【良心出品】环境工程专业英语第二版课后习题答案
钟理主编环境工程专业英语课后习题
Unit 1 (P.4)
1 Based on Reading Material, put the following into Chinese.
life expectancy ：耐用期限，平均寿命
poverty-stricken ：贫穷的，贫困的，贫乏的
smog-laden air ：烟雾弥漫的天空，烟雾缭绕的空气，阴霾天气
global conditions ：全球状况
haves and have-nots ：富人和穷人
underprivileged ：社会地位低下的，相对贫困的，生活水平低下的，弱势的
savanna ：热带大草原，稀树草原
predator ：食肉动物，捕食者
environmental disruptions ：环境破坏，环境失调
2 Put the following into English.
农药—pesticide / agricultural chemicals (including: pesticide, germicide, herbicide)
化肥—chemical fertilizer
有机废物—organic wastes
微生物—microorganism / microbe
衰减—attenuation
阻滞的—retardant / blocking
稀释—dilution
添加剂—additive
合成塑料—synthetic plastic
再生—regeneration
Unit 3 (P.19)
1 Put the following into Chinese.
(1) Raw materials that lose their usefulness because they sit on the shelf too long become waste. 原材料放置过久会失去它们本身性能而变成废弃物。
(2) Poor cleaning of parts or inadequate dragout time will reduce the usefulness of the process chemicals, increase the cost of waste disposal, and the cost of chemical replacement.
不良的零件清洗或者不充分的接触时间将减少工艺过程中化学品的有用性，增加处理废弃物的费用以及替换化学药品的费用。
(3) Lockheed successfully switched from an alkaline cyanide cadmium bath to an acidic noncyanide cadmium bath.
洛克希德（公司）成功地将碱性氰化镉溶液槽改变为酸性不含氰化镉的溶液槽。
(4) Do not try to reinvent the wheel. Develop networking partners to share ideas.
不要进行重复研究。发展网络伙伴以分享思想。
3 Put the following into Chinese.
Waste reduction/waste/minimization: 减少废物/废弃物/最小化
In-process: 工程内，进程内
Housekeeping: 维持管理
Equipment modification landfills: 设备改造，填埋
Biodegradable solvents: 可生物降解溶剂
Volatile chemicals: 挥发性化学品
Management commitment: 管理层的承诺
Unit4
1.Put the following into Chinese.
Precision and accuracy 精密度和准确度
bulk collection 散装收集
matrix material 基质
analytical sequence 分析序列
multivariate statistics 多元统计
interactive effect 互动效应
insofar adv. 在…的范围；在…情况下overall analytical scheme 整体分析方案
2.Put the following into English.
灵敏度sensitivity
采样sampling
真实时间actual time
样品预处理sample pretreatment
稳定性stability
曲线拟和Curve fit
吸附adsorption
累积accumulate
分析评价analysis evaluation
物理分离physical Separation
因次图Dimensional diagram
标准方差Standard variance
Unit 5 (P.34)
1 Put the following words or phrase into Chinese.
primary pollutant 一次大气污染物
secondary pollutant 二次大气污染物
air stagnation 空气流动停滞，大气停滞
nitrous oxide 一氧化二氮(N2O)
nitric oxide 一氧化氮(NO)
nitrogen dioxide 二氧化氮(NO2)
soot 煤烟
dust 灰尘
smog 烟雾
ozone 臭氧
herbicide 除草剂
pesticide 杀虫剂/ 农药
2 Put the following into English.
正常浓度normal concentration
严重污染的serious polluted / heavily polluted
决定因素determining factor
光化学氧化物photochemical oxidant
液体微滴liquid droplet
放射性物质radioactive substance
不完全氧化incomplete oxidization / incomplete combustion
含硫的sulfur-containing
风化wind erosion / weathering
汽车尾气automobile exhaust
Unit 6 (P.40)
1 Put the following into Chinese
(1) The most severe sequence of CO2 induced global warning would be melting of the polar
ice-caps and the subsequent rise of ocean levels and inundation of coastal plains.
由CO2 所引起的全球变暖的最严重后果是极地冰帽的熔化，以及随之而来的海平面上升所引发的沿海平原的洪水。
(2) Although global warming from the already elevated levels of atmospheric CO2 has been predicted by most climatic models, such a warming has not been empirically observed.
