PICC 2010 2010版国际商事合同通则

UNIDROIT PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL

COMMERCIAL CONTRACTS 2010

P REAMBLE

(Purpose of the Principles)

These Principles set forth general rules for international commercial contracts.

They shall be applied when the parties have agreed that their contract be governed

by them.(*)

They may be applied when the parties have agreed that their contract be governed by

general principles of law, the lex mercatoria or the like.

They may be applied when the parties have not chosen any law to govern their

contract.

They may be used to interpret or supplement international uniform law instruments.

They may be used to interpret or supplement domestic law.

They may serve as a model for national and international legislators.

C HAPTER 1—G ENERAL P ROVISIONS

A RTICLE 1.1

(Freedom of contract)

The parties are free to enter into a contract and to determine its content.

A RTICLE 1.2

(No form required)

Nothing in these Principles requires a contract, statement or any other act to be made

in or evidenced by a particular form. It may be proved by any means, including

witnesses.

A RTICLE 1.3

(Binding character of contract)

A contract validly entered into is binding upon the parties. It can only be modified or

terminated in accordance with its terms or by agreement or as otherwise provided in

these Principles.

A RTICLE 1.4

(Mandatory rules)

Nothing in these Principles shall restrict the application of mandatory rules, whether

of national, international or supranational origin, which are applicable in accordance

with the relevant rules of private international law.

(*) Parties wishing to provide that their agreement be governed by the Principles might

use the following words, adding any

desired exceptions or modifications:

“This contract shall be governed by the U NIDROIT Principles (2010) [except as

to Articles …]”.

Parties wishing to provide in addition for the application of the law of a particular

jurisdiction might use the following words:

“This contract shall be governed by the U NIDROIT Principles (2010) [except as

to Articles…], supplemented when necessary by the law of [jurisdiction X]”.

1

U NIDROIT Principles

2

A RTICLE 1.5

(Exclusion or modification by the parties)

The parties may exclude the application of these Principles or derogate from or vary

the effect of any of their provisions, except as otherwise provided in the Principles.

A RTICLE 1.6

(Interpretation and supplementation of the Principles)

(1) In the interpretation of these Principles, regard is to be had to their international character and to their purposes including the need to promote uniformity in their application.

(2) Issues within the scope of these Principles but not expressly settled by them are as far as possible to be settled in accordance with their underlying general principles.

A RTICLE 1.7

(Good faith and fair dealing)

(1) Each party must act in accordance with good faith and fair dealing in international trade.

(2) The parties may not exclude or limit this duty.

A RTICLE 1.8

(Inconsistent behaviour)

A party cannot act inconsistently with an understanding it has caused the other party to have and upon which that other party reasonably has acted in reliance to its detriment.

A RTICLE 1.9

(Usages and practices)

(1) The parties are bound by any usage to which they have agreed and by any practices which they have established between themselves.

(2) The parties are bound by a usage that is widely known to and regularly observed in international trade by parties in the particular trade concerned except where the application of such a usage would be unreasonable.

A RTICLE 1.10

(Notice)

(1) Where notice is required it may be given by any means appropriate to the circumstances.

(2) A notice is effective when it reaches the person to whom it is given.

(3) For the purpose of paragraph (2) a notice “reaches” a person when given to that person orally or delivered at that person’s place of business or mailing address.

(4) For the purpose of this Article “notice” includes a declaration, demand, request or any other communication of intention.

A RTICLE 1.11

(Definitions)

In these Principles

– “court” includes an arbitral tribunal;

– where a party has more than one place of business the relevant “place of business” is that which has the closest relationship to the contract and its performance, having regard to the circumstances known to or contemplated by the parties at any time before or at the conclusion of the contract;

– “obligor” refers to the party who is to perform an obligation and “obligee” refers to the party who is entitled to performance of that obligation.

– “writing” means any mode of communication that preserves a record of the information contained therein and is capable of being reproduced in tangible form.

A RTICLE 1.12

(Computation of time set by parties)

(1) Official holidays or non-business days occurring during a period set by parties for an act to be performed are included in calculating the period.

(2) However, if the last day of the period is an official holiday or a non-business day at the place of business of the party to perform the act, the period is extended until the first business day which follows, unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.

(3) The relevant time zone is that of the place of business of the party setting the time, unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.

C HAPTER 2—F ORMATION AN

D A UTHORITY OF A GENTS

S ECTION 1:F ORMATION

A RTICLE 2.1.1

(Manner of formation)

A contract may be concluded either by the acceptance of an offer or by conduct of the parties that is sufficient to show agreement.

A RTICLE 2.1.2

(Definition of offer)

A proposal for concluding a contract constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance.

A RTICLE 2.1.3

(Withdrawal of offer)

(1) An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree.

(2) An offer, even if it is irrevocable, may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeree before or at the same time as the offer.

A RTICLE 2.1.4

(Revocation of offer)

(1) Until a contract is concluded an offer may be revoked if the revocation reaches the offeree before it has dispatched an acceptance.

(2) However, an offer cannot be revoked

(a) if it indicates, whether by stating a fixed time for acceptance or otherwise, that it is irrevocable; or

(b) if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance on the offer.

A RTICLE 2.1.5

(Rejection of offer)

An offer is terminated when a rejection reaches the offeror.

A RTICLE 2.1.6

(Mode of acceptance)

(1) A statement made by or other conduct of the offeree indicating assent to an offer is an acceptance. Silence or inactivity does not in itself amount to acceptance.

(2) An acceptance of an offer becomes effective when the indication of assent reaches the offeror.

3

U NIDROIT Principles

4 (3) However, if, by virtue of the offer or as a result of practices which the parties

have established between themselves or of usage, the offeree may indicate assent by performing an act without notice to the offeror, the acceptance is effective when the act is performed.

A RTICLE 2.1.7

(Time of acceptance)

An offer must be accepted within the time the offeror has fixed or, if no time is fixed, within a reasonable time having regard to the circumstances, including the rapidity of the means of communication employed by the offeror. An oral offer must be accepted immediately unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.

A RTICLE 2.1.8

(Acceptance within a fixed period of time)

A period of acceptance fixed by the offeror begins to run from the time that the offer is dispatched. A time indicated in the offer is deemed to be the time of dispatch unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.

