初中宾语从句和定语从句讲解和小练习
宾语从句
一. 宾语从句的种类
宾语从句是一种名词性从句，在句中作及物动词的宾语，或介词的宾语，或
形容词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词，宾语从句可分为三类。
1. 由that引导的宾语从句。That只有语法作用，没有实在的意义，在口语
和非正式文体中可以省略。例如：
He said (that) he wanted to stay at home.
他说他想呆在家里。
She doesn’t know (that) she is seriously ill.
她并不知道她病得很严重。
I am sure (that) he will succeed.
我很确定他会成功。
自创：我知道他正在工作：
2. 由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, why, how引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。例如：
Do you know who (whom) they are waiting for?
你知道他们正在等谁吗？
He asked whose score was the highest.
他问谁的分数是最高的。
Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is?
你能告诉我，3路车站在哪吗？
I don’t know why the train is late.
我不知道为什么火车迟到了。
自创：老师问谁的父母还没来学校？
3. 由if或whether引导的宾语从句。If和whether在句中的意思是“是否”。例如：
I want to know if (whether) he lives there.
我想知道他是否住在那里。
He asked me whether (if) I could help him.
他问我，我是否给他给他提供帮助。
自创：他问我小李是否在家？
二. 宾语从句的语序
宾语从句的语序应为陈述句的语序。例如：
I hear (that) physics isn’t easy.
我听说物理不是那么简单。
I think (that) you will like this school .
我认为你将会喜欢这个学校
Please tell me when we’ll have the meeting.？
请告诉我我们什么时间开会？
三. 宾语从句的时态
1. 如果主句的时态是一般现在时，宾语从句该用什麽时态就用什麽时态。
如：
I don’t think (that) you are right.
我不认为你是正确的。
Please tell us where he is.
请告诉我们他在哪
Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station?
你能告诉我怎样去火车站吗？
2. 如果主句的时态是一般过去时，宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态。例如：He asked what time it was.
他问我现在几点了。
He told me that he was preparing for the sports meeting.
他告诉我他正在为运动会做准备。
He asked if you had written to Peter.
他问你是否已经写信给彼得了。
3. 如果宾语从句所陈述的是客观真理，其时态常用一般现在时。例如：
Our teacher said that January is the first month of the year.
我们老师说一月是每年的第一个月。
We all know that the earth goes around the sun.
我们都知道，地球随着太阳转。
【中考范例】
1 Miss Green didn’t tell us _______ in 2009.
A. where does she live
B. Where she lives
C. where did she live
D. where she lived
【解析】答案：D。该题考查的是宾语从句的语序和时态。宾语从句应用陈述句的语序和时态，所以应选D。
2.I don’t know when __________.
A. will the train leave
B. the train will leave
C. would the train leave
D. the train leave
【解析】答案：B。该题考查的是宾语从句的语序和时态。只有B在语序和时态上符合要求。
3.---We don’t know _____________.
---It is said that he was born in Sweden（瑞典）.
A. what he is
B. if he lives here
C. where he comes from
D. which country is he from
【解析】答案: C。该题考查的是宾语从句的语序。按照他们谈论的话题可知：他们说的是某人是哪里人。A和B可以排除掉。D的语序不对，只有C正确
O(∩_∩)O来练练吧
一、选择填空。
（）1. What did Mike say? He said ____________________.
A. if you are free the next week
B. what colour was it
C. the weather is fine
D. summer comes after spring
（）2. Tom asked my friend ________________.
A. where was he from
B. that the earth is bigger than the moon
C. when did he come back
D. not to be so angry
（）3. Let me tell you __________________.
A. how much is the car
B. how much does the car cost
C. how much did I pay for the car
D. how much I spent on the car
（）4. Peter knew _______________.
A. whether he has finished reading the book
B. why the boy had so many questions
C. there were 12 months in a year
D. when they will leave for Paris
（）6. She told me the sun ______ in the east(东方). rise（升起）
A. rise
B. rose
C. rises
D. had risen
定语从句
一、概念在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
。
二、定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that， whic h， who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where， when， why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
三、定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。
四、关系代词的用法
1. that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。（that作主语）
The coat （that） I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。（that作宾语）
2.which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。（作主语）
The film （which） we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。（作宾语）
3.who， whom用于指人，who 用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用wh o代替whom，也可省略。例如：
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。（作主语）
注意：（1）当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who， that， which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如：
This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
（2）含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例如：
This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。
（3）that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如：
The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。
（4）关系词只能用that的情况：
a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。
b.被修饰的先行词为all， any， much， many， everything， anything， non e， the one等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？
c.先行词被the only， the very， the same， the last， little， few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the roo m.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
e.主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.例如：
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
（5）关系词只能用which，而不用that 的情况：
a.先行词为that， those时，用which，而不用that.例如：
What’s that which is under the desk？在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？
b.关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that.例如：
This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。
c.引导非限制性定语从句，用which，而不用that.例如：
Tom came back， which made us happy. 汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。
五、关系副词的用法
（1）when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例如：
This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。
（2）where指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如：
This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。
（3）why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如：
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。
单项填空。
1. -Do you know the man ______is talking with your father？
-Yes，he’s our headmaster.
A. he
B. who
C. which
D. whom
2. Is this the river _____I can swim？
A. which
B. in which
C. that
D. the one
3. This is the best hotel in the city _____I know.
A. where
B. which
C. that
D. it
4. My watch is not the only thing ______ is missing.
A. that
B. it
C. which
D.who
5. The man ______coat is black is waiting at the gate
A. who’s
B. whose
C. that
D.of which.
6. The girl ______ is reading under the tree _____my sister.
A. which； is
B. whom； was
C. who； is
D. who； was
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