跨文化交际名词术语解释
1.Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international business
operations.
经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。
2.Macroculture :The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming one large
society.
宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。
3.Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and
nationlities.
熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。
4.Microcultures:cultures within cultures
微观文化：文化中的文化
5.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture
perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.
跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。
6.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the
behavior of a relatively large group of people.
文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。
7.Culture identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.
文化身份：指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。
8.Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and
distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.
亚文化:具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所形成的文化。
9.Subgroup are groups with the dominant culture does not agree and with which it has
communication problems.
亚群体:与主流文化不一致，并与主流文化有交际障碍的交际群体。
10.Rules may refers to socially agreed-on behavior or to individual guidelines for behavior.
规则:社会认同的行为或行为的个体原则。
11.Norms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken
carry a form of overt or covert penalty.
规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原则，这种不正确的行为一旦发生，就意味着一种显性或隐性的处罚。
12.Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society.
社会文化适应：人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程。
13.Acculturation refers to an individual’s learning and adopting the norms and values of the new
host culture.文化适应：人们学习适应新文化的社会规范和价值观的过程。
14.分隔和隔离separation and segregation refer to maintaining one’s original culture and not
participating in the new culture.
在文化适应过程中保留了原有文化，完全没有接受和习得新文化。
15.融合Integration takes place when individuals become an integral part of the new culture while
maintaining their cultural integrity integration ensures a continuity of culture.
在文化适应中人们成为新文化的一部分，同时又保留了自己文化的完整性。
16.同化Assimilation is the degree to which an individual relinquishes an original culture for
another .when individuals are assimilated into a mainstream culture,they lose their previous culture.
人们放弃原有文化，接受新文化的程度一旦被主流文化同化，人们就失去了原有的文化。
17.边缘化Marginalization or deculturation, refers to losing one’s cultural identity and not
having any psychological contact with the larger society.人们不仅失去自己原有的文化身份，而且与广大社会失去了心理联系。
18.文化震荡Culture shock refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter
when entering a different culture.人们在进入一种新文化环境时，遭遇的痛苦和难忘的经历。
19.信息源source is the person with an idea he orshe desires to communicate.
是具有交际需要和愿望的具体的人。
20.编码encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.
是指将思想转换成代码的行为过程。
21.信息message is the resulting object.是交流的内容，编码的结果
。
22.渠道channel是信息传递的手段。
23.干扰noise指任何会曲解信息源所要表达的信息的事情。
24.解码decoing信息接收者在积极参与交流的过程中对所接收到的符号信息赋予意义的过
程。
25.反馈feedback 指信息接收者的反应被信息源所了解的那一部分反应。
26.情境context交际发生的环境并且有助于解释交际内容的含义。
27.人际交际interpersonal communication: a small number of individuals who are interacting
exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretaions from them.指少数人之间的交往他们既能根据对方调整自己的信息，又能立即从对方那里获得解释。
28.内文化交际intracultural communication is defined as communication between and among
members of the same culture .指同一文化内某成员之间的交际，总的来说，同一种族，政治倾向宗教，或者具有同样兴趣的人们之间的交际。
29.国家间交际internation communication指国家和政府而非个人之间的交际，此种交际非常
正式和仪式化。
30.跨民族交际interthnic communication：refers to communication between people of the same
race ,but different ethnic backgrounds . 指同一种族，不同民族背景的人们之间的交际。31.跨种族交际interracial communication:occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging
messages are from different races that pertain to different physical characteristics.指信息源和信息来自不同的种族，种族具有不同的身体特征。
32.跨地区交际interregional communication:refers to the exchange of messages between
members of the dominant culture within a country.指一个国家内主流文化成员之间的信息交换过程。
33.世界观worldview:is the belief that we hold explaining the cosmos God,the nature of
humanityand nature.指我们持有的对宇宙，神，人本质及自然的最根本的看法
34.宗教religion refers to belief in and reverence for a supernatural power or powers regarded as
creator and governor of the universe. 对超自然力量宇宙创造者和控制者权力的相信与崇敬。
35.个人主义individualism:个人利益胜于集体利益，集体主义collectivism：个人融入集体
36.对不确定因素的回避态度：uncertainty avoidance deals with a society’s tolerance for
uncertainty and ambiguity ;it ultimately refers to man’s search for truth.是关于一个社会对不确定性和模棱两可的容忍程度。
37.权利距离power distance：组织或机构里边，没有权力的成员对于权力不均等分配接受和
期望的程度。
38.感觉sensation：is the neurological process by which people become aware of their
environmnent .人们意识到周围环境的神经过程。
39.低语境low context：交际过程中所产生的信息量的大部分由显性的语码负载，只有少量的
信息蕴含在隐性的环境和情景中。
40.高语境high versus：在人们交际时，有较多的信息量蕴含在社会文化环境和情景中，明显
的语码负载较少的信息量。
41.焦虑Anxiety occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that
feeling and not be totally present in the communication transaction.在新环境下人们不知如何应对，过多关注自己的情绪，不能全身心投入到交际中。
42.假定一致性：(1) To assume people know how someone else is thinking based on how they see
things is called projected cognitive similarity.
