concept.

Absolute advantage is also called the Theory of Absolute Cost or Theory of Territorial Division of Labor ,The theory made the division of labor between different occupations and different types of deductions in one country to the division of labor between countries, and creating an international division of labor theory. Absolute advantage theory is the earliest advocates of free trade theory, it is founded by the main representative of the British Classical Economists ? AdamSmith .

The main content of the Absolute advantage is:

(1) Division of labor can increase the labor capacity, increase the national wealth. Smith believes that the exchange is the activity which is caused by the self-regard and to achieve the purpose to favor themselves. And the activity is a natural human tendency.

(2) The principle of division of labor is the absolute advantages or absolute interest in cost. Smith further analysis that since the division of labor can greatly increase as labor capacity, if everyone specialized in his most advantageous products, and exchanged, then it is beneficial for everyone. That is to say, the principle of division of labor is the absolute advantages or absolute interest in cost.

(3) International division of labor is the highest stage in various forms of division of labor, it will have good effects on every counties to have the international trade based on international division of labor. Smith pushed the theory from family to country, and demonstrates the necessity of international division of labor and international trade. In his opinion, if the principle is fit to different individuals and families, then it will also fit to different counties. International division of labor is the highest stage in various forms of division of labor.

(4) The basis of the international division of labor is the favorable conditions of the Natural Endowment or Acquired Endowment .Smith believes that the favorable

conditions of production is based on the favorable conditions of Natural Endowment or Acquired Endowment . Natural endowments and Acquired Endowment vary from country to country, and this provides the basis for the international division of labor.

Absolute advantage is the simplest measure of economic performance. It is the ability to produce a good at a lower cost, in terms of real resources than another country. Absolute Advantage is neither necessary nor sufficient for a country to export a good. In other words, a country has an absolute advantage economically over another, in a particular good, when it can produce that good more cheaply or it can produce more of the good than another country can, with the same amount of resources. In fact, absolute advantage appears when multiple products are being considering. For example, if the country “A” has an economic advantage against the country “B” at producing the product “X”, and the country “A” has an economic advantage against the country “B” at producing the product “Y”, so “A” has an absolute advantage against “B” with respect to products X and Y.

In fact, a country has an absolute advantage over it trading partners if it is able to produce more of a good with the same amount of resources or the same amount of a good with fewer resources. For example, Zambia has an absolute advantage over many countries in the production of copper because of the existence of reserves of copper ore or bauxite. So in terms of the production of goods, there are obvious gains from specialization and trade, if Zambia produces copper and exports it to those countries that specialize in the production of other goods or services. In other words, some countries have an absolute advantage in the production of many goods relative to their trading partners. Some have an absolute disadvantage. They are inefficient in producing. The theory of comparative costs argues that it is better for a country that is inefficient at producing a good or service to specialize in the production of that good it is least inefficient at, compared with producing other goods.

The theory of Absolute cost is the mixture of the component of science and the component of non-science .The right side of the theory is profoundly pointed out the great significance of division of labor on improving labor productivity. Different countries made their own division of labor based on their own advantages, and through international trade all countries can benefit from others. The wrong side is mainly in that it believes the division of labor is caused by exchange, and exchange is determined by human nature. In fact, the division of labor is the premise of exchange, and division of labor is earlier than exchange in the history. Meanwhile, the exchange is not the product of human nature, it is the result of the development of social production and the division. The theory of Absolute cost made it reasonable for the division of labor and exchange in different countries which have their own advantages. However, this is only a special case in international trade. If a country has

absolute advantages in all aspects, while another has disadvantages in all aspects, then, how should they do? To this question, Smith's theory can not give the answer, and the answer to this problem is given by David ? Ricardo.

David ? Ricardo proposed the Theory of Comparative Cost (later known as the "Comparative Advantage Trade Theory") in his masterpiece, "On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation". The Comparative Advantage Trade Theory is a pure theory based upon a set of assumptions, The Comparative Advantage Trade Theory consider that international trade is based on the relative differences in production technology (rather than absolute difference), and the resulting differences in the relative cost. Each country should take the principle "Of two interests choose the more, while of two evils choose the less" , concentrate on the production and export its "comparative advantage" products, and imports its "comparative disadvantage" products. The Comparative Advantage Trade Theory explains the basis of the trade and the trading profits in a more general conditions, and developed The Absolute Advantages Trade Theory greatly.

The theory of comparative advantage is a pure theory based upon a set of assumptions, which is an abstraction from the complexities of the real world. This theory explains why it can be beneficial for two parties (countries, regions, individuals) to deal, even though one of them may be able to produce every item more cheaply than the other. In fact, the theory of comparative advantage is a demonstration that a country can gain from trade even if it has an absolute disadvantage in the production of all goods, or, that it has an absolute disadvantage in the production of all goods, or, that it can gain from trade even if it has an absolute advantage in the production of all goods. As a result, the party with a comparative advantage can produce the particular good or service by giving up less value in other goods or services that he could otherwise produce with his labor and resources than the other parties would have to give up in producing that same good or service.

Comparative advantage measures efficiency in terms of relative magnitudes. Since countries have limited resources and level of technology they tend to produce gods or services in which they have a comparative advantage. Comparative advantage implies an opportunity cost associated with the production of one good compared to another. However, the theory has some limitations because it is based on assumptions. For example, a firm’s costs are based not only on factor costs, such as wages and materials, but also on the volume of production. Another limitation is that it ignores product and program differentiation; specifically, the ability to compete in national or international markets is only determined by its cost position. The actual product, program differentiation and the effectiveness of the company is the more important to offer a competitive offerings.

The assumptions of The Comparative Advantage Theory:

(1) Assume that there are only two countries and two commodities (commodity X and Y) in the trade, this assumption is intended to use a plan to illustrate the theory.

(2) The two countries use the same technology in the production. That is to say, if the factor prices are same between the two countries, when the two countries produce the same goods, they will use the same amount of labor, So, every producer countries will use more low- price factors to reduce the production costs.

(3) The model only assumes that under conditions in barter, and not considered the complex circulation of commodities, and assume that a unit of X products are equivalent to a unit of Y products ( their cost of production is different ).

(4) In two countries, commodities and factor markets are perfectly competitive.

(5) Elements may free flow in one country, but may not flow between the nations.

(6) The production costs will not change after the division of labor.

(7) Not consider transaction costs and transportation costs, and there is no tariff and no other barriers to impact the development of international trade .However, in the presence of trade conditions, when the relative commodity prices between the two countries are completely equal, the production division of labor between the two countries will stop. If there are transport costs and tariffs, while the difference in relative prices between the two countries is less than the tariff in per unit of traded goods and transportation costs, the production division of labor between the two countries will stop.

(8) The law of value in the market will be fully implemented. Free competition and free trade.

(9) Assume that the international economy is being in a static, there is no aspect to influence the division of labor and the economic change.

(10)The resources in the two countries have been fully utilized , there is no unused resources and elements.

(11) The bilateral trade is balanced, that is to say, the total Imports and the total Exports are equal.

In conclusion, comparative advantage always determines the direction of trade, but both competitive and absolute advantage affect resource allocation, trade patterns and trade volumes. Absolute advantage in the sense of a uniform fall in home costs tends to raise home output in all sectors but also leads both countries to specialize less in accordance with comparative advantage. Competitive advantage in the sense of more home firms drives foreign firms out of marginal sectors but also makes some marginal home sectors uncompetitive. As a result, there is no reason to suppose that a country’s comparative advantage will be static. If a country do es what it has a

comparative advantage in and sees its income grow as a result, it can afford better education and infrastructure.