虽然大多数气候模型已经预测大气中CO2 浓度的增加将引起全球变暖，但对于这样的气候变暖还没有实证观察过。
(3) Although they indicate trends in average surface temperatures and climate, they unfortunately coincide with increased industrialization and pollution.
尽管这些资料表明了平均地面温度和气候的趋势，但不幸的是，恰恰遇上了这段时期内日益增强的工业化和污染。
2 Put the following into English.
温室效应effect of greenhouse
由二氧化碳引起的caused by CO2
世界碳预算world carbon budget
天气的自然波动natural fluctuations in climate
全球变暖global warming
厌氧的anaerobic
甲烷methane
臭氧层ozonosphere
气候模型climatic models
腐烂decay
Unit 7 (P.47)
3 Put the following into English.
出口outlet
多管高效旋风分离器multitube high-efficiency cyclone
合成纤维synthetic fabric
捕集效率collection efficiency
机械洗涤mechanical scrubbing
压力降pressure drop
焚化炉incinerator
气体离子gas ion
捕集板collection surface
碳黑carbon black
Unit 8 (P.52)
1 Put the following into English.
尾气off-gas
可应用性applicability
工业规模full-scale
土壤床soil bed
生物过滤器biofilter
固定资本fixed capital
易生物降解的easily biodegraded
2 Put the following into Chinese.
VOC 挥发性有机化合物
APC 大气污染控制
Regulatory program 调整项目
Financial support 财政支持
Operating cost 操作成本
Biodegradation capacity 生物降解能力
Environmental media 环境介质
Biological 生物学的
Technologies 技术、工艺
Inorganic air pollutants 无机大气污染物
Unit 10 (P.66)
1 Put the following into Chinese.
treatment facilities 处理设备
per capita per day 每人每天
municipality 市政当局, 自治市
population equivalent 人口当量
basement flooding 地下室浸水
runoff 排水
domestic sewage 生活污水
type of terrain 地形种类
Unit 11 (P.73)
1 According to Reading Material, put the following into Chinese. unpalatable 味道差的
volatile chemicals 挥发性的化学药品
scale in hot pipes 热水管积垢
harbor pathogens 窝藏病原体
precipitate 使沉淀
turbid 混浊的
intermittent sources 间歇的污染源
fixtures 固定设备
2 According to Reading Material, put the following into English. 合成有机化合物synthetic organic compound
微生物性能microbiological properties
普遍接受universal acceptance
食品加工food processing
精馏rectification
蒸发和冷凝evaporation and condensation
土壤腐蚀erosion of soil
过滤作用percolating/ filtration
副产品byproduct
脱盐desalination
Unit 12 (P.81)
1 According to Reading Material, put the following into Chinese. land disposal 掩埋处置
fecal coliform 粪大肠菌群
stringent effluent requirement 严格的废水排放要求
assimilation capacity 同化能力
practical outlets 可行的排出途径，现实出路
aquatic life 水生生物
detrimental to human health 对人体健康有害的
endogenous phase 内源〔生长〕期
Unit 13 (P.89)
1 Based on Reading Material, put the following into Chinese. flow monitoring 流量监测
equipment age and reliability 装备老化及其可靠性
mechanistic facilities 机械设备
microbial activity 微生物活性
activated sludge 活性污泥
controlling respiration 控制呼吸
oxidation ditches 氧化沟
on-line automation 在线自动〔监测〕
2 Based on Reading Material, put the following into English.
手动控制operator control/ manual control
最优化minimize the effects
微处理器microprocessor
统计分析statistical analysis
质量衡算mass balance
动力学dynamics
氧化还原oxidation and reduction /redox
停留时间residence time
模拟simulation
参数parameter
水解hydrolysis
积分integral
Unit14
1.Put the following into Chinese.
biological degradation 生物降解;
equalization basin 稳定糖; 均化池; 调节池; 均质池aeration basin 曝气池；曝气塘；通气池
sludge flocs 污泥絮体
setting tank 固体沉降槽；硬化槽
dissolved oxygen 溶解氧
biofilm 生物膜；菌膜n.
suspended-growth 悬浮生长
Unit18
1.Put the following sentences into English.