从自己看待事物的角度来判断别人的想法
(2)Assuming similarity instead of difference refers to the assumption that people are more
similar to you than they actually are or that another person's situation is more similar to you own situation than it in fact is.
43.定势stereotypes：refers to negative or positive judgment made about individuals based on any
observable or believed group membership.针对目标群体成员所特有的正面或方面的判断。44.偏见Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike,suspicion,or hatred of a particular
group,race,religion,or sexual orientation.
偏见是指对于某一特定群体，种类，宗教或性取向的无端的憎恶和怀疑。
45.种族主义是基于种族Racism isany policy,practice,belief,or attitude that attributes
characteristics or status to individuals based on their race.把性格特点或地位归因于个人的任意政策、做法、信仰或态度。
46.语言绝对论：Linguistic determinist is that language structure controls thought and cultural
norms.语言结构控制思维和文化。
47.语言相对论：Linguistic relativity holds that culture is controlled by and controls language.文化
由语言来决定，同时也决定语言。
48.言语交际Verbal intercultural communications happens when people from different cultural
backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.当来自不同文化背景的人们用语言进行交流时言语交际就发生了
49.禁忌语：Taboo refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people，
or in certain for religious or social reasons.在特定文化中出于宗教或社会原因被一特定群体所避免使用的一些词语或行为。
50.委婉语：Euphemism means the act of substituting a mild,indirect,or vague term for one
considered harsh,blunt,or offensive.指用温和的，间接的方式来代替严厉的，生硬的或冒犯的言语。
51.非言语信号：（狭义）noverbal communicate refers to intertional use of nonspoken symbol to
communicate a specific message .运用非言语符号传达特定信息的交际行为。（广义）refers to elements of the environment that communicate by virtue of people’s use of them.人们交际时运用的环境因素。
52.副语言：Paralanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interrupt
or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message是与口语交际有关，指说的速度，音高，和质量，这些要素会打断或临时取代语言并影响信息的语意表达.
53.
54.时间行为：Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time.是指研究人们如何看
待和使用时间。
55.时空行为：proxemics refers to the perception and use of space including territoriality and
personal space.指对空间的认知和使用时空进行沟通，包括地盘性和个人空间。
56.目光语：The study of communications sent by the eyes is termed oculesics.研究目光传递的交
流信息。
57.气味行为Olfactics：The study of communication via smell is called Olfactics对通过味道进行
交流的研究。
58.触觉行为Haptics:refers to communicating through the use of bodily context .通过身体接触来
进行交流。
59.身势语行为Kinesics：is the term used for communicating through various types of body
movements including facial expressions,gestures,posture and stance ,and other mannerisms that may accompany or replace oral messages.
指交际时所使用的不同类型的动作，包括表情，手势，姿势，和其他代替语言传达信息的行为举止。
60.色彩学Chromatics:r efers to the study of color use in affecting people’s mood,emotions,and
impression of others.指影响你的情绪，情感和对他人的印象的颜色的研究。
61.礼节Etiquette:refers to manners and behaviors considered acceptable in social and business
situation .在社会或商务往来中被认为可接受的行为举止。
62.良好的交际Competent communication：as interaction that is perceived as effective in
fulfillingcertain rewarding objectives in a way that is also appropriate to the context in which the interaction occurs.指的是以一种适合交际发生场景的方式来完成一定的有回报的目标的有效交际。
63.跨文化能力intercultural competence:refers to the ability to understand and adapt to the target
culture;in another word,it refers to the sensitivity to cultural diversity,i.e,the ablity to behave in an appropriate way and to regulate one’s communication and interaction according to the context.