A RTICLE 2.1.9

(Late acceptance. Delay in transmission)

(1) A late acceptance is nevertheless effective as an acceptance if without undue delay the offeror so informs the offeree or gives notice to that effect.

(2) If a communication containing a late acceptance shows that it has been sent in such circumstances that if its transmission had been normal it would have reached the offeror in due time, the late acceptance is effective as an acceptance unless, without undue delay, the offeror informs the offeree that it considers the offer as having lapsed.

A RTICLE 2.1.10

(Withdrawal of acceptance)

An acceptance may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective.

A RTICLE 2.1.11

(Modified acceptance)

(1) A reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additions, limitations or other modifications is a rejection of the offer and constitutes a counter-of-fer.

(2) However, a reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additional or different terms which do not materially alter the terms of the offer constitutes an acceptance, unless the offeror, without undue delay, objects to the discrepancy. If the offeror does not object, the terms of the contract are the terms of the offer with the modifications contained in the acceptance.

A RTICLE 2.1.12

(Writings in confirmation)

If a writing which is sent within a reasonable time after the conclusion of the contract and which purports to be a confirmation of the contract contains additional or different terms, such terms become part of the contract, unless they materially alter the contract or the recipient, without undue delay, objects to the discrepancy.

A RTICLE 2.1.13

(Conclusion of contract dependent on agreement on specific matters

or in a particular form)

Where in the course of negotiations one of the parties insists that the contract is not concluded until there is agreement on specific matters or in a particular form, no contract is concluded before agreement is reached on those matters or in that form.

A RTICLE 2.1.14

(Contract with terms deliberately left open)

(1) If the parties intend to conclude a contract, the fact that they intentionally leave a term to be agreed upon in further negotiations or to be determined by a third person does not prevent a contract from coming into existence.

(2) The existence of the contract is not affected by the fact that subsequently

(a) the parties reach no agreement on the term; or

(b) the third person does not determine the term,

provided that there is an alternative means of rendering the term definite that is reasonable in the circumstances, having regard to the intention of the parties.

A RTICLE 2.1.15

(Negotiations in bad faith)

(1) A party is free to negotiate and is not liable for failure to reach an agreement.

(2) However, a party who negotiates or breaks off negotiations in bad faith is liable for the losses caused to the other party.

(3) It is bad faith, in particular, for a party to enter into or continue negotiations when intending not to reach an agreement with the other party.

A RTICLE 2.1.16

(Duty of confidentiality)

Where information is given as confidential by one party in the course of negotiations, the other party is under a duty not to disclose that information or to use it improperly for its own purposes, whether or not a contract is subsequently concluded. Where appropriate, the remedy for breach of that duty may include compensation based on the benefit received by the other party.

A RTICLE 2.1.17

(Merger clauses)

A contract in writing which contains a clause indicating that the writing completely embodies the terms on which the parties have agreed cannot be contradicted or supplemented by evidence of prior statements or agreements. However, such statements or agreements may be used to interpret the writing.

A RTICLE 2.1.18

(Modification in a particular form)

A contract in writing which contains a clause requiring any modification or termination by agreement to be in a particular form may not be otherwise modified or terminated. However, a party may be precluded by its conduct from asserting such a clause to the extent that the other party has reasonably acted in reliance on that conduct.

A RTICLE 2.1.19

(Contracting under standard terms)

(1) Where one party or both parties use standard terms in concluding a contract, the general rules on formation apply, subject to Articles 2.1.20 - 2.1.22.

5

U NIDROIT Principles

6 (2) Standard terms are provisions which are prepared in advance for general and

repeated use by one party and which are actually used without negotiation with the other party.

A RTICLE 2.1.20

(Surprising terms)

(1) No term contained in standard terms which is of such a character that the other party could not reasonably have expected it, is effective unless it has been expressly accepted by that party.

(2) In determining whether a term is of such a character regard shall be had to its content, language and presentation.

A RTICLE 2.1.21

(Conflict between standard terms and non-standard terms) In case of conflict between a standard term and a term which is not a standard term the latter prevails.

A RTICLE 2.1.22

(Battle of forms)

Where both parties use standard terms and reach agreement except on those terms, a contract is concluded on the basis of the agreed terms and of any standard terms which are common in substance unless one party clearly indicates in advance, or later and without undue delay informs the other party, that it does not intend to be bound by such a contract.

S ECTION 2:A UTHORITY OF A GENTS

A RTICLE 2.2.1

(Scope of the Section)

(1) This Section governs the authority of a person (“the agent”) to affect the legal relations of another person (“the principal”) by or with respect to a contract with a third party, whether the agent acts in its own name or in that of the principal.

(2) It governs only the relations between the principal or the agent on the one hand, and the third party on the other.

(3) It does not govern an agent’s authority conferred by law or the authority of an agent appointed by a public or judicial authority.

A RTICLE 2.2.2

(Establishment and scope of the authority of the agent)

(1) The principal’s grant of authority to an agent may be express or implied.

(2) The agent has authority to perform all acts necessary in the circumstances to achieve the purposes for which the authority was granted.

A RTICLE 2.2.3

(Agency disclosed)

(1) Where an agent acts within the scope of its authority and the third party knew or ought to have known that the agent was acting as an agent, the acts of the agent shall directly affect the legal relations between the principal and the third party and no legal relation is created between the agent and the third party.

(2) However, the acts of the agent shall affect only the relations between the agent and the third party, where the agent with the consent of the principal undertakes to become the party to the contract.