(1)饮食废物的重要特点在于它具有易腐烂性，尤其在温暖天气里，会极快地腐烂。
Food waste important characteristic is that it is easy to decay resistance, especially in warm weather, can very quickly decay.
(2)除了在家庭产生饮食废物外，在自助食堂、饭馆、医院和监狱等机构，以及诸如批发、
零售等食品市场，均会产生大量的废物。
In addition to family produces food waste outside, in the cafeteria restaurant hospitals and prisons institutions, such as wholesale and retail and food market, all can produce a lot of waste.
Unit20
1. Put the following sentences into English.
(1)在野餐地、公园及其他公共场地随意丢弃纸张、塑料、食品包装盒、瓶子等是另一种常
见的污染行为。
In the picnic, parks and other public site discarded paper, plastics, food packaging, bottles, etc is another common pollution behavior.
(2)把废物粉碎成碎块可以使其体积减少33%左右。
The waste shattered into pieces can make the volume reduced by 33% or so.
Unit21
1.Put the following into Chinese.
well-compacted landfill 压实得很好的垃圾填埋场
pulverized refuse 粉状的拒绝
fluidized bed incineration流化床焚烧
wet oxidation 湿法氧化
anaerobic digestion 厌氧消化
nutrient source 营养源
oil conditioners 石油空调
mass-burning 质量燃烧
municipal waste 城市垃圾；城市废物；城市废料
Notes
1.for managerial and administrative reasons 行政管理上的原因
2.stacks of generating stations 许多发电站
3.waterborne diseases 水污染的疾病
4.sophisticated chemical or physical analysis高级的化学或物理分析。
5.Since airborne particles can be inhaled,surface predominance can result in high
localized concentrations of chemical species at the points of particle deposition in the lung.由于可以吸入空气中的颗粒，表面控制可以导致肺部颗粒沉积点化学物质局部浓度升高。
6.While not one of the analysis normally performed by analytical
chemists,determination of the availability of a chemical species is often necessary.虽然分析化学家并不可能正常地做出每一种分析，但是确定化学物质的种类通常是必要的。
https://www.360docs.net/doc/bd18497714.html,boratory-scale simulation 实验室的规模。
8.The geographic location of some heavily populated cities,such as Los Angeles and
Mexico City,makes them particularly susceptible to frequent air stagnation and pollution buildup.一些人口非常稠密的城市的地理位置，例如洛杉矶和墨西哥城的地理位置，使得他们经常特别易受空气流动停滞的污积物增加的影响。
9.By themselves,measured concentration stell us nothing about the danger caused by
pollutants,because threshold levels,synergy,and biological magnification are also determining factors.测量的浓度自身并未告诉我们有关污染物造成的危害的信息，因为临界浓度，协同作用和生物放大效应都是决定因素。
10.Fabric filters usually provide very high collection efficiencies ,exceeding 99.5%, at
pressure drops usually ranging from 4 to 6 inches of water.布袋过滤器经常提供超过
99.5%的很高的捕集效率，压力降一般在4-6英寸水柱。
11.The method of removal consists of passing the particle-laden gas through and
electrostatic field produced by a high-voltage electrode and grounded collection surface.