指理解和适应目标文化的能力，指对文化多样性的敏感性，也就是根据具体的交际环境选择恰当的得体行为调整交际与交往的能力。
64.跨文化交际能力包括：involves cognition affect and behavior ,which are inseparable in reality.
认知能力，情感能力，行为能力，事实上他们是密不可分的。
65.认知Cognition:The cognitive aspects of intercultural communication competence are the
mental capacities of comprehension and ability to understand the meaning of various verbal and nonverbal codes.指的是思维的理解力和理解各种言语和非言语交际的能力。
66.情感Feelings:refers to the emotional or affective states that you experience when
communicating with someone from a different culture.当你和来自其他文化的人进行交际的时候，你所经历的情感状态
67.目的Intentions:are what guide your choices in a particular intercultural interaction.指引你如何
进行一个特定的跨文化交际。
68.行动Action:refer to the actual performance of those behaviors that are regarded as appropriate
and effective.指交际的适当而有效的行为表现。
69.移情Empathy:being able to see and feel things from other people’s points of view能够以他人
的观点看待和感受事情。
英国文学名词解释
Allegory is a tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. Thus, an allegory is a story with two meaning, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. Bildungsroman: a novel that traces the initiation, development, and education of a young person. Examples are Dickens’s David Copperfield and James Joyce’s Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Byronic hero is a character-type found in Byron’s narrative Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. He is a boldly defiant but bitterly self-tormenting outcast, proudly contemptuous of social norms but suffering for some unnamed sin. Emily Bronte’s Heath cliff is a later example. Conceit: a kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. A conceit usually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit, used by certain 17th-century poets, such as John Donne.. Comedy of manners is a kind of comedy representing the complex and sophisticated code of behavior current in fashionable circles of society, where appearances count for more than true moral character. Its humor relies chiefly on elegant verbal wit and repartee. In England, the comedy of manners flourished as the dominant form of Restoration comedy in the works of Etheredge, Wycherley and Congreve. It was revived in a more subdued form in the 1770s by Goldsmith and Sheridan, and later by Oscar Wilde. An epic is a long narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating and celebrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the past history of a nation. Epiphany(顿悟）: a sudden revelation of truth about life inspired by a seemingly trivial incident Heroic couplet is the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. Intrusive narrator: an omniscient narrator who, in addition to reporting the events of a novel’s story, offers further comments on characters and events, and who sometimes reflects more generally upon the significance of the story. Iambic pentameter: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry. Metaphysical poetry: the poetry of John Donne and other 17th-century poets who wrote in a similar style. It is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas . Metaphysical Poetry Metaphysical Poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets try to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. They are characterized by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form. John Donne is the lead ing figure of the “metaphysical school.” Naturalism: a post--Darwinian movement of the late 19th century that tried to apply the laws of scientific determinism to fiction. The naturalists went beyond the realists’ insistence on the objective presentation of the details of everyday life to insist that the materials of literature
英国文学名词解释