《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》与《国际商事合同通则》之比较)

《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》与《国际商事合同通则》之比较 王永新 摘要:《公约》与《通则》的目的都是为了协调不同法系、不同法域间的立法冲突,旨在为国际商事合同的当事人提供一个明确具体且具有广泛适应性的规则。因此,《公约 》与《通则》在理念、基本原则上是一致的。但是,《公约》与《通则》还是有不同之处。 关键词:公约;通则;合同; 《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》(United NationsConvention on Contracts of International Sales ofGoods,以下简称“公约”)是由联合国国际贸易法委员会主持制定的,1980年在维也纳举行的外交会议上获得通过。公约于1988年1月1日正式生效。目前已经有包括中国在内的70个国家加入了该公约。《公约》是20世纪以来最重要的国际公约之一。 《国际商事合同通则》(Principles of InternationalCommercial Contracts,以下简称“通则”)是国际统一私法协会1994年编撰的,2004年做了大的修订。它是一部具有现代性、广泛代表性、实用性的商事合同统一规则。《通则》“是迄今为止最为系统的对国际性契约的实体内容进行统一整理的一个法律文件”[1]。 这两个文件是国际商事合同领域最为重要的规则。《公约》与《通则》的目的都是为了协调不同法系、不同法域间的立法冲突,旨在为国际商事合同的当事人提供一个明确具体且具有广泛适应性的规则。因此,《公约》与《通则》在理念、基本原则上是一致的。但是,《公约》与《通则》还是有不同之处。这些不同之处主要有: 一、适用范围不同《通则》的适用范围比《公约》广泛。《公约》仅适用于国际货物买卖合同[2]-[3]。而《通则》对“商事”合同并没有给予任何明确的定义,只是在尽可能宽泛的意义上来理解这一概念,以使它不仅包括提供或交换商品或服务的一般贸易交易,还可包括其他各种类型的经济交易,如投资或特许协议、专业服务合同等,即适用于国际商事合同的全部。 二、适用方式不同《公约》作为一项国际条约,它以国际立法的方式统一国际货物买卖合同法律,在缔约国间具有法律效力。在缔约国的当事人没有明文排除适用公约或没有约定所适用的法律时,缔约国当事人之间的国际货物买卖合同既应该适用《公约》。但目前《公约》的缔约国数量有限,而且缔约国在加入《公约》时可以作保留,拒绝接受某些 条款,所以《公约》的作用在一定程度上受到了限制。此外,《公约》的内容不够完善,对国际货物买卖合同的其他法律问题又不得不适用国内法的规定。而《通则》不是以国际 条约的形式出现的,而是以国际重述(international restatement)的形式详尽阐述合同法普遍通行的原则。即“用非立法的手段统一法律”(unification of law by non-legislative means),并对国际商事合同领域的一些基本原则、惯例和习惯性做法进行全面、系统地表述。同时,《通则》的非强制性可以使它能更灵活地被接受;《通则》的条文富于弹性,又使得它能较广泛地被接受。从事国际贸易的当事人得以在自愿基础上自由选择《通则》适用于其所订立的合同[4]。 三、《通则》中关于“损害赔偿”的条款比《公约》更全面、具体1.《公约》并不涉及人身损害赔偿问题[5],而《通则》明确“损害可以是非金钱性质的,并且包括例如肉体或精神上的痛苦”[6]。2.对于损害赔偿,《通则》要求在确定受损害方有权得到的赔偿时,应

商务英语合同翻译范本

合同 编号:日期: 买受人: 出售人: 本合同由买卖双方订立,根据本合同规定的条款,买方同意购买,卖方同意出售下述商品: 1.货名,规格,数量 2.单价,总价 3.生产国和制造商 4.包装 用坚固的新木箱包装,适宜长途海运,并具备良好的防潮,防震,防锈,耐粗暴搬运能力,由于包装不当而引起的货物损坏或由于防护措施不善而引起货物锈蚀,卖方应赔偿由此而造成的全部损失费用。 5.唛头 卖方应在每件包装上,用不褪色油墨清楚地标刷件号、尺码、毛重、净重、“此端向上”、“小心轻放”、“切勿受潮” 等字样。 6.运日期 7.装运港 8.目的港

9.保险装运后由买方投保。 10.支付条件 ⑴信用证付款,买方在收到卖方根据合同第12条规定的提前装运的通知后,应于运输的15日到20日之前,按货物总金额的全部。通过_______(银行),设立以卖方为受益人的不可撤销的信用证。卖方凭本合同第11条规定的装运单据及开出的即期汇票提交给开证银行贷款,信用证的有效期至货物运装后15天为止。 ⑵托收付款,卖方应把合第11条所规定的由_______(银行)开具的装运单据转交买方。 ⑶根据合同第11条货款应在收据收到的7天前生效。 11.单据 ⑴卖方应将下列单据提交付款银行托收付款,若以信汇付款,下列单据应寄买方: (a)填写通知目的口岸对外贸易运输公司的空白抬头、空白背 书的全套已装船的清洁提单,注明“运费到付”,并通知货口岸___________公司。 (b)发票五份,注明合同号,唛头。(唛头在一份以上,发票 需独立出具)。 (c)五份发票需注明货物重量,编号和发票相应的日期。 (d)按照本合同第16条第一项规定,提交由制造厂签发的质 量和数量/重量证明书及检验报告各两份。

《国际商事合同通则》与罗马法(下)合同法

《国际商事合同通则》与罗马法(下) 七、价金的确定 在一项规定了支付价金(佣金、报酬等)的商事合同中,或是对价金明确地给予规定,或是规定了确定价金的方式。[41]我只想对第二种情况进行探讨,在这种情况下,可能会出现一些问题,因为:A)确定价格的方式被认为是不适当的,或者依该方式无法确定价格;B)没有或看不出规定了确定价格的方式。 通常,在债的关系中,给付必须是确定的或能够确定的,这一对确定性的要求源丁?债的定义:如果债是对履行给付的一种法律约束的话,那么,为了产生这一约束,就必须对该项给付及其范围进行约定。在合同中仅规定了确定价格的方式的情况下,在当事人只规定应支付价金,但未恰当地对价金的“多少”作出规定时,就会产生有关合同有效性(或效力)的问题。也就是说,对合同是否有效、以何种方式对这一欠缺进行补救、而通常补救这一欠缺的可能性有多大存有疑问。 《通则》第5,7条对这一问题作出了规定。该条共有4款[42],为维持合同有效性,这四项条款一一规定了对此类欠缺进行弥补的规则。 我将尽可能全面地、比本文所论述的其他议题更系统地探讨这些规定和这些规定的基础。 1,首先我想探讨一下第一种情况,即当事人双方约定了确定合同价格的方 式,但这一方式被认为是不恰当的,或依该方式无法确定价格。《通则》第5,7条中的第2款、第3款和第4款提出的三种假设与此情况相对应。 1)对由第三人确定合同价格的问题,无疑有着最久远和最丰富的论述 ①罗马法学家对这一问题的论述 这一问题首先产生于买卖契约。在买卖契约中,价金必须是确定的。这一问题是买卖契约核心问题,罗马法学家们的争论终于使这一问题得到了解决。通过盖尤斯(gaius) [43]我们知道:对由双方当事人选定的第三人确定价格的问题,一些法学家认为契约无效,而另一些则认为契约有效。此外,盖尤斯还告诉我们上述分歧同样存在于赁借贷契约中(因此,涉及承包、运输,车辆租赁,提供专业服务等契约)。 盖尤斯告诉了我们这一争论的开端,但我们尚不能完全了解这一争论的整个发展过程。在那些认为契约有效的罗马法学家中,可能存在两种观点。 在合伙契约中,对于由第三人确定合伙人承担盈利或亏损的份额问题,法学家普罗库勒(Proculus)提出了两种不同的“确定(arbitraggio) ”方式。 a)由当事人双方选择的、特定的第三人自行决定。