去除方法包括使载满微粒的气体通过由一个高压电极和接地捕集表面产生的静电区域。
12.In fact, few environmental professionals in this country appear to be aware that
“biofiltration,”i.e.,the biological removal of air contaminants from off-gas streams in a soild phase reactor, is now a well established air pollution control (APC)technology in several European countries,most notably The Netherlands and Germany.实际上，这个国家几乎没有环境的专家似乎意识到在好几个欧洲国家（最显著的是荷兰和德国），“生物过滤”，即从固相反应器气流中空气污染物的生物去除法，是一种充分确立的空气污染控制技术。
13.The experience in Europe have demonstrated that biofiltration has economic and other
advantages over existing APC technologies, particularly if applied to off-gas streams that contain only low concentrations(typically less than 1000 ppm as methane)of air pollutants that are easily biodegraded.欧洲的经验已经证明，生物过滤较已有的空气污染技术有着经济的和其他方面的优越性，特别是用于仅含有低浓度（典型地是甲烷浓度小于1000ppm）易生物降解的空气污染物的尾气。
14.While soil beds have been shown to control certain types of ordors and VOCefficiently
and at fairly low capital and operating cost, their use in the U.S. has been limited by the low biodegradation capacity of soils and the correspondingly large space requirements for the deds. 虽然已证实土壤床可用相当低的投资和操作费用来控制某些类型的臭气和挥发性有机化合物，但是，土壤的低生物降解能力和相当大的占地要求限制了土壤床在美国的应用。
15.phosphorous 亚磷的（三价磷）phosphorous acid亚磷酸phosphoric 磷的（五价磷）
16.carbonates,bicarbonates 碳酸盐，碳酸氢盐
17.carbohydrates 碳水化合物
18.TOC(total organic carbon) 总有机碳
19.COD(chemical oxygen demand) 化学需氧量
20.BOD(biological oxygen demand) 生化需氧量
21.biodegradable organics 可生物降解的有机物
22.whatever the approach , it must be remembered that energy is required to lift water or
to pump it through a filter.不论采取哪一种方法，必须记住，提升水或用泵将水输送通过
过滤床都需要能量。
23.primary treatment
24.secondary treatment
25.trickling filter滴滤池
26.tertiary or advanced treatment三级或高级处理
27.unit operations单元操作
28.Coagulation/flocculation is a chemical-physical procedure whereby particles too small
for practical removal by plain sedimentation are destabilized and clustered together for faster settling.混凝/絮凝法是一种化学物理过程，那些太小的用普通沉降法不能去除的颗粒具有在这个过程中失去稳定性能成团的特点，从而能较快的沉淀。
29.chlorination氯化（消毒）
30.The primary clarifier is used for removal of grit, oily and fatty material and gross solid
material, while the equalization basin is used to dampen wastewater flow variations and to provide more uniform organic loading to the activated sludge system.预净化池用来处理沙砾、油和脂肪以及总固体物，而均质池则对废水流率的变化进行缓冲同时使活性污泥系统的有机负荷更加均匀。
31.This is partly the result of the fact that recirculation of the biomass, which is an integral
part of the process ,allows microorgnisms to adapt to changes in wastewater composition with a relatively short acclimation time and also allows a greater degree of control over the acclimated bacterial population.这部分是基于生物质循环这一结果，生物质循环是整个工艺的一部分，它可以使微生物在相对较短的驯化时间内适应废水组分的变化，并能在较大程度上控制驯化菌的数量。
32.The end-products,i.e.,alcohols and acids, from those reactions will enter the