课件上找的 1)classicism 2)realism 3)sentimentalism 1.Epic: 史诗 A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral form and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down. 2.Alliteration: 头韵 A rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）. 3.Kenning:比喻的复合辞(=metaphor) A figurative, usually compound expression used in place of a name or noun, especially in Old English and Old Norse poetry; for example, storm of swords is a kenning for battle. 4.Understatement: expressing something in a controlled way. 5.Romance:传奇 A long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. 6.Renaissance文艺复兴（欧洲14至16世纪） Renaissance in European history, refers to the period between 14th century to 17th century. “Renaissance” means “revival”, the revival of interest in and getting rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introducing new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie. The Renaissance, which means “rebirth” or “revival”, is actually an intellectual
英国文学名词解释及课后答案
名词解释 Renaissance:The Renaissance indicates a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world. Sonnet: A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter and most often in one of the two rhyme schemes: the Italian(or Petrarchan) or Shakes pearean ( or English ). A sonnet is a 14-line poem with a specific rhyme scheme and meter .It has two main forms :the shakespearean sonnet and the Italian sonnet. Shakespeare Sonnet: a lyric with three quatrains and one couplet, rhyming ababcdcdefefgg, consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme. A Shakespearean sonnet consists of fourteen lines written in iambic pentameter, in which a pattern of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable is repeated five times. The rhyme scheme in a Shakespearean sonnet is a-b-a-b, c-d-c-d, e-f-e-f, g-g; the last two lines are a rhyming couplet. Enlightenment: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & science (the 18th century) The Age of Enlightenment (also called the Age of Reason) refers to the 18th_ century England.The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement.It celebrated reason (rationality), equality, science and human beings’ ability to perfect themselves and their society and it aimed to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern ,philosophical and artistic ideas. Romanticism: it flourished in literature, philosophy, music, and art in Western culture during most if the nineteenth century, beginning as a revolt against classicism. In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace. Dramatic monologue: A kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in poem. The occasion is a crucial one in the speaker’s life, and the dramatic monologue reveals the speaker’s personality as
房地产开发名词解释
如何进行房地产定位 定位是在房地产领域被较多提及的概念，产品定位，客户层定位，营销主题定位等等，几乎涉及房地产营运过程中的每个节点。 那么究竟什么是定位？按照里斯、特劳特在《定位》中所讲的，定位就是在预期客户头脑里如何独树一帜。说白了，定位就是要在你的目标客户头脑里找到一个位置。信息的过度传播，使人们接受信息的模式由“累积”模式转变为“替代”模式，没有一个独特的支撑点，你在消费者头脑中记忆的阶梯上是站不住脚的。 《定位》中提到定位的四个步骤： A：调研；B：细分市场；C：选择目标市场；D：定位。 这四个步骤不是专门针对房地产提出的，但我觉得可以借鉴过来，重新省思我们定位的过程，一定会大有斩获。 一、在定位进行之前我们第一步要做的是调研 在调研中所做的最重要的是客户调研，因为我们的产品最终是要卖给消费者，消费者的需求是我们唯一的标准。要了解消费者现在住得怎样，有什么满意和不满意的地方，他们希冀得到什么样的生活，憧憬什么，能接受什么样的生活方式等等。灵感的产生也许就是和这个过程息息相关，不知不觉中有了定位的依据、轮廓。 二、细分市场 人以类聚，物以群分。对于复杂的房地产市场也是一样，我们必须对这一市场进行细分。找出细分市场的标准。比如以档次来分，是要挤占中端市场，还是角逐高端市场；以建筑风格来分，是要凸显外国风格，还是要表现中国风格，是展示现代的，还是承传古典的；以客户群来分，客户是以中年人为重点，还是以老年人为主；以产品类型来分，是做多层，高层，别墅，还是酒店式公寓等等。根据不同的标准就会划分出不同的市场。 三、选择目标市场 市场细分之后，各个子市场就清晰地显现出来了，这时再根据地段条件，开发能力，运作实力等选择一个适合自己的开发市场。有一些项目做得不成功就是没有选定目标市场，总是希望产品能做多种类型，能涵盖不同的客户，这是不切合实际的。实践证明，一个楼盘只能专注特定的产品满足特定的客户。 四、定位 选定了目标市场，接下来就可以定位了。定位的目的是给市场一个可人的印象，所宣传的主题要能引起人们的兴趣，有较高的参与度。定位的概念形成以后，在接下来的一段时间内，应持续不断地对项目加以宣传，而不应在短时间内随意改变，随意变动会让消费者无所适从，而且会加大宣传的成本，使以前的宣传积累耗掉。 定位的基本步骤是这样，但不是一成不变的。这个顺序也可以倒过来。比如有时我们先有一个定位概念，想做一个细分市场，但心里没有底，不知道是否可行，我们就要倒过来做，最后做市场调研，做消费者调研，来验证概念的可行性，市场的容量有多大。 两个相反的过程代表了两种截然不同的市场行为。按正常的顺序是项目定位必须要植根于消费者，适应市场；按反常的思路是以开发商为主体，引导市场。有时觉得引导市场似乎更具竞争力，更具前瞻性，但其前期费用也许会加重一点。 知道了如何定位，但到底要定位什么呢？ 在制造品牌差异时，有三大元素可以运用： A：我为谁而生？B：我是谁？C：为什么买我？ 宝洁旗下的四大洗发水中的潘婷、海飞丝、飘柔三种都是运用了C元素：为什么买我？如潘婷的产品理念是为健康闪亮的，唯他命B5等等。而其中的沙宣则是运用了B元素：我是谁？我是引导全球头发时尚的专家。运用不同于其它洗发精的元素，使沙宣在洗发精类别
(完整版)英国文学名词解释
①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄). ②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation. ③Romance:The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths. ④Epic:An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics. ⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》). ⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里?乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. ⑦【William Langland威廉?朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】