合同法论文论合同法中的违约责任

论合同法中的违约责任 作者:张文康 指导老师:朱辉强 【摘要】违约责任是合同法律制度中的一个不可缺少的组成部分,法律规定或者当事人通过约定在不履行或者不完全履行合同时应当承担具体的法律责任,从而使当事人的权利义务更加明确。违约责任的主要内容是指当事人违反合同义务时应当承担的财产责任,主要包括承担继续履行合同、采取补救措施和赔偿损失三种形式,这三种违约责任形式可根据不同的情况具体适用,既可单独适用,也可以同时适用两个或全部责任形式。违约责任以财产责任为核心,在处理合同争议时应当始终把握公平地维护当事人的合同权利和其他合法权益,让违约方承担对方的损失。在合同中规定违约责任是为了更好地履行合同,以及为了更有效地维护当事人的合法权益。如果当事人违反了合同约定的义务,在法律的压力下要承担违约责任,而承担违约责任所支出的成本一般要超过正常履行合同所付出的成本,当事人从成本的角度考虑,轻易也不会违约,在客观上对方当事人的权益就多了一份保障。 【关键词】违约责任合同法归责原则免责事由承担方式 一、违约责任的内涵界定及其特点 违约责任,是指合同当事人因违反合同义务应承担的责任。违约责任制度是保障债权实现及债务履行的重要措施,它与合同义务有密切联系,合同义务是违约责任产生的前提,违约责任则是合同义务不履行的结果。我国《合同法》第七章专设违约责任,规定了预期违约及实际违约等所应承担的法律责任。 违约责任具有以下特点:第一,违约责任是合同当事人违反合同义务所产生的责任。这里包含两层意思:其一,违约责任产生的基础是双方当事人之间存在合法有效的合同关系,若当事人之间不存在有效的合同关系,则无违约责任可言;其二,违约责任是以违反合同义务为前提,没有违反合同义务的行为,便没有违约责任。第二,违约责任具有相对性。违约责任的相对性,是指违约责任只能在特定的当事人之间发生,合同关系以外的第三人,不负违约责任。第三,违约责任具有补偿性。违约责任,主要是一种财产责任。承担违约责任的主要目的在于补偿合同当事人因违约行为所遭受的损失。从合同法所确认的违约责任方式来看,无论是强制实际履行,还是支付违约赔偿金,或者采用其他补救措施,无不体现出补偿性。当然,在特定情况下并不排除处罚性。第四,违约责任的可约定性。根据合同自愿原则,合同当事人可以在合同中约定违约责任的方式,违约金的数额

商务合同-Contract-中英文

合同书 Contract 甲方: Party A: 乙方: Party B: 合同名称: Name of contract: 合同编号: Contract No.:

此合同由如下双方签定 The contract shall be signed by two parties as following: 1、(以下简称甲方) (hereinafter referred to as Party A) 2、(以下简称乙方) (hereinafter referred to as Party B) 此项目经甲乙双方友好协商,按国家经济合同法,现达成协议,其条款如下:The project is friendly negotiated by two parties according to national economic contract law. Now the agreement is reached with articles as following: 一、合同价格Contract amount 合同总金额为人民币(含17%增值税)xxx元。(大写:xxx)。 The total amount of the contract is xxxRMB (including 17% VAT) (in words: xxx). 二、工作范围Working scope 三、付款方式与条件Payment terms and conditions 3.1、合同生效后,甲方预付合同总价的30%。 Party A shall pay 30% of the total contract amount as down payment after the contract is signed and valid. 3.2、完成预验收后,乙方向甲方开具相应的发票,甲方预付合同总价的30%。 After the pre-acceptance, Party A shall pay 30% of the total amount against the invoice issued by Party B. 3.3、在最终客户完成终验收,甲方预付合同总价的30%。 Party A shall pay 30% of the total contract amount after the final customer’s final acceptance. 3.4、质保期为1年,年满后付合同总价的10%。 After the warranty period of 1 year, the last 10% of the total amount shall be paid. 3.5、合同金额包含往来运费。 The total contract amount shall include all transportation fees.

