无敌英语语法 高中版(清晰,非扫描版)

无敌英语语法 高中版(清晰,非扫描版)
无敌英语语法 高中版(清晰,非扫描版)

编者序

随兴逛一趟书店,总要经历一回被充斥于市的英语语法工具书“惊吓”的磨练。

以出版业所经营的选题类别看待,还真的没有一个“选题”,似这般多样、恒久、持续爆发。这一切现象,只因着一个关键性因素——人人需要,而且必要!

然面站在专业的编辑立场,“人人需要”与“必要”并不意味着:有就好,怎么制编都可以。

让“需要”变成一种期待享受、让“必要”成为唾手可得,是我们制编英语语法这个老选题时,硬加诸于己的挑战性目标。1994

年冬,我们开始酝酿并且积极构思,1996年3

月一举推出了《无敌英语语法》初级版,我们无须在此吹擂曾经为这本书费了多少心思,但是从推出以后受到广大读者的热切欢迎,并几乎成为初中学生人手一册的必备读物,足以证明读者其实很清楚我们为大家做了什么。

对于全书的编辑创意、内容设计与使用功能,读者基本上没有异议;对于此间诸多同业争相仿效、企图抄袭鱼目混珠,我们无心追究。唯一成为我们与读者共同的疑问,那就是“何时出版高中版?”

千呼万唤中又过了两年,高中版也终于要问市了,照例不标榜制编的用心与特色,只想真诚向读者郑重宣示,高中版是在初级版的基础上编写的,因此初级版介绍较多而全面的部分便没有涉及,例如:代词、冠词和数词、形容词和副词、介词、连词、句子的成分和基本句型、句子的种类和疑问句。

此目的旨在减少英语语法的全面沉重感,并彻底按初、高中教学课程具体分离,既利于在学学生学习,更利于一般初学者循序自修,同时特别针对重点与难点进行图解式整理分析,对易错、易混的语法进行具象比对。真正让学习英语语法的需要,成为一种期待享受,让学习英语语法的必要,变得轻易而迅速有成。

制编本书,算是我们为冲破学习英语语法的种种困难,所辑录的攻克历程,已经有许多人认为获益良多,希望您也能!编辑部谨识第1章现在完成时和现在完成进行时

1.现在完成时的形式...........................13

2.现在完成时的用法...........................15

3.使用现在完成时需注意的事项.................264.现在完成进行时.............................28现在完成时的基本例句:1.Ihaveworked

heresince1970.自1970年以来我就在这儿工作。2.HehasbeentotheGreatWall

twice.他已经去过两次长城了。3.Mikehasjust

finishedhishomework.迈克刚做完他的作业。

现在完成时是描述过去发生的而与现在情况有关的事或状态(例2,例

3),或是从过去某时到现在为止这一段时间中发生的情况(例

1),换言之,现在完成时是表现从过去到现在的事情。1现在完成时的形式1现在完成时的肯定句主语( I , we ,

you ,第三人称复数) have 过去分词主语(第三人称单数) has We

havebeenbusythis

afternoon.今天下午我们一直很忙。Shehas

returnedfromAmerica.她已从美国回来了。I

havefinishedmysupper

now.此刻我已经吃过饭了。2现在完成时的否定句主语+have(has)+not+过去分词Thebaseballgame

hasn’t(hasnot)started

yet.棒球赛还没有开始。Theyhaven’t(have

not)arrived.他们还没到达。3现在完成时的一般疑问句

Have(Has)+主语+过去分词?说明

现在完成时一般疑问句的回答与其它时态的一般疑问句一样,要用Yes或

No。Yes+主语+have.(has)

No+主语+haven’t.(hasn’t)过去分词及其它成分省略。Hasthegamestarted?比赛开始了吗?Yes,

ithas.是的,开始了。No,it

hasn’t.不,还没开始。HaveyouwatchedTV

today?你今天看电视了吗?Yes,I

have.是的,我看了。No,Ihaven’t.不,我没看。

4现在完成时的特殊疑问句现在完成时的特殊疑问句分为两种情况:1.疑问词作主语时疑问词(主语)+have(has)+过去分词 ̄?

Whohas(have)madethesepaper

flowers?谁(可指单数,亦可指复数)作了这些纸花?Tom

(Tom’sfriends)has(have)made

them.汤姆(汤姆的朋友们)做的。Whathasmade

yousohappy?什么事让你这么高兴?My

daughter’scallhasmademeso

happy.我女儿的电话让我这么高兴。2.疑问词作主语以外的成分时疑问词+have(has)+主语+过去分词 ̄?