英国文学中的名词解释
Part One: Early and Medieval English Literature 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story 4. Ballad（名词解释） 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet) 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释) Part Two: The English Renaissance 8. The Authorized Version of English Bible and its significance9. Renaissance（名词解释） 10.Thomas More??Utopia 11. Sonnet（名词解释） 12. Blank verse（名词解释） 13. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene”; Amoretti (collection of his sonnets) Spenserian Stanza（名词解释） 15. Christopher Marlowe (“Doctor Faustus” and his achievements) Beowulf is an Old English heroic epic poem of unknown authorship, dating as recorded in the Nowell Codex manuscript from between the 8th[1] to the early 11th century,[2] and relates events described as having occurred in what is now Denmark and Sweden. Commonly cited as one of the most important works of Anglo-Saxon literature, Beowulf has been the subject of much scholarly study, theory, speculation, discourse, and, at 3182 lines, has been noted for its length. 3 Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a late 14th-century Middle English alliterative romance outlining an adventure of Sir Gawain, a knight of King Arthur's Round Table. In the tale, Sir Gawain accepts a challenge from a mysterious warrior who is completely green, from his clothes and hair to his beard and skin. The "Green Knight" offers to allow anyone to strike him with his axe if the challenger will take a return blow in a year and a day. Gawain accepts, and beheads him in one blow, only to have the Green Knight stand up, pick up his head, and remind Gawain to meet him at the appointed time 4 A ballad is a poem usually set to music; thus, it often is a story told in a song[1]. Any myth form may be told as a ballad, such as historical accounts or fairy tales in verse form. It usually has foreshortened, alternating four-stress lines ("ballad meter") and simple repeating rhymes, often with a refrain 5
房地产专业术语(名词解释)
十一、房地产专业术语 1、问：什么是商品房？ 答：是指在市场经济条件下，通过出让方式取得土地使用权后开发建设的房屋，均按市场价出售。商品房根据其销售对象的不同，可以分为外 销商品房和内销商品房两种。 2、问：什么是外销房？ 答：外销商品房是由房地产开发企业建设的，取得了外销商品房预（销）售许可证的房屋，外销商品房可以出售给国内外（含港、澳、台）的 企业，其他组织和个人。 3、问：什么是内销房？ 答：内销商品房是由房地产开发企业建设的，取得了商品房销售许可证的房屋，内销商品房可以出售给当地企事业单位和居民。 4、问：什么是复式住宅？ 答：复式住宅是受跃层式住宅启发而创造设计的一种经济型住宅。这类住宅在建造上仍每户占有上下两层，实际是在层高较高的一层楼中增建 一个1.2米的夹层，两层合计的层高要大大低于跃层式住宅（复式为 3.3米，而一般跃层为5.6米），复式住宅的下层供起居用，炊事、进 餐、洗浴等，上层供休息睡眠和贮藏用，户内设多处入墙式壁柜和楼 梯，中间楼板也即上层的地板。因此复式住宅具备了省地、省工、省 料又实用的特点，特别适合子三代、四代同堂的大家庭居住，既满足 了隔代人的相对独立，又达到了相互照应的目的。 5、问：什么是跃层式住宅？ 答：跃层式住宅是近年来推广的一种新颖住宅建筑形式。这类住宅的特点是，内部空间借鉴了欧美小二楼独院住宅的设计手法，住宅占有上下 两层楼面，卧室、起居室、客厅、卫生间、厨房及其它辅助用房可以 分层布置，上下层之间的交通不通过公共楼梯而采用户内独用小楼梯 联接。跃层式住宅的优点是每户都有二层或二层合一的采光面，即使 朝向不好，也可通过增大采光面积弥补，通风较好，户内居住面积和 辅助面积较大，布局紧凑，功能明确，相互干扰较小。
英国文学史名词解释
1. Ballad(民谣) A ballad originally is a song intended as an accompaniment to a dance or a popular song. In the relatively recent sense, now most widely used, a ballad is a single, spirited poem in short stanzas, in which some popular story is graphically narrated. The ingredients of ballads usually include a refrain, stock descriptive phrases, and simple, terse dialogue. 2. Alliteration(头韵) It refers to a repeated initial consonant to successive words and it is the most striking feature in its poetic form. In alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound. There are generally 4 accents in a line, three of which show alliteration, and it is the initial sound of the third accented syllable that normally determiners the alliteration. In old English verse, alliteration is not an unusual or expressive phenomenon but a regular recurring structural feature of the verse. 3. Sonnet (十四行诗) It is a poem of 14 lines (of 11 syllables in Italian and 10 in English), typically in rhymed iambic pentameter. Sonnets characteristically express a single theme or idea. The sonnet was introduced to England by Sir T. Wyatt and developed Henry Howard (Earl of Surrey) and was thereafter widely used notably in the sonnet sequences of Shakespeare, Sidney, and Spenser. 