microorganism and be metabolized by oxidation reactions catalyzed by endo-enzymes.通过这些反应的最终产品即乙醇和酸进入微生物体内并经胞内酶催化氧化被代谢。
33.Dissolved metal ions and fine metal particles produce an adverse effect on microbial
metabolism by blinding at the enzyme-active site or causing conformational changes in the enzyme with activated sludge process.溶解的金属离子和细小的金属微粒通过结合于酶的活性位而对微生物的新陈代谢产生不利的影响，或在活性污泥处理过程中导致酶的构象变化。
34.Although any number of source classifications can be developed, the following categories
have been found useful.虽然已有许多废物来源的分类法，但以下的分类法是很有价值的。
35.As a basis for subsequent discussions, it will be helpful to define the various types of
solid wastes that are generated.作为以下讨论的基础，定义所产生的各种固体废物是有帮助的。
36.In the case of some mineral extractive industries industries such as deep mined coal,
china clay and ironstone, there is shorage on the working site as spoil heaps, but this is waste deposition rather than disposal.对某些矿物冶炼工业部门，如深井采煤、采瓷土与采铁矿，常常在工地设置堆积存放场，但这只是废物存放而不是处理。
37.Another pretreatment waste technique is incineration , while involves combustion in a
furnace at a temperature between 950and 1100C to minimize corrosion and the emission of odours.另一种预处理废物的方法是焚烧，此方法是在温度处于950-1100C之间的熔炉中燃烧，以减少腐烂和气味的产生。
38.Also it is possible to use the heat energy produced for augmenting electrical generation
or district heating,and this is already being carried out in some countries.而且可哟用产生的热能来增加发电量或用于地区取暖，并且这已经正在某些国家应用。
39.It has been estimated that if all the household and trade refuse collected in the UK in
1974 had been incinerated and the heat used ,this could have saved energy equivalent to 6M tones of coal.据估计，如果1974年英国所收集的家庭和交易市场的垃圾全部焚烧并且热能都加以利用，则可节约相当于600万吨煤的能量。
40.cover material 包装、封面类材料
41.The newer municipal incinerators are usually the continuously burning type, and many
have “waterwall’construction in the combustion chamber in place of the older,more common refractory lining.较新的城市焚烧炉通常都是连续燃烧型，在燃烧室内很多都带有“水墙”式结构，取代了陈旧的通常难以处理的衬里。
https://www.360docs.net/doc/bd18497714.html,posting is the aerobic decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms,parimarily
bacteria and fungi.堆肥处理是有机物的微生物厌氧降解过程，微生物主要是细菌和真菌。
43.windrow systems 风干系统
工程力学 课后习题答案
4-1 试求题4-1图所示各梁支座的约束力。设力的单位为kN ，力偶矩的单位为kN ?m ，长度 单位为m ，分布载荷集度为kN/m 。(提示：计算非均布载荷的投影和与力矩和时需应用积分)。 解： (b)：(1) 整体受力分析，画出受力图(平面任意力系)； (2) 选坐标系Axy ，列出平衡方程； 0: 0.40 0.4 kN x Ax Ax F F F =-+==∑ ()0: 20.80.5 1.60.40.720 0.26 kN A B B M F F F =-?+?+?+?==∑ 0: 20.50 1.24 kN y Ay B Ay F F F F =-++==∑ 约束力的方向如图所示。 A B C D 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.7 2 (b) A B C 1 2 q =2 (c) M=3 30o A B C D 0.8 0.8 0.8 20 0.8 M =8 q =20 (e) A B C D 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.7 2 F B F Ax F A y y x