商务英文合同的词汇特征及其翻译

【摘要】商务合同是商业法人之间为实现一定的经济目的、明确相互权利义务的一种文体。商务合同英语属半法律性语言,用词准确、正式、严谨,具有鲜明文体意义。本文基于典型实例分析,探讨了商务英文合同的词汇特征及翻译方法。 【关键词】商务英文合同词汇特征翻译 商务合同是商品经济的产物,它随着商品经济的产生而产生,也随着商品经济的发展而发展,是商品交换关系在法律上的体现,受到国家法律的承认和保护。在世界经济全球化和一体化的今天,国际商务活动日益频繁,贸易国法人之间为实现一定的经济利益而签订的明确规定了贸易双方的权利和义务,具有法律效力的文件——国际商务合同的重要性也越来越突出。商务合同英语既具有商务英语的特点,同时也具有法律英语的特点。本文拟从庄重正式、准确严谨和简洁明了三个角度阐述分析商务英文合同的词汇特征及其翻译方法。 一、庄重正式 Martin Joos按照语言使用的正式程度提出了英语的五种变体,即庄重文体(frozen style),正式文体(formal style),商议文体(consultative style),随便文体(casual style)和亲密文体(intimate style)。一般认为商务合同英语属庄重文体,即五种变体英语中正式程度最高的一种。商务英文合同的庄重正式的词汇特征体现在专业术语和外来词古体词的使用上。 1.商务专业术语 专业术语(technical term留学生论文网https://www.360docs.net/doc/b79640170.html, s)具有鲜明的文体特色。其意义精确、单一、无歧义,且不带有个人感情色彩。为了准确描述商务活动中的各个交易环节以及与此相关的各类单据,商务合同英语文体中使用了大量表意清楚的商务专业术语。例如,policy(保险单),negotiable(可转让的),liability(责任、义务),right of recourse (追索权),factoring(保理)等。这些专业术语可避免冗长的解释,简化交易过程,提高工作效率。 2.法律专业术语 为了准确描述商务活动中交易双方各自的权利与义务,商务合同英语中也使用了较多的法律专业的术语。狭义的法律术语指仅出现在或大多数情况下出现在法律文件中的法律科学的特有术语,此意义上的法律术语在商务合同文体中的数量不多,如:imputed negligence (转嫁的过失责任)特指可向与行为人有利害关系的人或有合同关系的另一方追究责任的过失。商务合同中这类狭义的法律专业术语不以大众是否理解或接受为转移,它是商务合同语言准确表达的保障,是其独有的现象。而广义的法律术语则包括在法律文体中被赋予特定法律意义的常用词语,如action(诉讼),party(当事人),financial responsibility(经济责任,指违约责任,具体可指“赔偿损失”、“支付违约金”和“支付迟延支付金额的利息”)。这类词语把握不准确的话很容易导致翻译和理解当中的模糊性,因此要格外留意。如,“The contract is concluded in case of acceptance of the offer.”很容易译为“提议一旦接受,合同随即订立。”而实际上,“acceptance”与“offer”是合同法中两个重要的法律术语,其规范的译文分别为“承诺”、“要约”,前者是指受要约人对要约内容表同意,而后者则指一方希望与另一方订立合同。 3.外来词和古体词 商务合同英语中使用的商务类专业术语有不少源于拉丁语或法语,有些则是由其词根派生或合成,许多术语都有相同的前缀或后缀。它们的意义比较稳定,利于精确地表达概念,例如:ad valorem duty (拉丁语)从价(关)税,bona fide holder (拉丁语)汇票的善意持票人,pro rata tax rate比例税率(拉丁语,即proportional tax rate),insurance premium per capita (拉丁语)人均保险费,force majeure(法语)不可抗力,pro forma (拉丁语)估算表。

《国际统一私法协会国际商事合同通则》(2004)(中英对照)

《国际统一私法协会国际商事合同通则》(2004)(中英对照) 《国际统一私法协会国际商事合同通则》(2004) 第一章总则 第1.1条 (缔约自由) 第1.2条 (无形式要求 第1.3条 (合同的约束性) 第1.4条 (强制性规则) 第1.5条 (当事人排除或修改通则) 第1.6条 (《通则》的解释和补充) 第1.7条 (诚实信用和公平交易) 第1.8条 (不一致的行为) 第1.9条 (惯例和习惯做法) 第1.10条 (通知) 第1.11条 (定义) 第1.12条 (当事人规定的时间的计算) 第二章合同的订立与代理权 第一节合同的订立 第2.1.1条 (订立的形式) 第2.1.2条 (要约的定义) 第2.1.3条 (要约的撤回) 第2.1.4条 (要约的撤销) 第2.1.5条 (要约的拒绝) 第2.1.6条 (承诺的方式)

第2.1.7条 (承诺的时间) 第2.1.8条 (规定期限内的承诺) 第2.1.9条 (逾期承诺与传递延迟) 第2.1.10条 (承诺的撤回) 第2.1.11条 (变更的承诺) 第2.1.12条 (书面确认) 第2.1.13条 (合同的订立基于对特定事项或以特定形式达成的协议) 第2.1.14条 (特意待定的合同条款) 第2.1.15条 (恶意谈判) 第2.1.16条 (保密义务) 第2.1.17条 (合并条款) 第2.1.18条 (书面变更条款) 第2.1.19条 (按标准条款订立合同) 第2.1.20条 (意外条款) 第2.1.21条 (标准条款与非标准条款的冲突) 第2.1.22条 (格式合同之争) 第二节代理人的权限 第2.2.1条 (本节的范围) 第2.2.2条 (代理权的确定及其范围) 第2.2.3条 (显名代理) 1 第2.2.4条 (隐名代理) 第2.2.5条 (代理人无权代理或超越代理权限的代理) 第2.2.6条 (代理人无权代理或超越代理权限行为的责任)

晚近国际商事合同法统一化的发展_国际经济法论文.doc

晚近国际商事合同法统一化的发展_国际经 济法论文 使中断谈判的权利应以遵守诚实信用和公平交易原则为前提,即使在进行谈判前或在谈判过程中没有明确的要约和承诺,一方当事人也不得随意突然无正当理由中断谈判。要确定从何时起要约或承诺不得撤销,当然得视具体情况而定,特别是一方当事人信赖谈判的积极结果,及双方当事人已达成一致的与所要订立的合同的有关问题的数量。 4、特意待定 在国际贸易中可能存在这样的情况:当事人有意留下一个或多个条款待定,因为他们不能或不愿在合同订立时做出决定,而将这一决定留待他们日后进一步谈判商定或由第三人确定,这就产生了关于合同成立与条款内容的确定等一系列法律问题。根据PICC第2.14条,只要当事人有意订立合同,特意待定这一事实并不妨碍合同的成立。如果没有明确规定,尽管有待定条款,当事人订立合同的意图仍可从其他情况来了解,如待定条款的非重要性、整个协议的确定程度,待定条款根据其性质只能在以后决定的事实、协议已经部分生效的事实等。如果当事人未能就待定条款达成一致,或第三人未予确定,考虑到当事人的意图,如果在具体情况下存在一种可选择的合理方法来确定此条款,则合同的存在将不受影响。66 与合同条款特意待定不同的一种情况是,在谈判过程中,一方当事人坚持合同的订立以对特定事项或以特定形式达成的协