主语+have(has)的缩写形式Ihave→I’veYou

have→You’reWehave→We’veThey

have→They’veHehas→He’sShehas→She’sIthas→It’sHowlonghaveyou

workedhere?你在这儿工作多长时间了?I’ve

workedherefornearly20

years.我在这儿工作将近二十年了。Howmanytimeshaveyoubeenhere?你到这儿来了多少次了?I

havebeenherefivetimes.我到这儿来过五次。2现在完成时的用法

现在完成时的形式皆以“ have(has)+过去分词”来表示,有“继续”、“完了”、“结果”、“经验”等用法。形式用法意义继续

表示从过去继续到现在的动作或状态经验表现过去某时刻到现在的经验havehas过去分词完成表示现在刚完成的动作结果表示现在是“做了……”的结果继续IhavestudiedEnglishfor

threeyears.我已经学习英语三年了。Shehas

beensicksincelast

month.她从上个月就生病了。经验Ihave

visitedBeijingmany

times.我访问过北京好多次了。Haveyouever

beentoHawaii?你曾经去夏威夷吗?完成I

havejustfinishedmy

homework.我刚刚完成我的家庭作业。Hashe

finishedhisworkyet?他作好工作了吗?结果

Mybrotherhasbecomea

teacher.我哥哥已经成为一名教师了。Ihavelost

mywatch.我手表弄丢了。(我现在仍旧没有表)

现在完成时四种用法的时间状语继续 since for How long all 等等经验 often ever never before once times 等等完成 already just yet 等等结果不需要时间状语1表示继续的现在完成时〔肯定句〕Thoseforeigners

havelivedinChinaforaboutten

years.那些外国人住在中国将近十年了。〔否定句〕We

haven’tseeneachotherallthis

month.我们这个月一直没有见面。〔疑问句〕Howlonghasheknownthatman?

他认识那个多久(多长时间)了?Hehasknownthat

mansincehecameheresixyears

ago.自从他六年前来到这儿就认识那个人了。1.用法

表示继续意义的现在完成时说明过去的动作一直延续到现在。也就是说从过去某时开始的动作、状态,一直持续到现在。往往用联系现在的表示一段时间的时间状语。说明如下:①Ibegantolivehereten

yearago.我十年前就开始在这里居住了。②Istill

liveherenow.我现在仍然住在这里。③Ihave

livedheresincetenyears

ago.自从十年前我就住在这里了。

“live(住)”这个动作从过去某时——十年前就开始了。一直持续到现在(一直住到现在)。所以③这一句现在完成时的句子可以分解为①,②两个句子(一句是过去时,表示过去时开始的动作;一句是现在时,表示现在仍在继续)。如下表示注意

现在完成时这一时态就是动作在过去发生,但一定要和现在有关系,否则就用过去时。如左述①只表示十年前我在这儿住过,与现在没关系。而用了现在完成时,即使不用时间状语,也表示与现在有关系,即现在仍住在这儿。①过去时 I began to live here ten years ago. ②现在时 I still live here now. ③现在完成时(①②) I have lived here since ten years ago. 过去某时现在完成时(have+过去分词)现在必背!表继续的动词

在英语中能用现在完成时表示延续到现在动作的动词比较少,常用的有:

haveknownhavestudiedhaveworked已经认识了……已经学习了……已经工作了……havebeen

inhaveusedhavetaught已经……

已经使用了……已经教了……havestayedhave

wantedtohavelived已经停留了……已经想要……已经住了……2.常用的时间状语

表示继续的现在完成时,常和下列时间状语连用:for+时间;since+过去某时;howlong;today;this

week(month,year…);these

days(months,years … );

lately;recently;sofar;upto

now;till(until)now;inthepast(last)

year(days…);duringthepast(last)