(c)：(1) 研究AB 杆，受力分析，画出受力图(平面任意力系)； (2) 选坐标系Axy ，列出平衡方程； 2 ()0: 3320 0.33 kN B Ay Ay M F F dx x F =-?-+??==∑? 2 0: 2cos300 4.24 kN o y Ay B B F F dx F F =-?+==∑? 0: sin300 2.12 kN o x Ax B Ax F F F F =-==∑ 约束力的方向如图所示。 (e)：(1) 研究C ABD 杆，受力分析，画出受力图(平面任意力系)； (2) 选坐标系Axy ，列出平衡方程； 0: 0x Ax F F ==∑ 0.8 ()0: 208 1.620 2.40 21 kN A B B M F dx x F F =??++?-?==∑? 0.8 0: 20200 15 kN y Ay B Ay F dx F F F =-?++-==∑? 约束力的方向如图所示。 4-16 由AC 和CD 构成的复合梁通过铰链C 连接，它的支承和受力如题4-16图所示。已知 均布载荷集度q =10 kN/m ，力偶M =40 kN ?m ，a =2 m ，不计梁重，试求支座A 、B 、D 的约束力和铰链C 所受的力。 A B C 1 2 q =2 M=3 30o F B F Ax F A y y x dx 2?dx x A B C D 0.8 0.8 0.8 20 0.8 M =8 q =20 F B F Ax F A y y x 20?dx x dx A B C D a M q a a a
各大学教材课后习题答案网址
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Unit 1 From her accent I guess she’s from the Northeast. 从她的口音我猜她是来自东北地区的。 It was very clever of her to turn his argument against himself. 她很聪明，使他对自己的论点 I found a couple of shoes under the bed but they don’t make a pair. 我在床下发现了一双鞋，但他们不做一双 4. Dr. Bright always takes his time as he examines his patients and treats them with extreme care. Bright博士总是把他的时间用于他检查他的病人，并把他们的极端护理 5. British companies are trying to avoid the fate their American counterparts have already suffered. 英国公司正试图避免他们的美国同行已经遭受的命运。 6. Wilfred’s remarks confirmed me in my opinion that he was an honorable young man. 威尔弗雷德的话证实了我在我看来，他是一个光荣的年轻人 7. The key witness for the prosecution was offered police protection after she received death threats. 检察机关的主要证人在收到死亡威胁后提供了警方的保护 8. I thought that was the end of the matter but subsequent events proved me wrong. 我认为这是事情的结束，但随后的事件证明我错了。 9. Having practiced for so long, the New York baseball team stands a chance winning the World Series this year. 经过这么长时间的练习，纽约棒球队赢得了今年的世界系列赛的机会。 10. At the trial , Bob’s teacher, who was called as a character witness, said he was a quiet boy who had never been in trouble before. 在审讯中，鲍伯的老师，被称为证人，说他是个安静的男孩以前从未惹过麻烦。 Unit 2 11. We’ve just had a very fruitful meeting with the management and we’re now much more hopeful about the pay rise. 我们刚刚与管理层有了一个非常富有成效的会议，我们现在对加薪的希望更大了 12. The book I’m reading explains the evolution of plant and animal life on earth. 我读的这本书解释了地球上动植物的进化
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(c) C (d) C F D (e) A F D (f) F D (g) (h) EO B O E F O (i)
(j) B Y F B X B F X E (k) 1.3铰链支架由两根杆AB、CD和滑轮、绳索等组成，如题1.3图所示。在定滑轮上吊有重为W的物体H。试分别画出定滑轮、杆CD、杆AB和整个支架的受力图。 解：如图 ' D 1.4题1.4图示齿轮传动系统，O1为主动轮，旋转 方向如图所示。试分别画出两齿轮的受力图。 解： 1 o x F 2o x F 2o y F o y F F F' 1.5结构如题1.5图所示，试画出各个部分的受力图。
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4-1 试求题4-1图所示各梁支座的约束力。设力 的单位为kN ，力偶矩的单位为kN m ，长度 单位为m ，分布载荷集度为kN/m 。(提示： 计算非均布载荷的投影和与力矩和时需应用积分)。 A B C D 0.8 0.8 0.4 0 00.7 2 ( A B C 1 2 q ( M= 30o A B C D 0.8 0.8 0.8 2 0.8 M = q =(
解： (b)：(1) 整体受力分析，画出受力图(平面任意 力系)； (2) 选坐标系Axy ，列出平衡方程； 0: 0.40 0.4 kN x Ax Ax F F F =-+==∑ ()0: 20.80.5 1.60.40.720 0.26 kN A B B M F F F =-?+?+?+?==∑ 0: 20.50 1.24 kN y Ay B Ay F F F F =-++==∑ 约束力的方向如图所示。 (c)：(1) 研究AB 杆，受力分析，画出受力图(平 面任意力系)； A B C 1 2 q M= 30o F F A F A y x d 2?x A B C D 0.8 0.8 0.4 00 0.7 2 F F A F A y