议为条件,则在对这些特定事项或特定形式达成协议之前,合同不能成立。在这里,“坚持”一词明确了当事人若只是简单地表达其意图仍不足以证明他们的意图有这种效力,这种表达必须是非常明确的。 5、格式之争 国际贸易中格式文本的使用是极其广泛的,而当双方当事人通过交换彼此的标准格式文本进行交易,并且都坚持最后的合同是在自己的格式文本基础上达成协议之时,就会引起关于合同是否成立及如何确定合同条款的争议。格式合同之争是国际经济交往中长期争论不休的一个法律问题,基于各国法律制度的差异,在国际社会对该问题尚不能达成共识。PICC参照各国法律的不同做法,对此规定了公平合理的法律原则,为解决这一问题做出了较为完美的回答。 PICC将标准条款界定为一方为通常和重复使用的目的预先准备,并在实际使用时未与对方谈判的条款。67一方或双方当事人使用标准条款订立合同,适用订立合同的一般规则,但应受到如下限制:(1)标准条款中由于内容、语言和表达方式而使对方不能合理预见的意外条款无效,除非对方明确表示接受;68(2)标准条款与非标准条款发生冲突,以非标准条款为准;69(3)在双方当事人均使用各自的标准条款的情况下,如果双方对除标准条款以外的条款达成一致,则合同应根据已达成一致的条款以及在实质内容上相同的标准条款订立,除非一方当事人已事先明确表示或事后毫不延迟地通知另一方当事人其不受此种合同的约束。

国际商务咨询合同范本(中英文)

中英文国际技术咨询服务合同 合同号:________________ 签订日期:________________ 签订地点:________________ 中国____________公司(以下简称委托方)为一方,______国______________ 公司(以下简称为咨询方)为另一方,双方就_____________的技术咨询服务,授权双方代表按下列条款签订本合同。 第一条合同内容 1.1 委托方希望获得咨询方就_____提供的技术咨询服务,而咨询方愿意提供此项服务。 1.2 技术咨询服务范围详见本合同附件一。 1.3 技术咨询服务的进度安排详见本合同附件二。 1.4 技术咨询服务的人员安排见本合同附件三。 1.5 技术咨询服务自合同生效之日起_____个月内完成,将在_____个月内提交最终技术咨询报告,包括图纸、设计资料、各类规范和图片等。咨询方应免费通报委托方类似工程的最近发展和任何进展,以便委托方能改进该工程的设计。 第二双方的责任和义务 2.1 委托方应向咨询方提供有关的资料、技术咨询报告、图纸和可能得到的信息并给予咨询方开展工作提供力所能及的协助,特别是委托方应在适当时候指定一名总代表以便能随时予以联系。 2.2 委托方应协助咨询方向有关机构取得护照签证、工作许可和咨询方要求的其它文件以使咨询方能进入委托方国家和本工程的现场,但费用由咨询方负担。 2.3 除了合同附件三所列的技术人员外,咨询方还应提供足够数量的称职的技术人员来履行本合同规定的义务。咨询方应对其所雇的履行合同的技术人员负完全责任并使委托方免受其技术人员因执行合同任务所引起的一切损害。 2.4 咨询方应根据咨询服务的内容和进度安排,按时提交咨询技术咨询报告及有关图纸资料。 2.5 咨询方应协助委托方的技术人员获得进入咨询方国家的签证并负责安排食宿,食宿费用由委托方负担。咨询方应为委托方的技术人员提供办公室、必要的设施和交通便利。 2.6 咨询方对因执行其提供的咨询服务而给委托方和委托方工作人员造成的人身损害和财产损失承担责任并予以赔偿,但这种损害或损失是由于咨询方人员在履行本合同的活动中的疏忽所造成的。咨询方仅对本合同项下的工作负责。 2.7 咨询方对本合同的任何和所有责任都限定在咨询方因付出专业服务而收到的合同总价之内,并将在本合同第7.3条规定的保证期满后解除。

英文商务合同范本

合同 CONTRACT 日期:合同号码: Date: Contract No.: 买方:(The Buyers) 卖方:(The Sellers) 兹经买卖双方同意按照以下条款由买方购进,卖方售出以下商品: This contract is made by and between the Buyers and the Sellers; whereby the Buyers agree to buy and the Sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned goods subject to the terms and conditions as stipulated hereinafter: (1) 商品名称: Name of Commodity: (2) 数量: Quantity: (3) 单价: Unit price: (4) 总值: Total Value: (5) 包装: Packing: (6) 生产国别: Country of Origin : (7) 支付条款: Terms of Payment: (8) 保险: Insurance: (9) 装运期限: Time of Shipment: (10) 起运港: Port of Lading:

(11) 目的港: Port of Destination: (12)索赔:在货到目的口岸45天内如发现货物品质,规格和数量与合同不符,除属保险公司或船方责任外,买方有权凭中国商检出具的检验证书或有关文件向卖方索赔换货或赔款。 Claims: Within 45 days after the arrival of the goods at the destination, should the quality, Specifications or quantity be found not in conformity with the stipulations of the contract except those claims for which the insurance company or the owners of the vessel are liable. The Buyers shall, have the right on the strength of the inspection certificate issued by the C.C.I.C and the relative documents to claim for compensation to the Sellers. (13)不可抗力:由于人力不可抗力的原由,发生在制造、装载或运输的过程中导致卖方延期交货或不能交货者,卖方可免除责任。在不可抗力发生后,卖方须立即电告买方及在14天内以空邮方式向买方提供事故发生的证明文件,在上述情况下,卖方仍须负责采取措施尽快发货。 Force Majeure: The sellers shall not be held responsible for the delay in shipment or non-deli-very of the goods due to Force Majeure, which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit. The sellers shall advise the Buyers immediately of the occurrence mentioned above the within fourteen days there after. The Sellers shall send by airmail to the Buyers for their acceptance certificate of the accident. Under such circumstances the Sellers, however, are still under the obligation to take all necessary measures to hasten the delivery of the goods. (14)仲裁:凡有关执行合同所发生的一切争议应通过友好协商解决,如协商不能解决,则将分歧提交中国国际贸易促进委员会按有关仲裁程序进行仲裁,仲裁将是终局的,双方均受其约束,仲裁费用由败诉方承担。 Arbitration: All disputes in connection with the execution of this Contract shall be settled friendly through negotiation. In case no settlement can be reached, the case then may be submitted for arbitration to the Arbitration Commission of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade in accordance with the Provisional Rules of Procedure promulgated by the said Arbitration Commission. The Arbitration committee shall be final and binding upon both parties. And the Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing parties.