days(years…);always;allday;all

thisweek…;oftena.for+时间for

后面表示时间的可以是具体的数字,也可以是泛指的时间如along

time(一段长时间),severaldays(几天),some

time(一些时间)。Ihaveknownhimfora

longtime.我认识他已经有很长时间了。Shehas

beenbusyforfivedays.她这五天来一直很忙。“for+时间”并不只是在完成时连用,别的时态也用,但意思不一样。

注意“for+时间”可以和各种时态连用。千万不要产生误解,认为“for

+时间”只用于完成时,不过它与完成时连用是非常常见的。He

workedinShanghaifortwomonthsin1965.1965年时他在上海工作过两个月。

(该句是过去时,与现在无关,只是在过去的1965年发生的事)He

oftenstaysinShanghaifortwo

monthseveryyear.每年他常常在上海呆两个月。

(这句用的是一般现在时,因为它指的是一个客观情况,而且时间状语

everyyear限定这句的时态为现在时。)b.since

+表示过去的时间单词或句子“since+

表示过去时间的词”,表示从过去某时开始的动作或状态一直继续到现在,此时

since是介词。常见的时间状语如下:sinethreedaysago.自从三天前以来(如果只是threedays

ago,就只表示过去的时间,即三天前和现在没关系)since

then从那时以来since1990从1990年以来到现在

有时只用since

而省了后面的时间而表示从过去某时以来一直到现在!?Lilihas

beensicksinceyesterday(last

night.)莉莉从昨天(昨夜)以来就病了。“since+

句子(过去时)”,此过去时的句子相当于

since+表示过去的时间,只不过用过去时的动词表示过去的动作或状态。此时since是连词。注意通常since

引导的从句的动词是用过去时,而主句原则上是用现在完成时,但用“Itis+时间…”开始的句子例外。Itistenyearssince

weleftschool.自从我们离开学校已经有十年了。We

haveknowneachothersincewewerechildren.自从我们是孩子时(我们童年时)就彼此认识了。

hastaughtMyfatherEnglishhere

sincehemovedherein1980.自从我父亲

1980年搬到这儿来后(直到现在)他一直在教英语。c.how

long…表示多长时间,多久回答Howlong+have

(has)+主语+过去分词…?这样的现在完成时的问句时,常用for…和since的句子。但和for+时间一样,how

long也不仅仅用于完成时,它可以用于其它时态。Howlong

haveyoustudiedChinese?

你学汉语多长时间了?I’vestudieditfor3

years.我学习汉语三年了。I’vestudiedit

sinceIcameto

China.自从我来到中国,我就开始学汉语了。Howlong

didyoustudyChineselastyear?

去年你学了多长时间的汉语?注意

“When…?”疑问句不可以用现在完成时,因为“When…?”疑问名是用来询问时间的,而现在完成式则不谈动作的时间。Whenhaveyou

visitedBeijing?(×)Whendidyou

visitBeijing?(○)你是什么时候拜访过北京的?说明

总之,凡表示一段时间的副词,而且这一段时间到现在还没有终止者,皆可以和现在完成时连用。d.all+时间allday(一整天),all

thismorning(今天一整个早上),all

week(一整个星期)等时间状语除了和完成时连用外,亦可和其它时态连用。Mysisterhashadatoothacheall

day.我妹妹的牙疼了一整天。Beforeliberation

thefarmersworkedallday,buttheygotlittle.解放前,农民们整日干活,可是几乎得不到什么。e.其它:always,often,thesedays

(months … ),recently(lately),so

far,uptonow,till(until)now,inthelastfewyears

always(总是),often(常常),thesedays

(months…)(这几天;这几个月)可以和完成时连用,也可以和别的时态连用。recently,

lately(最近,近来)表示包括现在在内的时间,所以常常和现在完成时连用。sofar=uptonow(到目前为止),till(until)

now(到现在)两者皆和现在密切关联,所以往往用现在完成时。in

thelast(past)few

years(在过去的几年中)这样的时间状语,一般用于现在完成时(也可用于过去时,但中学阶段可不掌握)We’vealways(often)

seenhimwalkafter

supper.我们经常看到他晚饭后散步。Hehasn’t

receivedlettersrecently

(lately).他最近(近来)没收到信。Three

studentshavebeenkilledso

far.截至到目前,已有三个学生死亡。Wehave

learnedabout2,000wordsinthe

pastfewyears.在过去的几年中我们已掌握了大约

2,000个单词。

(在这里“在过去的几年中”的实际意思是从过去几年到现在为止,包含现在,所以要用现在完成时。)2表示经验的现在完成时〔肯定句〕Hehasreadthenovelthree

times.这本小说他已经读了(看了)三遍了。〔否定句〕I’veneverbeenthere.我从来没去过那儿。〔疑问句〕

HaveyoueverbeentoU.K.?你去过英国吗?1.用法

表示经验意义的现在完成时,说明从过去起到现在的经验,即从过去到现在之间曾经经历过或做过的事情。说明如下:①过去时:Isawthe

filmthreeyearsagoandIsawthe

filmagainand

again.(可能是三年前或者别的时间,总之是过去的某一时间,我曾经看过这部电影,后来又看了几遍。)②现在时:NowIknow

thefilm(orNowIrememberthe

film).(这部电影我现在还有印象,还记得。)③现在完成时:I

haveseenthefilmthree

times.(这部电影我看过三次。)注意

用了现在完成时,它就表示动作是过去做的,但此事(此物)我现在还有印象,还记得住。所以表示经验的现在完成时时,有时还可以不用时间状语。Oh,

youaretalkingaboutthat

film.It’swonderful.I ’veseen

it.哦!你们在谈论那部电影。它太精彩了,我看过。

表示过去经历过的事情、做过的事情。过去看过三次这部电影,这三次动作都是过去做过的事情,但用现在完成时,表示和现在有关系,暗指:现在我还记得它,或者这部电影对我印象很深……,所以③这个句子包含①、②二句的意思。