(2) 选坐标系Axy ，列出平衡方程； 2 0()0: 3320 0.33 kN B Ay Ay M F F dx x F =-?-+??==∑? 2 0: 2cos300 4.24 kN o y Ay B B F F dx F F =-?+==∑? 0: sin 300 2.12 kN o x Ax B Ax F F F F =-==∑ 约束力的方向如图所示。 (e)：(1) 研究C ABD 杆，受力分析，画出受力图 (平面任意力系)； (2) 选坐标系Axy ，列出平衡方程； 0: 0x Ax F F ==∑ 0.8 ()0: 208 1.620 2.40 21 kN A B B M F dx x F F =??++?-?==∑? 0.8 0: 20200 15 kN y Ay B Ay F dx F F F =-?++-==∑? 约束力的方向如图所示。 A B C D 0.8 0.8 0.8 20.8 M = q =F F A F A y x 20 x d
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大学物理学(第三版)课后习题参考答案
习题1 1.1选择题 (1) 一运动质点在某瞬时位于矢径),(y x r 的端点处，其速度大小为 (A)dt dr (B)dt r d (C)dt r d | | (D) 22)()(dt dy dt dx [答案：D] (2) 一质点作直线运动，某时刻的瞬时速度s m v /2 ，瞬时加速度2 /2s m a ，则一秒钟后质点的速度 (A)等于零 (B)等于-2m/s (C)等于2m/s (D)不能确定。 [答案：D] (3) 一质点沿半径为R 的圆周作匀速率运动，每t 秒转一圈，在2t 时间间隔中，其平均速度大小和平均速率大小分别为 (A) t R t R 2, 2 (B) t R 2,0 (C) 0,0 (D) 0,2t R [答案：B] 1.2填空题 (1) 一质点，以1 s m 的匀速率作半径为5m 的圆周运动，则该质点在5s 内，位移的大小 是 ；经过的路程是 。 [答案： 10m ； 5πm] (2) 一质点沿x 方向运动，其加速度随时间的变化关系为a=3+2t (SI)，如果初始时刻质点的速度v 0为5m·s -1，则当t 为3s 时，质点的速度v= 。 [答案： 23m·s -1 ] (3) 轮船在水上以相对于水的速度1V 航行，水流速度为2V ，一人相对于甲板以速度3V 行走。如人相对于岸静止，则1V 、2V 和3V 的关系是 。 [答案： 0321 V V V ]
1.3 一个物体能否被看作质点，你认为主要由以下三个因素中哪个因素决定： (1) 物体的大小和形状； (2) 物体的内部结构； (3) 所研究问题的性质。 解：只有当物体的尺寸远小于其运动范围时才可忽略其大小的影响，因此主要由所研究问题的性质决定。 1.4 下面几个质点运动学方程，哪个是匀变速直线运动？ （1）x=4t-3；（2）x=-4t 3+3t 2+6；（3）x=-2t 2+8t+4；（4）x=2/t 2-4/t 。 给出这个匀变速直线运动在t=3s 时的速度和加速度，并说明该时刻运动是加速的还是减速的。（x 单位为m ，t 单位为s ） 解：匀变速直线运动即加速度为不等于零的常数时的运动。加速度又是位移对时间的两阶导数。于是可得（3）为匀变速直线运动。 其速度和加速度表达式分别为 2 2484 dx v t dt d x a dt t=3s 时的速度和加速度分别为v =20m/s ，a =4m/s 2。因加速度为正所以是加速的。 1.5 在以下几种运动中，质点的切向加速度、法向加速度以及加速度哪些为零哪些不为零？ (1) 匀速直线运动；(2) 匀速曲线运动；(3) 变速直线运动；(4) 变速曲线运动。 解：(1) 质点作匀速直线运动时，其切向加速度、法向加速度及加速度均为零； (2) 质点作匀速曲线运动时，其切向加速度为零，法向加速度和加速度均不为零； (3) 质点作变速直线运动时，其法向加速度为零，切向加速度和加速度均不为零； (4) 质点作变速曲线运动时，其切向加速度、法向加速度及加速度均不为零。 1.6 ｜r ｜与r 有无不同?t d d r 和d d r t 有无不同? t d d v 和t d d v 有无不同?其不同在哪里?试举例说明． 解：（1）r 是位移的模， r 是位矢的模的增量，即r 12r r ，12r r r ； （2） t d d r 是速度的模，即t d d r v t s d d . t r d d 只是速度在径向上的分量. ∵有r r ?r （式中r ?叫做单位矢），则 t ?r ?t r t d d d d d d r r r 式中 t r d d 就是速度在径向上的分量，
新视野大学英语课后习题翻译答案
新视野大学英语（第二版）读写教程2 1至7单元课后翻译答案总结 IA：她连水都不愿意喝一口，更别提留下来吃饭了。 She wouldn’t take a drink , much less would she stay for dinner. 他认为我在对他说谎，但实际上我讲的是实话。 He thought I was lying to him , whereas I was telling the truth. 这个星期你每天都迟到，对此你怎样解释? How do you account for the fact you have been late every day this week？ 他们利润增长的部分原因是采用了新的市场策略。 The increase in their profits is due to their new market strategy. 这样的措施很可能会带来工作效率得提高。 Such measures are likely to result in the improvement of work efficiency. 我们已经在这个项目上投入了大量时间和精力，所以我们只能继续。 We have already poured a lot of time and energy into the project , so we have to carry on. IIA: 尽管她是家里的独生女，他父母也从不溺爱她。 Despite the fact that she is the only child in the family , her parents never baby her .