国际商事合同通则

《国际商事合同通则》(Principles of International Commercial Contracts,简称PICC) 第一章总则 第1.1条(本通则的目的及范围) 本通则规定国际商事合同的一般规则。 第1.2条(本通则的适用) (1)双方当事人约定其合同由本通则管辖时,应当适用本通则。 (2)以下情况可以适用本通则: (a)双方当事人约定其合同由“法律的一般原则”,“商人法”(“lexmercatoria”)或类似法律管辖;或 (b)双方当事人未选择任何法律管辖其合同。 (3)当适用法对发生的问题不能提供解决问题的有关规则时,本通则可以提供解决问题的方法。 (4)本通则可用于解释或补充国际统一法的文件。 第1.3条(缔约自由) 双方当事人自由订立合同及确定合同内容。 第1.4条(合同的约束性) 有效订立的合同对双方当事人有约束力。当事人仅能根据合同条款或通过协议或本通则另有规定修改或终止合同。 第1.5条(强制性规则) 本通则的任何规定不得限制依据国际私法的有关规则适用的强制性规则的适用,不论这种强制性规则是国内的、国际的或是超国家的。 第1.6条(当事人排除或修改本通则) 除本通则另有规定外,双方当事人可以排除适用本通则,或部分排除或修改本通则任何条款的效力。 第1.7条(本通则的解释及补充) (1)在解释本通则时,应考虑其国际特性及其目的,包括促进其统一适用的需要。

(2)凡属本通则范围内但通则未明确规定的问题,尽可能根据本通则依据的思想来解决。 第1.8条(诚信和公平交易) (1)任何一方当事人应当根据国际贸易中的善意和公平交易原则行事。 (2)双方当事人不得排除或限制该义务。 第1.9条(惯例和习惯做法) (1)双方当事人已同意的任何惯例及双方之间确立的任何习惯做法对双方当事人均有约束力。 (2)在国际贸易中为有关特定贸易的当事人广泛知悉并为其惯常遵守的惯例对双方当事人有约束力,除非该惯例的适用不合理。 第1.10条(通知) (1)凡需要通知时,通知可以适合于该情况的任何方式发出。 (2)通知于到达被通知人时生效。 (3)如第(2)款的目的,通知于口头发给被通知人或寄给被通知人的营业地或通讯地址时,“到达”被通知人。 (4)为本条的目的,“通知”包括声明、要求、请求或任何其它意图的告知。 第1.11条(定义) 在本通则中, -“法院”包括仲裁庭; -“营业地”:在当事人有一个以上的营业地时,营业地是指与合同及其履行有最密切联系的营业地,(在确定该营业地时)应考虑合同订立之前或订立时双方当事人知道或考虑到的情况。 [编辑] 第二章合同的订立 第2.1条(要约的定义) 订立合同的建议如果十分确定并且表明要约人在得到承诺时承受约束的意旨,即构成要约。 第2.2条(要约的撤回) (1)要约于送达受约人时生效。 (2)一项要约,即使是不可撤销的,得予撤回,如果撤回通知于要约送达受约人之前或同时送达受约人。 第2.3条(要约的撤销)

国际商事合同通则中文翻译版

《国际商事合同通则》 国际统一私法协会 第一章总则 第二章合同的订立 第三章合同的效力 第四章合同的解释 第五章合同的履行 第一节一般履行 第二节艰难条款 第六章合同的不履行 第一节总则 第二节履行合同的权利 第三节合同的终止 第四节损害赔偿和免责条款 第一章总则 第1.1条(本通则的目的及范围) 本通则规定国际商事合同的一般规则. 第1.2条(本通则的适用) (1)双方当事人约定其合同由本通则管辖时,应当适用本通则。 (2)以下情况可以适用本通则: (a)双方当事人约定其合同由“法律的一般原则”,“商人法"(“lexmercatoria")或类似法律管

(b)双方当事人未选择任何法律管辖其合同. (3)当适用法对发生的问题不能提供解决问题的有关规则时,本通则可以提供解决问题的方法. (4)本通则可用于解释或补充国际统一法的文件。 第1.3条(缔约自由) 双方当事人自由订立合同及确定合同内容。 第1.4条(合同的约束性) 有效订立的合同对双方当事人有约束力。当事人仅能根据合同条款或通过协议或本通则另有规定修改或终止合同. 第1.5条(强制性规则) 本通则的任何规定不得限制依据国际私法的有关规则适用的强制性规则的适用,不论这种强制性规则是国内的、国际的或是超国家的. 第1.6条(当事人排除或修改本通则) 除本通则另有规定外,双方当事人可以排除适用本通则,或部分排除或修改本通则任何条款的效力。 第1.7条(本通则的解释及补充) (1)在解释本通则时,应考虑其国际特性及其目的,包括促进其统一适用的需要。 (2)凡属本通则范围内但通则未明确规定的问题,尽可能根据本通则依据的思想来解决。 第1.8条(诚信和公平交易) (1)任何一方当事人应当根据国际贸易中的善意和公平交易原则行事。 (2)双方当事人不得排除或限制该义务。 第1.9条(惯例和习惯做法) (1)双方当事人已同意的任何惯例及双方之间确立的任何习惯做法对双方当事人均有约束力.

国际贸易合同中英文版本

SALES CONTRACT 销售合同 Con tract No.: 合同号: Date: 日期 Seller:卖方 Tel: Fax: Buyer: 买方 This Sales Con tract is made out as per the followi ng terms/c on diti ons mutually con firmed: NOTE: 1. Thermal bla nket is n ecessary for dry container at any time duri ng a year. Otherwise the Buyer has the right to retur n the cargo or refuse the payme nt for cargos in flue need by hot temperature. 干柜在一年中的任何时候都需隔热层,否则买方有权退回货物或拒绝为因高温造成影响的货物付款。 2. In sura nee: To be effected by the seller for 110% of full in voice value coveri ng marine in stitute cargo clauses All Risks. 保险:由卖方按发票全额的110%购买涉及海洋协会货物保险条款一切险” 3. Time of Shipment: before 15 th July, Partial shipment is not allowed. 发货时间:7月15日之前,不允许分批装运。 4. Port of Shipme nt: Livor no 装运港:利沃诺 5. Port of Dest in atio n: Wuha n, Chi na. 目的港:中国武汉 st 6. Time of arrival at the desti nati on port: before 1 September . 到达时间:9月1日前抵达目的港。 7. Terms of Payme nt: T/T 90 days after B/L date 付款时间:提单日期后90天电汇 8. Documents: The Seller shall present the following documents to the Buyer as required: 卖方需提供买方所需的