如果只用过去时①,那么就表示和现在没关系,只表示“过去看过这部电影”这个客观事实。2.常用于表示经验的时间状语

表示经验的现在完成时,常和下列时间状语连用:often;

ever(迄今,到此为止);never(一次也没有,从未);before(以前);once(一次),twice(二次), ̄times(……次),manytimes(许多次)……

a.置于句中的时间状语(副词):often,ever,never

ever用于疑问句中,never用于否定句中。

这些在句中的副词的位置是固定的,要放在助动词have(has)

的后面,过去分词的前面,如下:主语+have(has)

+副词+过去分词~.Wehaveoftenheard

aboutthat

country.我们常常听到有关那个国家的消息。Haveyou

everseenaUFO?你迄今(到目前为止)见到过飞碟吗?

答句中如果表示从没见过,口气坚决,还可用never回答。No,I

neverhave.No,I’veneverseen

one.两句都可以,注意never的位置。No,I

haven’t.不,没有。Yes,Ihave.是的,见过。

Theboyhasneverfinishedreading

thewholebooksinceItaught

him.自从我教这个小男孩以来,他从来没读完过一本书。(never用于否定句中语气强烈。)

b.放在句末的时间状语:表频率的副词,before,yet必背!

表频率的副词一次once两次twice三次threetimes四次fourtimes数次several

times许多次manytimesShehasread

thepoemonce.她曾经朗诵过一遍这首诗。I

rememberIhaveseenyousomewhere

before.我记得我以前曾经在什么地方见过你。c.How

often;Howmanytimes…Howoften

(Howmanytimes)+

have(has)+主语+过去分词…?用于询问频率、次数的场合。

Howoftenhaveyouseentheoldman?你见过几次那位老人?Only

once(twice).只见过一次(两次)。Howmany

timeshaveyoubeentotheprovince?那个省,你去过几次(多少次)?Manytimes.许多次。

3.have(has)been…由have(has)与be

动词的过去分词组成的“have(has)

been…”表达的意思比较复杂,要注意上下文及句子情景,正确使用它。其用法以表说明如下:形式意义用法表示“曾经去过……” 经验 havehas been to

表示“到……去过了” 完成表示“曾在……” 经验 havehas been in 表示“一直在……” 继续a.havebeentohave(has)been

to用于“经验”,表“曾去过……”时,常和often,once,

twice等频率副词连用。Ihaveoftenbeento

Japan.我常去日本。IhavebeentoJapan

twice.(经验)我曾去过两次日本。Ihavebeentotheairporttoseemyfather

off.(完成)我到机场去送我父亲了。b.havebeen

inHaveyoueverbeenin

America?(经验)你在曾在美国住过吗?No,Ihave

notbeenthereyet.没有,我还没在那儿住过呢。

Wehavebeeninthemuseumforthe

wholemorning.(继续)我们一上午一直在博物馆。注意

在have(has)beenin(to)…的句子中in(to)后面跟的是名词,如果是副词here,there则不用to,in。Wehavebeenthereforthewhole

morning.Haveyoubeenthere?

我们一上午一直在那里。你在那儿吗?be动词的过去分词be

动词的过去分词不管主语的人称和数,都用been表示。Wehave

beenhappythesedays.这些日子我们很高兴。

注意以下三个句子的区别:①Iambusy.我很忙。一般现在时②Iwasbusy.我过去很忙。一般过去时③Ihave

beenbusy.我一直很忙。现在完成时3

表示完成、结果的现在完成时Hehasjustcome

back.他刚刚回来。Ihaveclosedthe

door.我把门关上了。Mr.Lihasgoneto

Australia.李先生去澳大利亚了。

表示完成、结果意义的现在完成时是表示过去发生并结束的动作对现在产生的结果和影响。这种情况可分为下面两种情况:1.表示 “ 完成 ” 的用法

“完成”的意思为“刚做完……”或“做完了……”。表示过去开始的动作,现在刚刚结束,即说话之前刚刚结束。I’vejuststopped

reading.比较Istoppedreading

yesterday.昨天我没读书。

(只是指昨天,和现在无关,现在也许又在读书。)我刚刚停止.

现代大学英语(新版)Unit 8

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