4. Tragedy(悲剧) The word is applied broadly to dramatic works in which events move to a fatal or disastrous conclusion. It is concerned with the harshness and apparent injustice of life. Often the hero falls from power and his eventual death leads to the downfall of others. The tragic action arouses feelings of awe in the audience. 5. Lyric(抒情诗) As a genre, it was the tradition of popular song flourishing in all the medieval literatures of Western Europe. In England lyric poems flourished in the Middle English period, and in the 16th century, heyday of humanism. This tradition was enriched by the direct imitation of ancient models. During the next 200 years the links between poetry and music was gradually broken, and the term “lyric” came to be applied to short poems expressive of a poet’s thoughts or feelings. 6. Epic(史诗) It is a poem that celebrates in the form of a continuous narrative the achievements of one or more heroic personages of history or tradition. Among the great epics of the world may be mentioned the Iliad, Odyssey, Aeneid, and Paradise Lost. 7. Renaissance(文艺复兴) The word “renaissance” means rebirth or revival. It is commonly applied to the movement or period of great flowering of art, architecture, politics, and the study of literature, usually seen as the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Modern worn world. It came about under the influence of Greek and Roman models. It began in Italy in the late 14th century, reached the highest development in the early 16th century, and spread to the rest of Europe in the 15th century and afterwards. Its emphasis was humanist: that is , on regarding the human figure and reason without a necessary relating of it to the superhuman.
英国文学名词术语解释(已整理版)
Iambic pentameter is a commonly used type of metrical line in traditional English poetry and verse drama. The term describes the rhythm that the words establish in that line, which is measured in small groups of syllables called "feet". The word "iambic" refers to the type of foot that is used, known as the iamb, which in English is an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. The word "pentameter" indicates that a line has five of these "feet". Iambic rhythms come relatively naturally in English. Iambic pentameter is the most common meter in English poetry; it is used in many of the major English poetic forms, including blank verse, the heroic couplet, and some of the traditional rhymed stanza forms. William Shakespeare used iambic pentameter in his plays and sonnets. Allegory Allegories are typically used as literary devices or rhetorical devices that convey hidden meanings through symbolic figures, actions, imagery, and/or events, which together create the moral, spiritual, or political meaning the author wishes to convey. Epic(史诗) An epic is a long oral narrative poem that operates on a grand scale and deals with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance .Most epics deal with the exploits of a single individual and also interlace the main narrative with myths, legends, folk tales and past events; there is a composite effect, the entire culture of a country cohering in the overall experience of the poem . Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history. 简史P39Blank verse is poetry written in regular metrical but unrhymed lines, almost always iambic pentameters.[1] It has been described as "probably the most common and influential form that English poetry has taken since the 16th century"[2] and Paul Fussell has estimated that "about three-quarters of all English poetry is in blank verse."[3]Christopher Marlowe was the first English author to make full use of the potential of blank verse. The major achievements in English blank verse were made by William Shakespeare. Blank verse, of varying degrees of regularity, has been used quite frequently throughout the 20th century in original verse and in translations of narrative verse. Ode(颂歌) Long, often elaborate formal lyric poem of varying line lengths dealing with a subject matter and treating it reverently. It aims at