商务英语合同

商务英语合同应注意六方面 2009-7-249:11 页面功能【字体:大中小】【打印】【关闭】 涉外商务英语合同的语言特色体现在以下几个方面: 第一部分、用词方面 多用正式或法律上的用词,与口头表述不同,合同是法律性的正式书面文件,使用正式的、法律的用词是必要的。合同起草者应多加强这方面的学习。比如: 1、At the request of Party B, Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment. 应乙方要求,甲方同意派遣技术人员帮助乙方安装设备。assist 较help 正式; 2、The personnel shall not to partake in any political activities in Iraq. 所有人员不得参加伊拉克国内的任何政治活动。partake in 较take part in 正式; 3、The Employer shall render correct technical guidance to the personnel. 雇主应该对有关人员给予正确技术指导。render 较give 正式; 4、Party A shall repatriate the patient to China and bear the cost of his passage to Guangzhou. 甲方应将病人遣返中国并负责其返回广州的旅费。repatriate 较send back 正式; 5、This Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of China. 本合同受中国法律管辖,并按中国法律解释。construe 较explain,interpret 正式; 6、The Employer may object to and require the Contractor to replace forthwith any of its authorized representatives who is incompetent. 雇主认为承包人委派的授权代表不合格时,可以反对并要求立即撤换。require较ask正式;公文体forthwith 较at once 正式; 7、The Chairperson may convene an interim meeting based on a proposal made by one-third of the total number of directors. 董事长可以根据董事会过1/3董事的提议而召集临时董事会议。convene,interim 都是正式用词。

联合国国际货物销售合同公约

联合国国际货物销售合同公约 论文摘要 所谓卖方知识产权担保,是指在货物买卖法律关系中,卖方有义务保证,对于其向买方交付的货物,任何第三方不能基于知识产权向买方主张任何权利或要求。 由于知识产权具有无形性、地域性、独占性等特点,其权利人的专有权被他人侵犯的机会和可能性比物权等权利大的多。一旦第三人对卖方交付的货物基于工业产权或其他知识产权提出权利或要求,买方对货物的使用或转售就会受到干扰,因为第三人可能向法院申请禁令,禁止买方使用或转售货物,而且还会要求买方赔偿因侵权而造成的经济损失,所以规定卖方的知识产权担保义务,对保护买方的利益非常必要。《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》(以下简称《公约》)第42条规定了卖方的知识产权权利担保义务。 本文首先对42条的立法背景和立法目的作出介绍,接着对42条规定的卖方知识产权担保义务及其责任的条件限制和责任的免除进行详细的分析,最后指出由于42条内容的不确定性,建议当事人最好在合同中排除42条的适用。 目录 一、前言 (4) 二、立法背景和立法目的 (4) 三、卖方的知识产权担保义务及其责任限制 (6) (一)工业产权或其他知识产权 (二)第三人的任何权利或权利要求 (三)知道或不可能不知道 (四)目的国:双方当事人在订立合同时预期货物将转售或使用的国家 四、卖方知识产权担保责任的免除 (15) 五、结语 (15) 浅论《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》下卖方的知识产权担保义务 一、前言 所谓卖方知识产权担保,是指在货物买卖法律关系中,卖方有义务保证,对于其向买方交付的货物,任何第三方不能基于知识产权向买方主张任何权利或要求。

由于知识产权具有无形性、地域性、独占性等特点,其权利人的专有权被他人侵犯的机会和可能性比物权等权利大的多。一旦第三人对卖方交付的货物基于工业产权或其他知识产权提出权利或要求,买方对货物的使用或转售就会受到干扰,因为第三人可能向法院申请禁令,禁止买方使用或转售货物,而且还会要求买方赔偿因侵权而造成的经济损失,所以规定卖方的知识产权担保义务,对保护买方的利益非常必要。《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》(以下简称《公约》)第42条规定了卖方的知识产权权利担保义务。 本文首先对42条的立法背景和立法目的作出介绍,接着对42条规定的卖方知识产权担保义务及其责任的条件限制和责任的免除进行详细的分析,最后指出由于42条内容的不确定性,建议当事人最好在合同中排除42条的适用。 二、立法背景和立法目的 为了统一国际货物买卖法,国际社会从上个世纪30年代起就开始致力于制定能够被国际社会普遍接受的货物买卖公约。罗马国际统一私法协会在30年代起草的《国际货物买卖统一法公约》(The Uniform Law on International Sale of Goods,简称ULIS)和《国际货物买卖合同成立统一法公约》(The Uniform Law on the Formation of Contract for International Sale of Goods,简称ULF)由于存在明显的局限性和不足没得到国际社会的认可。1968年,联合国国际卖贸易委员会下的国际货物买卖工作组在对以上两公约修改的基础上制定了《联合国货物买卖合同公约》(United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods,简称CISG,以下简称《公约》)草案。该公约草案于1980年3月,在由62个国家代表参加的维也纳外交会议上正式通过。于1988年1月1日正式生效。 对于货物买卖中第三人的知识产权权利,《公约》以前没有任何公约曾做出规定;而对于货物买卖中第三人权利,以前的公约中也只有《公约》的前身ULIS 第52条做出过规定。ULIS第52条规定卖方有担保买方对货物的使用不受任何第三人权利和要求骚扰的义务。但是一般认为这里的“第三人权利和要求”主要是针对所有权瑕疵,它是否也包括了第三人的知识产权权利和要求,ULIS没有做出明确的规定。学界对此众说纷纭。 在《公约》制订初期,卖方的知识产权担保问题没有引起公约起草者的重视,根据资料记载,《公约》1977年草案更是明确规定公约不调整基于知识产权提起的第三人权利要求问题。尽管如此,逐步增长的国际贸易量使人们对国际自由贸易中知识产权的保护越来越关注,认识到必须对国际贸易范围内的知识产权保护提供统一的规则。在起草1980年公约最后阶段,联合国国际贸易委员会成立了特别工作小组,起草关于卖方的知识产权担保义务条款,该条款最后被接受为

相关文档
最新文档